Oyankhula ku Siberia odziwika ndi akatswiri ojambula, kuchokera ku ubweya wake pomwe amapanga maburashi ofewa apamwamba kwambiri opaka utoto. Opanga mafashoni amadziwa bwino nyamayo, yomwe chovala chake cha ubweya chimasinthidwa ndi European mink kapena sable.
Dzinalo "itatsi" linapatsidwa mawonekedwe a Sakhalin, osungidwa pang'ono - anthu 300 okha. Wachibale wa ferret ndi weasel, koma osadziwika kwenikweni kuchokera ku banja la marten, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso mawonekedwe ake apadera.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Wokamba - Nyama mpaka 50 cm, pomwe mchirawo ndi pafupifupi wachitatu. Nyama imalemera pafupifupi 700-800 g Thupi limakhala lalitali, yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwapadera komanso kusuntha. Mapazi afupiafupi okhala ndi nembanemba bwino, maso akuwoneka pa mpope, makutu ang'onoang'ono owongoka.
Ubweya wokongola ndi kunyada kwapadera kwa wokhala ku taiga. Utoto wokhala ndi ubweya nthawi yachisanu, wokhala ndi tint yofiirira, umasanduka chikaso chakuda nthawi yotentha ikadzafika. Ubweya womwe umakhala mchira umakhala wokhutira kwambiri ndi utoto kuposa kumbuyo kapena pamimba.
Chizindikiro chokongoletsedwa ndi malo oyera pamphuno ndi chophimba chakuda kuzungulira maso. Mtundu wa siliva m'miyendo ya nyama ndi ubweya wopepuka wa undercoat umatsimikizira kukongola kwa chovala cha ubweya.
Kuchulukana kwa chovalacho kumasiyanasiyana nyengo ndi nthawi: kuphatikiza ndi kachulukidwe ndizofanana ndi nyengo yozizira, ndipo nthawi yotentha, ubweya umakhala wosowa komanso wafupikirapo kuposa nthawi yozizira. Chipilalachi chimakhala m'malo a Far East, nkhalango za Ural, malo otetezedwa a Siberia, Primorye, Yakutia. Osowa kwambiri ku gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu. Amadziwa mzere ku China, Japan, ku Peninsula ya Korea.
Kukula kwa madera osiyanasiyana kumadalira kupezeka kwa nkhalango zowongoka kapena zokutira ndi makoswe ambiri, ndi dziwe lomwe ladzala ndi zitsamba, ndi kukhalapo kwa kamphepo kamkuntho ndi nkhuni. Nyamayi imapewa malo otseguka, imakonda taiga yowala pamapiri kapena m'mitsinje. Imapezeka pamapiri mpaka 1600 m pamtunda wa nyanja.
Pali mizati m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, komwe amakopeka ndi nkhuku komanso kupezeka kwa mbewa ndi makoswe. Kukumana ndi mzere m'midzi, kunja kwa mizinda kapena kuminda ndizovuta zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kusamuka ku chakudya komanso kusasamala.
Mwachilengedwe, nyama imakhala ndi adani ambiri. Yaikulu ikuyenda, ikugulitsa mpikisano wake wa chakudya kuchokera kumadera omwe akutukuka. Zina zokhala ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama pachilala: akambuku, kadzidzi, chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga. Tiyenera kubisala ku adani a anyani, nkhandwe, mimbulu, zala.
Khalidwe ndi njira yamoyo
Oyankhula nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku. Ntchito zimachitika nthawi yamadzulo komanso dzuwa litalowa. Kufufuza zakudya sikumangokhala kumadera ena, nyama imatha kupita pamtunda wa 10 km kapena kupitilira, ngati kusaka kumafunikira kusaka nyama.
Usiku mutha kuwona mzati wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira kuyang'ana makoswe pakati pa mizu yamitengo yosiyidwa. Anthu okhala pamtsinje amakhalanso nyama yapaubweya yomwe imatha kusambira bwino. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe am'madzi, muskrats kapena nsomba zamtsinje zimagwera m'mbali zazitali za mizati.
