Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo aku America omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga mbalame kuti isinthe, yomwe imadziwika kuti "kurosaur", adakwanitsa kuchotsa mlomo wawo. Pamodzi ndi mchira wowoneka ngati fan, kusowa kwa mano ndi matako olimba, ndiye mulomo womwe ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimasiyanitsa mbalame ndi zokwawa. Chifukwa chake, "kubwerera kwa ma dinosaurs", kapena, moyenera, kupanga zofanana ndi zolengedwa zakale kuchokera kuzinthu za mbadwa zawo, zikuyenda bwino.
Chigoba cha nkhuku kuchokera pagulu lolamulira (kumanzere),
"Kurosaur" (pakati) ndi wamkulu wamakono (kumanja)
Monga mukudziwa, ma dinosaurs adatha pamalire a nyengo ya Cretaceous ndi Paleogene, zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Okhawo omwe adapulumuka masiku ano ndi mbalame zamakono, zomwe ofufuza ena amakonda kulingalira za gulu lapadera la ma dinosaurs. “Tsopano padziko lapansi pali mitundu ya mbalame mpaka 10,000 mpaka 20, ndiye kuti mitundu yoposa mitundu yonse ya nyama zomwe zimadziwika. Chifukwa chake, tikadali m'nthawi yamadinidwe, "adatero wolemba kafukufuku watsopanoyu, Bart-Anyang Bullar, katswiri wa paleontologist komanso biologist ku Yale University.
Pamodzi ndi Arhat Abzhanov aku Harvard, Bullar akugwira ntchito yopanga kurosaur - mbalame, yomwe idabwezera machitidwe ake makolo ake a dinosaur. Gulu la asayansi limatcha kuti ntchito yake yayikulu ndikulowetsa mulomo wa mbalameyo ndi nkhope yake. “Mlomo ndi wofunikira kwambiri kudyetsa mbalame ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira la mafupa awo. Mwina thupilo ndi lomwe limasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo limagwira ntchito - kumbukira, mwachitsanzo, momwe milomo ya mbalame ya mbalame, parrot, hawk, pelican kapena hummingbird zimasiyanirana, "adatero Bullar. "Komabe, padakali pano pali ntchito zochepa zomwe zatulutsidwa pamilomo komanso kusinthika kwa milomo." Mlomo wapangidwa kuti uchepetse mafupa momwe ungathere, sungani ndalama zamagetsi kuti mapangidwe mano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo muyambitsire kutsogoleza kwakhumi komwe kwasintha kukhala mapiko.
Kuti abwezeretse mawonekedwe a nkhokwe zomwe makolo ake, "milomo" isanakhazikitsidwe "ku ma embwana," ofufuzawo adafunikira kuwunikira umboni womwe wapezeka mu mbalamezo. Zinthu zothandizira kuphunzira izi zidapezeka, makamaka, mu imodzi mwa nkhokwe za Louisiana ndi famu ya nthiwatiwa ku Massachusetts.
Kumbukirani kuti gawo lalikulu pakupangika kwa mulomo ndi wa mafupa apakati. Zokwawa, ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono okha omwe amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa phokoso, koma mulomo wa mbalame umakhala ndi pafupifupi. Zotsatira zoyambirira za ntchito ya akatswiri azachilengedwe aku America ndi kupezeka kwa majini awiri omwe amawongolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa chigawo chapakati pa muzzle wa vertebrates ndipo, makamaka, mafupa a intermaxillary. Pazirombo ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa, mitundu iyi kumayambiriro kwa kakulidwe kazinthu kam'mimba sikunawonetse zochitika, koma mwa mbalame zimatengera mbali kwambiri pakukula kwa mluza. Kuti awaletse, akatswiri asayansi ya sayansi anayenera kupanga "choletsa ma cell" chomwe chimalepheretsa ntchito zamtunduwu. Zotsatira zake, maimidwe oyesera m'malo mwa milomo amapeza nkhope zofanana ndi makolo awo akale, Velociraptors.
Nyama zoyesera zilibe mulomo, zapanga phokoso lokuzungulira. Komabe, akusowa mano, ndipo chizungulire chophimbidwa ndi chivundikiro cha nyanga.