M'nyengo yozizira, mlenje amawonetsa kunyentchera ndi kuthekera kopita pansi pa chipale chofewa pamtunda wautali mpaka 50. Capercaillie ndi grouse wobisala usiku amatha kununkhiza ndikupeza mbalamezi mwachangu.
Kulimba mtima, chidwi, kuthekera kukwera msanga m'matanthwe ndi m'mabowo, kuyenda m'miyala ndi malo okwera, kukwera mitengo ndi nsonga za mwala kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mzati wochenjera.
Nyama sizizindikira malo. Amakhala m'malo okhalamo ma chipmunks, ma voles, mabowo osiyidwa kapena pansi pa nthambi za mitengo yakugwa komanso mulu wa mitengo yakugwa. Kuphatikiza pogona pokhapokha, nyamayo imakhala ndi malo osakhalitsa angapo, pomwe imabisala pakafunika.
Panthawi yozizira kwambiri, imatha kugona osagona masiku angapo kuchokera kumalo otentha. Kenako kusaka kumayimitsidwa masana chifukwa chamazira osokosera usiku. Zipilala zikuyenda mtunda ndi malire. Chikhazikitso cha mawu ndi chofanana ndi mawu omwe woimbidwa ndi amphamvu: kulira kapena mtundu wa tweet. Mokwiyitsa amatulutsa mluzu wowopsa ndi mluzu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zomwe zimadya pakatikati pa zipilala ndizophatikiza nyama zazing'ono: mbewa, mbewa, chipmunks, pikas, agologolo, ndipo nthawi zina hares. Ngakhale kuti nyama zimakonda kudya, m'madzi, zimayenda makilomita angapo kuchokera pagombe, zimawedza ndikusaka nyama zazinkhanira, chakudya cha achule, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, kunyamula zovunda ndi zomwe zimachokera pakuchotsa zilombo zazikulu.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame imasakidwa pansi pa chisanu, kugona m'mabowo a chipale chofewa - magawo ndi magareta, agalu akuda. Nyama yodala komanso yonyansa imafunafuna nyama, kuthana ndi chisanu.
Panthawi yokolola, mtedza ndi zipatso zimasangalalanso nazo. Njala imatikakamiza kuti tifikire kumalo okhalamo anthu ndikuwononga malo osungiramo malo ndi m'masitolo. Kuukira nkhuku ndizofala. Mosiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira, samateteza nyama, koma amawononga mwachangu.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nyamayo imadyera nyama, nthawi zina imachulukitsa kukula kwake. Wopikisanapo chakudya wamkulu pachidindo ndiwowoneka bwino, motero amasula gawo ngati pakuwonekera wowukira, aluso malo atsopano.
Kusaka zakudya kumachitika makamaka usiku. Ngati nkotheka kugwira wovutayo, mzatiyo umakoka nawo kumalo obisalira kapena kwina, koma osakudya komweko. Milandu yokhudza kubera nyama pakati pa nyama ikufotokozedwa, pamene nyama imodzi idagwera mumsampha, pomwe ina imagwiritsa ntchito.
Mawonekedwe
Timayamba kufotokozera mzati wa nyama ndi mawonekedwe ake. Akuluakulu amakula pafupifupi 50 cm. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi ndi mchira. Kulemera kwa mzati kumatha kufika magalamu 800 kapena kuposerapo.
Nyama imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, lomwe limadziwika ndi kusuntha kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha. Mzerewu umakhala ndi mawotchi afupiafupi, pazala zawo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zokutira zofananira. Maso ang'ono akuda amayang'ana pa muzzle lakuthwa. Mitundu iyi ya chikondi ndi kulera imakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira.
Kunyada kwenikweni kwa nyamayo ndi chovala chake chokongola, chofewa. Mzere wa ubweya umakhala ndi lingaliro la ooker nthawi yozizira. Ndi kuyamba kwa chilimwe, tint yofiyira yokhazikika imayamba kukhala utoto. Chizindikiro chokongoletsedwa ndi malo oyera ndi chigoba chakuda pafupi ndi maso.