- adatero Bullar. - Koma sitinasinthebe majini enieniwo, tinali kungoganizira mapuloteni omwe majini amatulutsa. ” Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kunena za kusintha nkhuku kukhala ma dinosaurs kudzera kusinthidwa kwa ma genetic, koma pakupita kwa kuyesako, chochititsa chidwi chinaululidwa - limodzi ndi kusintha kwa mulomo, mafupa a palatine pazinthu zoyeserera adasinthidwa kwathunthu. Iwonso akhala ngati ma dinosaurs.
Chifukwa chake, Bullar adati, kusintha kosavuta kwa majini kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikiza zomwe zalembedwa kale. Kuphatikiza apo, zosinthazi zinaululidwa osati mu mbalame zamakono zomwe zimakhala za Neornithes, komanso ndi abale awo akale - a hes hesornornises a subclass Hesperornithiformes.
Mitundu: Nurosaurus = Nurosaurus † Dong, 1992 kapena "Lizard Nur"
Maonekedwe a Nurosaurus ndi ofanana ndi oyimira a genus Mamenchisaurus.
"Nurosaurus" mu Russian imatanthawuza "Nur Lizard". Dzinali pano ndi dzina losavomerezeka la mtundu wa ma dinosaurs kuchokera ku infurorder Sauropoda = Zauropod, yemwe amakhala ku Cretaceous pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni za naz.
Nurosaurus amadziwika kuti amapeza magawo a mafupa, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa pazowonetsa komanso poyenda osiyanasiyana. Mafupa a Nurosaurus omwe amapezeka ku Inner Mongolia ku China. Palibe kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za mtunduwu, koma pali zambiri zochepa pazomwe apezazi, chifukwa chosowa kutanthauzira kuchokera ku China.
Nurosaurus anali m'modzi mwa ma dinosaurs akuluakulu achi China omwe anali ndi ulusi wazitali. Ayenera kuti adalumikizana ndi mbadwa za ku North America Camarasaurus. Izi zikuwoneka kuchokera ku mfundo yoti "Nurosaurus" ili ndi mutu wofanana ndi thupi. Zojambulazo zikuwonetsanso kuti ali ndi mitsempha yofananira chimodzimodzi pa spine vertebrae yawo.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya dzina la Nurosaurus ndipo, monga mukudziwa, zofala kwambiri pambuyo pa "Nurosaurus" ndi "Nuoerosaurus" (Dong ndi Lee, 1991). Fossos zamtunduwu zimayendanso pansi pa dzinali maulendo ena opita ku North America. Ndipo monga dzina la mitundu adalembedwa "qaganensis" kapena "chaganensis". Spelling yodziwika siyikudziwika mpaka mawonekedwe awa atafotokozedwa m'mabuku asayansi.
Mammoths: Njira Ziwiri Zomwe Zimalota
Katswiri wazotsatira zamtundu waku Japan Akira Iritani, m'modzi mwa atsogoleri a bungwe la Mammoth Creation Society, mkati mwa 1990s akuyembekezerabe kupeza dzira ndi umuna m'mitembo yamamoni a ku Siberia, ndikubzala zotsatira za kuphatikizika kwa chiberekero cha njovu. Pozindikira kuti chiyembekezo choterechi sichingachitike, munthu wokalambayo wamphamvu (tsopano ali ndi zaka zopitilira 80) sanataye mtima kuyesa kupeza kachipinda kenakake ka cell (makamaka tsinde) kuti atenge chowoneka bwino ndi njira ya "Dolly njira" - posamutsa chiyembekezo ndi dzira la njovu.
Zikuwoneka kuti mfuti iyi siyiyaka pazifukwa khumi (kapena mwina makumi asanu). Poyamba, kuthekera kwa kupeza, mu tinthu tokhala zaka ma 10,000 mu permafrost, khungu lomwe limakhala ndi ma chromosomes osakwanira pafupifupi zero: makristulo a ayezi, ntchito zotsalira za enzyme, kuwala kwadzuwa kudzaziwononga ... Tiwerenge zifukwa zina pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lina, losatsimikizika.