Kubalana ndi moyo wautali
Oyankhula okhaokha, nthawi yowonjezereka kwa anthu ikuchitika kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Amuna akumenyera nkhondo achikazi, akumenya nkhondo mwankhanza.
Kuberekera kumatenga masiku 30 mpaka 40, mu ana amodzi kumapezeka ana anayi mpaka 10. Yaikazi ikukonzekera maonekedwe awo pokonzekera chisa kapena phula kuchokera ku ubweya, masamba, udzu wouma.
Oyankhula ndi amayi osamala omwe amasamalira ana. Poyamba safunika kudya mkaka kokha, komanso kutentha, popeza amaliseche amabadwa. Kuzizira kumatha kuwononga ana.
Zachikazi sizimachoka pachisa chokha, kukangosaka. Chisa chozungulira chimakutidwa ndi ma mosses kapena udzu wouma. Pakupita mwezi umodzi, mbewuyo imakula mwachangu: maso atatseguka, tsitsi limawonekera, chigoba chodziwika bwino chikuwonekera pakapukutira. Kudyetsa chakudya chamagulu kumayambira: makoswe ochepa, tizilombo.
Amuna samasamala za ana. Pofika nthawi yophukira, makanda amapeza ufulu osamalidwa ndi akazi ndikukhala osakwatiwa, kusiya chisa. Kutalika kwa mzati munthawi yachilengedwe sikupitirira zaka 2-4. Muukapolo, mawuwo amawonjezeka mpaka zaka 8-9.
Zosangalatsa olankhula operewera, alola mugule nyama ndi kuichita. Imakhala mosavuta pamanja. Pamafamuwo panali kuyesa kuswana kolowera kuti mupeze zikopa zaubweya, zofunikira pakati pa ena. Koma mumalonda omwe mink adapambana, mtengo wake umakhala wokwera.
Habitat
Chipilalachi, chithunzi chake chomwe chimatha kuwoneka m'mabuku athu, ndizofala kwambiri ku Far East. Zambiri mwa nyama zoterezi zimapezeka m'nkhalango za Ural, ku Yakutia, Siberia, ndi Primorye. Oimira mitunduyi samapezeka kwambiri ku Europe ku Russia. Zipilala za Siberia nthawi zambiri zimayendayenda m'gawo la mayiko oyandikana, makamaka China.
Kukula kwatsopano kwa nyama kumadalira kuchuluka kwa nkhalango, kuchuluka kwa nyama, kupezeka kwa mtunda wokhala ndi mitengo yakufa komanso mphepo zamkuntho. Oimira amtunduwu amayesa kupewa malo otseguka. Nyama zotere zimakonda kukhala ngati malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri, okhala ndi masamba owuma, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Mu taiga, mzati nthawi zina umatha kupezeka pamtunda wamtunda woposa ma kilomita oposa theka.
Oimira mitunduyi nthawi zambiri amayendayenda m'malo omwe anthu amakhala. Chipilalachi chimakopa kukhalapo kwa makoswe ang'onoang'ono, komanso mwayi wakudya nkhuku. Kukumana ndi nyama pafupi ndi malo osowa. Chochitika chofananachi chikuchitika chifukwa cha kusamukira kwanyama chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Habitat
Olankhula ali ponseponse m'nkhalango zotsika kwambiri ku Asia, komanso amapezeka kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East.
Zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero ndi kufalitsa zipilala ku Yakutia m'mbali mwa gombe la Okhotsk.
Makola ochepa adawonekera ku Urals. Nyamazo zimasankha zigwa za mitsinje yaying'ono ngati malo omwe zikukhalamo, pomwe zimakhala m'mphepo zamphepo, m'nkhalango zokuwa komanso m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Zitha kupezekanso m'miyala yomwe imakukula ndi zitsamba.
Zipilala nthawi zambiri zimakwera m'mapiri mpaka kutalika kwa 1400 mpaka 1700 metres. Komabe, mutha kukumana nawo kunja kwa minda kapena midzi yaying'ono, mizinda.