Mtengo wa banja Losanja zipatso zanjovu
Gulu la asayansi padziko lonse lapansi linawerengera zachilengedwe zamtunduwu zaka pafupifupi zapitazo mu 2008. Ma chromosome ake amatha kusakanikirana "njerwa ndi njerwa" - kupanga maunyolo amtundu wa nucleotide, komanso osati mabiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi ndi theka, koma magulu masauzande angapo (kuchokera pafupifupi 20,000) omwe ali osiyana ndi magawo ofanana ndi a DNA a abale oyandikira a mammoths - njovu yaku Asia. Zomwe zimatsalira ndikuwerenga "mtundu wa njovuyi, kufananizira ndi matupi anyama, kupeza chikhalidwe cha maselo opangidwa ndi njovu, kusintha majini ofunikira amtundu wawo wamtsogolo - kutsogolo, panjira yomenyedwa ndi Ian Wilmut, akutsogolera Dolly nkhosayo pam chingwe.
Nyama zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira nsomba mpaka anyani, zalowera. Zowona, maselo adatengedwa kuchokera kwa omwe adapereka moyo nthawi yayitali, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, amasungidwa mu nayitrogeni amadzimadzi, ndipo akhanda othandiza amakhalanso ndi mazira osakwana 1% ya mazira omwe amakhala ndi nsemuyo yovekedwa. Ndipo majini nthawi yomweyo, ngati asintha, ndiye m'modzi kapena awiri, osati masauzande. Ndipo mazira adasinthidwa kukhala nyama zamtundu womwewo kapena zogwirizana kwambiri, ndipo njovu ndi mamiliyoni aku India ali pafupi "abale" omwewo monga anthu ndi chimpanzi.
Kodi njovu imatha kuvomera mluza, ndikuyibereka kwa zaka ziwiri ndikubala mwana wamoyo ndi wathanzi? Kukayikira kwambiri. Ndipo mutani naye mamiliyoni amodzi? Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa anthu, ngakhale mu "paki ya Pleistocene nthawi", gulu la zolinga zosachepera zana likufunika.
Ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti sanali abale awo, apo ayi mbewu ya ana awo ikadakhala yayikulu kwambiri - ndipo mammoth omaliza akhoza kufa chifukwa satha kuzolowera kutentha kwina chifukwa chosiyana kwambiri ndi majini awo. Etc. Koma ngati tsiku lina atha kupindulitsanso mammor, kumpoto kwa Yakutia adakonza kale tebulo ndi nyumba.
Pleistocene Park
Zaka makumi masauzande zapitazo, pamalo a tundra omwe alipo, nyengo yofananira ndi ya savannah, tundra-steppe yofanana ndi savanna idawoneka, momwe mudalinso njati, mamese, ndulu zaubweya, mikango yamphanga ndi zolengedwa zina monga momwe ziliri ndi njovu, Rhinos, anthambo, mikango ndi nyama zina m'malo osungidwa ku Africa. Chilimwe chachifupi chakumpoto chinali chokwanira kuti mbewu zitha kudziunjikira zokwanira komanso kudyetsa zitsamba pakati pa usiku wozizira.
Koma munthawi yakutentha kochulukirapo, zaka 10,000 zapitazo, nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zidafa (mwina osaka nyama zoyambilira zimathandizira izi pang'ono). Zomera zinafota popanda manyowa, zachilengedwe zinali zikuyenda, ndipo patadutsa zaka masauzande tundra sinawoneke ndipo inali yopanda kanthu.
Koma mu 1980, m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe pafupi ndi tawuni ya Chersky pamtsinje wa Kolyma, gulu la okonda, lotsogozedwa ndi North-Eastern Science Science Station la Russian Academy of Sciences ya Russia a Sergey Zimov, adayamba ntchito yobwezeretsanso chilengedwe cha nyama yozizira kwambiri kapena kukhazikitsa njira zawo zamasiku ano. nyengo yam'madzi.