Moyo ndi zizolowezi
Khalidwe la oyankhula limangokhala. Amasiyana chifukwa sazindikira madera awo. Kuphatikiza apo, komabe sizikuteteza. Kukakamiza nyama kuti zizisintha malo awo kungangokhala kuti kuperewera kwa chakudya kwapezeka patsamba lakale. Zimasamukira nthawi yakukhwima.
Pakusunthidwa kwakukulu, okamba nkhani samasamala ndipo amatha kukwera munkhalangomo ndikuwononga ngati angakhumudwe pamudzi wawung'ono panthawi yosamutsa.
Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti kuwonjezera pa nyumba yawo yayikulu, mizati ili ndi malo osungirako kwakanthawi m'malo awo. Izi malo osakhalitsa amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana amalo.
Nyama zotere zimakhala m'makina a makoswe ena, komanso mitengo yakugwa.
Oyankhula amasiyanitsidwa ndi ukazitape ndi kuchita bwino. Potere, ntchito yayikulu imachitika nthawi yamadzulo ndi usiku. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayi imatha kugwira ntchito masana.
M'masiku ozizira kwambiri nthawi yachisanu, zimakhala zovuta kukumana ndi mzati, popeza nyamazo zimatha "kugona", ndiye kuti, zimagwera masiku ochepa.
Chowoneka mosiyana ndi mzati ndi kuthekera kwawo kuyenda pansi pa chipale chofewa.
Njira zodyera nyama zomwe zimachitika mwa iwo zimachitika mnyumba mwawo mokha. Pamalo pomwe agwiridwe, samachita.
Nyama zimatha kukwera mitengo, koma zimachita kwambiri, kawirikawiri. Zipilala zimapewanso malo akuluakulu komanso otseguka. Kutha kusambira nawo kumapangidwanso kwambiri ndipo amakupatsani mwayi woyenda mtunda wautali kuchokera kumtunda.
Chinyama chambiri. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, moyo ndi malo okhala
Pamwambapa, ngati chinthu chosaka malonda, ku Russia adakopa chidwi chokha m'zaka za zana la 19. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusowa kwamafuta ofunikira. Zikopa zamalonda penti, motsogozedwa ndi sable, adagulitsa ku China.
Mitengo yotsika, kutsika bwino kwa ubweya kunatsogolera ku kuti olankhula anataya mtengo wake wakale wasodzi. Anthu omwe amagwera mumsampha amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera ubweya wabwino, ndipo mabulashi achikhalidwe choyambirira amapangidwa kuchokera kumisala yanyama.
Adani achilengedwe
Khola ndi nyama yomwe akambuku akuluakulu ndi kadzidzi akhungu amasaka kusaka. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu kumachepetsa agalu osochera. Oyankhula nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati nkhandwe za nkhandwe ndi mikondo.
Nyama zimatsogolera kukondana kwenikweni ndi ma mink. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'dera lomwelo. Oyimira mitundu nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo zamagawo. Komanso, ma mbewa ndi zipilala zimalimbana mpaka chomaliza. Wopambana ndiye amene wakwanitsa kukhalabe ndi moyo.
Utali wamoyo
Zipilala zimakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe osaposa zaka 4. Komabe, nyamayi ikasungidwa muukapolo, nthawi imeneyi imatha kuwonjezeka kangapo. Zowona, okhawo omwe amaimira mitundu yomwe adabadwira mu cell ndiomwe amasiyana mumalo osungidwa komanso osavulaza. Nyama zomwe zinagwidwa m'malo okhala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zankhanza komanso zowopsa kwa ena.
Kusodza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
Pakadali pano, mizati ya ubweya yapeza ntchito kwambiri pamakampani a ubweya. Ndikofunika kunena kuti m'mbuyomu pafupifupi mabanja onse a Soviet anali ndi amodzi mutu wa ubweya wa abambo omwe analipo.
Komabe, ngati m'mbuyomu mzere wa ubweya umakhala ndi maudindo apamwamba, ndipo zinthu zopangidwa zimagulitsidwa, sizikhala vuto lililonse kugula mafuta achilengedwe kuchokera pakhungu la nyama. Pakadali pano, mizati ikutchuka kwambiri, ubweya wake womwe umadziwika kwambiri pakati pa opanga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Kufotokozera
Nyama yaying'onoyi kutalika imafikira masentimita 48-66 ndi mchira wake, ndipo imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 800. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolimba. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, miyendo imafupikitsidwa, nembanemba samapangika bwino pakati pawo.
Tizilomboti taloledwa, khosi limasinthasintha, ndipo makutu ndi akuthwa. Mchirawo ndi wokongola, wowoneka bwino, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa thupi - pafupifupi 18 mpaka sentimita. Zitsamba za ductal zimapezeka pansi pa mchira, pomwe zimasulidwa chinsinsi ndi fungo losasangalatsa.
Mtundu wa ubweya ndi wofiyira. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yolimba komanso yofewa, makamaka mchira. Pamaso pali munda wa bulauni wotchedwa chigoba. Milomo imalembedwa ndi chingwe choyera. Mu "zovala" zanyengo yachilimwe zimawoneka zonyozeka, ubweya suyenda bwino, umakhala pafupi ndi thupi. Mapazi amayera oyera. Kukhetsa kumachitika mu Marichi-Meyi.
Columns (Mustela sibirica).
Column Habitat
Madera omwe nyama zimagawidwira zimaphimba, monga lamulo, nkhalango zowerengeka za Asia, gawo lam'mwera la Siberia ndi Far East. Posachedwa, magulu awo ku Yakutia awonjezeka m'mphepete mwa gombe la Okhotsk. Zigawo zachitsulo ku Urals ndizambiri.
Zinyama zodyerazi zimakonda kukhala m'malo ochezeka a mitsinje, ndipo zimapewa malo.
Oyankhulawo amakhala m'zigwa za mitsinje yaying'ono, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zomwe zimasakanikirana, kumawomba mphepo ndikugwa. Amapezeka pakati pa miyala yosanjikiza yomwe ili ndi zitsamba. M'mapiri amakula mpaka 1400-1700 metres. Kwambiri, zipilala zimakhazikika m'nkhalango za paini, m'madzi osefukira komanso kunja kwa madambo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa minda, m'midzi ngakhale m'mizinda yaying'ono.
Moyo wokamba
Oyankhula amakhala kwambiri amangokhala. Siziteteza ndi kuzindikira zilembo zawo.
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa zipilala, ndi omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi European mink.
Ndi kubala nyama kokha komanso kusowa kwa chakudya komwe amasamukira kwambiri. Zipilala zanjala zikasamukira, zimasiya kukhala ochenjera, zimathamangira m'midzi ndikuwononga malo a ng'ombe ndi nyumba zosungiramo nyumba.
Zipilala zimakhala mumakungwa a makoswe: ma voles amadzi, chipmunks, pikas, amathanso kukhazikika m'maenje, kukhazikika pansi pamitengo yakugwa komanso milu yamitengo yakufa. Nyamayo, kuphatikiza nyumba yokhazikika, malo osakhalitsa angapo omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amalo ake.
Wolankhula amayimba mokweza mawu kapena akulira mokweza, ngati nyama yakwiya, imangosilira kapena kukuwa, ngati chimbudzi.
Wopikisana nawo kwambiri pa chipilalachi ndi sable, kutulutsa itatsi ku malo ake okhala.
Oyankhula amalowa m'matumba tating'ono ndikubisika mosavuta. Kwa iwo, zochitika madzulo ndi usiku ndizofala.Ndipo nthawi yozizira, makamaka usiku wozizira, olankhula amatha kutuluka masana. Munthawi yozizira kwambiri, omwe amayankhula sangathenso kukhala masiku angapo, ndiko kuti, "kugona".
Lembali likuyang'ana mwachangu nyama, mosiyana ndi msingwi, yomwe imayang'anira.
M'nyengo yozizira, imatha kulowa pansi pa chipale chofewa ndikudutsa mtunda wautali mpaka 50 mita pansi pa makulidwe ake. Nyama yakholoku, monga lamulo, imadyedwa m'phanga lake, osati m'malo mwake. Nyama zimatha kukwera pamitengo, koma zimachita izi kawirikawiri. Amatha kusambira mwachangu komanso bwino, kwinaku ndikuyenda mtunda wamakilomita mazana.
Mwa mtundu wawo wamagulu azakudya, mizati imakhala pakati pa zilombo zolusa, monga marten ndi sable, ndi "odya mbewa," monga ermine ndi weasel. Maziko a chakudya chamizati ndi ma voles, hamsters, mbewa, passerines yaying'ono. M'mapiri amadyera pika. Ngakhale olankhula ali ochepa, amatha kusaka ma hares. Ngati pali ma muskrats ambiri m'madzi, ndiye kuti mizati imawagwiritsanso. Ku Primorye, nsomba zosamukasamuka ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa olankhula. Amatha kudya tizilombo, achule, nkhuku, komanso zovunda.
Pomwe akusaka chakudya, mzatiwo umadutsa chisanu, ndikuyang'ana momwe mumawombera mphepo, zitsamba.
Oyankhula ali ndi mpikisano wambiri: nkhandwe, masoka, mashesa. Zipilala zambiri zimakhala ndi maphikidwe, omwe amawathamangitsa ndikuwathamangitsa kumalo awo; motere, mzati ndizochepa m'malo omwe ma sables amakhala. Ndipo mizatiyo, imapulumuka maula ofooka. Mbalame zazikulupo zazikulu zimadyera pazolowera: nkhumba ndi kadzidzi.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mizati m'chilengedwe kuli pafupifupi zaka 2, koma okhala ndi zotalikirapo amatha kukhala ndi zaka 6. Mukapolo, mzati umakhalabe ndi zaka 9.
Kufalitsa mzere
Nthawi yosuntha kwa mizati imachitika kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Epulo. Pakadali pano, nyamazo zimagwira ntchito kwambiri komanso sizipuma. Amasaka pang'ono, amuna nthawi zonse amathamangitsa akazi.
Mchira wa chipilalacho ndi wosalala nthawi yozizira, pafupifupi ngati marten, kutalika kwake ndikoposa theka la thupi.
Yaikazi imakhala moyo wobisika ndi ana ake. Mimba imatha kupitirira mwezi umodzi. Chonde chazitali ndizitali. Mwezi uliwonse, mkaziyo amabereka ana pafupifupi 6-10. Mwana wakhanda akamwalira, mkaziyo amakwananso kukwatiwa ndi kubereka chaka chino. Oyankhula kumene mwatsopano ndi akhungu komanso amaliseche, unyinji wawo sukudutsa 7 gr.
Oyankhula ndi amayi osamala omwe amateteza ana awo.
Achichepere amakhala ndi zokongoletsa m'mwezi woyamba wamoyo: imvi zawo zimasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala zofiirira zachikasu, ndipo "maski" yodziwika bwino imawonekera pakapukutira. Amayi amaletsa kudyetsa mkaka wa ana kumapeto kwa mwezi wachiwiri, kumayambiriro kwa yophukira afika kale kukula kwa akulu. Pakadali pano, ayamba kukhala moyo wawekha.
M'mwezi woyamba wamoyo, achichepere amasintha mtundu wa chovala cha ubweya kuchoka pa imvi kukhala chofiirira chikasu, ndipo "chigoba" chodziwika bwino chimawonekera pakapukutira.
Chiwerengero cha zipilala
M'nkhalangozi, nyama zodyerazi ndizochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zina olankhula amavulaza nkhuku, akafika pabwalo, amatha kudya nkhuku zingapo kapena abakha. Koma mzati, monga ma marten onse ang'onoang'ono, ndiwothandiza chifukwa amawononga makoswe oyipa m'minda ndi midzi.
Ubweya wa mizati ndiwothokoza kwambiri; umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yake kapena ngati chinyengo chamtengo wazopanga ubweya.
Mu 30s, kuyesayesa kunapangidwa kuti asunge mzati pama famu. Zipilala zimatha kusungidwa mu ukapolo chifukwa sizithamanga. Koma iwo, monga zidutswa zina zonse, adasinthidwa ndi mink yaku America, yomwe ubweya wake umayamikiridwa kwambiri. Oyankhula amachepetsa msanga ngakhale kuperekedwa m'manja.
Mabuku ena a Mustela sibirica coreana amakhala ku Korea. Nyama izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chigaza chokulirapo ndi mtundu wowala wa ubweya wozizira.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timakula mpaka 50 cm, pomwe 1/3 ndiye mchira. Kulemera kwa thupi la nyamayo sikumaposa g 800. Nyama yaying'ono imakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, mpope wolunjika, maso akuluakulu komanso owoneka bwino, komanso makutu ozungulira. Chipilalachi chimakhala ndi thupi lokwera, losinthika komanso losunthika. Kunyada kwapadera kwa nyamayi ndi ubweya wake wokongola, womwe umasintha mtundu kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira, mzere wam'madzi wam'madzi umakhala wamtambo wokhala ndi tint yofiirira. Pamaso, mawanga amtundu woyera ndi chigoba chakuda chakumaso kuzindikirika.
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Itatsi ubweya umasinthanso ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya ndiwotupa komanso wandiweyani, chilimwe - wamfupi komanso wosowa.
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Kholamu limakonda malo osungika. Nyamayi imakopeka makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa makoswe, nkhuku ndi mbewa. Kuthengo, nyama za m'madzi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango zowuma kapena zotentha komwe kumatha kupezeka makoswe ambiri. Malo otseguka sakukongoletsa itatsi; amakonda mtundu wamisala womwe uli m'mphepete mwa mtsinje kapena m'mbali mwa phirilo.
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Khalidwe la nyama
Zipilala ndi nyama usiku. Amapita kukasaka nthawi yamadzulo ndipo sakhala kumadera ena. Malamu amatha kuyenda makilomita oposa 10 panthawi. Usiku, maso a nyamayo imawala pang'ono ndi mtundu wake. Oyankhula ndi osaka bwino kwambiri ndipo amapeza nyama yabwino ngakhale munthawi yozizira. Amatha kuyenda pansi pa chipale chofikira mpaka 50 cm.
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Zipilala sizimanga mabowo awo. Amakhala m'malo osiyidwa, kapena amakhala mumulu wamatanda oboola, pansi pa nthambi zamitengo. Nyama zimakhala ndi malo angapo momwe zimapumulirako, kutengera kufuna kwawo komanso malo. Oyankhula sachita phokoso, chifukwa amazizira kwambiri m'malo otentha, omwe sangathe kupitako kwa masiku angapo. Kuti ifike pamalo oyenera, nyamayo imalumphira mwachangu.
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Nyama ikakwiyitsidwa, imatulutsa mkondowo limodzi ndi likhweru. "Mawu" a nyamayo ali ngati kubangula kapena kubwadamuka.
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Komwe amalankhula amakhala
Mzindawu umakhala ku Siberia, makamaka kum'mwera kwake, ku Far East, Primorye. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha zipilala m'dera la Yakutia, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Kunja kwa Russia, zipilala zimagawidwa m'malo otsetsereka a Himalayas, ku China zambiri, ku Peninsula ya Korea, ku Japan. Nthawi zina, mizati imapezekanso ku Europe ku Russia, kudera la Urals.
Pa malo ake osanjika, kulikonse komwe amasankha nkhalango zowoneka bwino kapena zowuma, momwe mitengo yambiri, yomwe ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha mzatiyo, iyenera kupezeka. Kolonok amakonda kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa dziwe, mitsinje ndi mitsinje, makamaka ngati magombe awo adakulirakulira ndi zitsamba, kukhalapo kwa phokoso la mphepo komanso mtengo wakugwa.
Lembali limapewa malo otseguka, koma amapezeka mosavuta pazoyala zamiyala zokhala ndi zitsamba. M'mapiri, imapezeka mpaka pamtunda wamamita 1500 mpaka 1700 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chipilalacho chimatha kupezeka m'midzi, kunja kwa mizinda ndi kuminda. Malo oterowo amakopa nyamayi ndi makoswe ndi mbewa zambiri; m'malo okhala, nthawi zina imatha kuukira nkhuku kapena amphaka wamba.
Chipilalacho chimakakamizidwa kuti chiwonekere m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni mwa kukakamizidwa kuti asamuke ku njala, pano amayamba kukhala osamala.
Zomwe zimadyetsa olankhula
Kholamu ndi nyama yolusa. Zomwe zakudya zimakhazikitsidwa ndi makoswe: mbewa, ma voles, hamsters, agologolo, chipmunks, jerboas. Pomwe akusaka makoswe, amawathamangitsa m'chipale chofewa.
Ngakhale ndizing'onozing'ono, zipilala zimatha kulanda nyama zokulirapo, monga maula.
Kutha kusambira mizati bwino, kumatha kupeza chakudya m'madzi, kusaka muskrats, nsomba, achule, kusonkhanitsa tizilombo ndi mphutsi.
Sichinyansitsa mtembo, pali milandu yokhazikika pakati pazipilara, pomwe mizati idadyedwa ndi mzati wina womwe udagwera mumsampha.
Chipilalacho chimatha kugwira mbalame, zazing'ono, ngati mpheta, komanso zazikulu, monga capercaillie ndi grouse wa hazel, kuwayandikira pansi pa chisanu. Mu zaka zipatso mtedza ndi zipatso, amathanso kusangalala nawo.
Njala imapangitsa kuti mzatiwo usamuke, kubwera pafupi ndi nyumba za munthu, nthawi zambiri amapita kunyumba zoweta ndikugulitsa nkhuku.
Popita kukasaka, mzatiwo umagwira msangamsanga nyama, yomwe ndi yosiyana ndi njira yotetezedwa.
Wopikisana naye wamkulu pachakudengako ndiwowoneka bwino, pakati pawo pamakhala mpikisano wolimba m'gawolo, pomwe nthawi zonse lamulo limasamutsa chipilalacho kuchokera komwe limakhala ndipo chipilalacho amayenera kupeza malo atsopano. Mitundu iwiriyi simudzakumana nayo mukukhala moyandikana.
Kolinsky
Wokamba ili ndi khungu lokongola la ubweya, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani a ubweya ndipo limadziwika kwambiri pakati paopanga zovala. Mu nthawi za Soviet, zipewa za ubweya za amuna zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mzere wa ubweya.
Mzere wa ubweya umakhala ngati timbewu tating'ono komanso tating'ono. Zithunzi ndizodziwika bwino kwa akatswiri ojambula, chifukwa mabulashi ofewa ojambula, omwe amatchedwa mabulashi a mzere, amapangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wa mchira wake.
Kuchulukana ndi mtundu wa ubweya zimadalira nyengo yomwe adakolola, ubweya wozizira ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa ubweya wa chilimwe, chifuwa chimakhala chotalikirapo, chokulirapo komanso chosalala.
Chipilalacho chimasinthidwa mosavuta ndikusanduka chiweto chovuta. Chaka chilichonse, olankhula ambiri amakhala ndi anthu m'zipinda ndi nyumba. Panali kuyesa kubereka kolowera pamafamu, chifukwa cha zikopa zaubweya, koma zoyesayesa sizinapitirire, popeza kutukula mink kuchokera pamalo oonera malonda kunali kopindulitsa kwambiri.
Mtengo wosodza
Ubweya wa Column umawonedwa kwambiri pamakampani azovala. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti m'masiku akale pafupifupi banja lililonse la Soviet lidakhala ndi chipewa chimodzi chopangidwa ndi zikopa za nyama zotere. Masiku ano, malaya a ubweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali zopanga.