Anayamba ndikutetezedwa kwa mahekitala 50 ndi gulu laling'ono la mahatchi a Yakut, omwe posachedwa adatulutsa ndikuwaponda mbewu zonse za "kraal" izi zazing'ono kwambiri kwa iwo. Koma chimenecho chinali chiyambi chabe. Tsopano (pakadali pano - pamalo okulirapo pang'ono, mahekitala 160) elk, reindeer, musk ng'ombe, agwape ndi njati zakhazikika kale mpaka mahatchi.
Zinthu zabwino
Agalu omalizira a Dingo adachotsa mbadwa ndipo kumapeto kwake, abusa aku Europe amtundu wotchedwa Tasmanian marsupial - tilacins (Thylacinus cynocephalus) adamwalira kumalo osungira nyama mu 1936. Mu 2008, ofufuza ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Melbourne adasiyanitsa mtundu wina wa zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi zamyuziyamu za tilacin zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni ena amtundu wina, omwe ali ndi vuto lachitukuko cha cartilage ndi mafupa, m'malo mwake akhale ndi mtundu wofanana ndi mazira a mbewa. M'mazira a mbewa a masabata awiri (ma freak omwe amatha kukhalapo sanaloledwe kubadwa), osati mbewa, koma protein ya Col2A1 tilacin inapangidwa. Koma munthu sayenera ngakhale kulota kuti abwezere nkhandwe pamtundu wa mbewa - izi ndizongowona zachilengedwe, zotsatira zake zomwe tsiku lina zitha kukhala zothandiza, mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira ntchito za majini amtundu womwe watsala.
Ku Australia komweko, chakumapeto kwa chaka chino, akatswiri a sayansi ochokera ku University of New South Wales adayesetsa kulima chule Rheobatrachus silus, yemwe adangomwalira zaka 30 zapitazo, nyama yaying'ono, atafuna kudziwa kuti akazi ake ali ndi caviar mkamwa mwawo. Asayansi anayambitsa zipatso kuchokera ku zotumphukira za R. mu mazira a mitundu ya achule omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi iyo, Mixophyes fasciolatus, komanso kudikirira magawo angapo a maselo a mazira, ndipo pambuyo pake mazira amwalira. Koma vuto lakuthamangitsa lidayamba, ngakhale kwa anthu izi sizachilendo kwenikweni kuti ndi chiyani madinosaurs.
Kulephera, ngakhale kuli kochepa kwambiri, kunatha kuyesa kwa ofufuza ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Zaragoza pamapangidwe a mbuzi yamapiri ya Pyrenean, woimira womaliza yemwe anamwalira mu 2000.Kuyesera koyamba kubereka ana kuchokera ku maimidwe omwe amapezeka m'mitsempha ya mazira omwe ali ndi moyo wamunthu womaliza, ndi mazira a mbuzi zapakhomo, anathera padera. Kwa nthawi yachitatu (mu 2009), asayansi aku Spain adapanga maimmy 439 a chimeric, omwe 57 mwa iwo adayamba kugawikana ndipo adayikidwira muchiberekero cha amayi omwe amadzala. Tsoka ilo, mwa mbuzi zisanu ndi ziwirizi, imodzi yokha ndiyo idabereka, ndipo mwana adamwalira mphindi zochepa atabadwa chifukwa cha kupuma.
Zowona, njati ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango zotambalala, ndipo ngati alephera kuzoloŵera ku Arctic, akukonzekera kulowetsa mitundu ina yabwino koposa - nkhalango zam'nkhalango. Ndikofunika kuyembekezera mpaka gulu lawo laling'ono litakwera, lotumizidwa ndi anzawo ochokera kumalo osungirako zachilengedwe kumpoto kwa Canada ndikutsimikiza kuyima ku nazale kum'mwera kwa Yakutia.
Pamene (ndipo ngati) m'malo mwa paki yayikulu, polojekitiyi ilandira malo omwe akukwanira osungirako, zitha kumasula mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo kuchokera ku eyapoti ndikuyesanso kuyambitsa amurging a Amur - malo oyenera kwambiri a mikango yamphanga yomwe ikupezeka. Chabwino, ndipo mammam? Ndipo mammoni - pamenepo. Ngati izi zikugwira.
Ndege za nkhunda?
Ntchito yotsitsimutsa njiwa zoyendayenda zaku America (Ectopistes migratorius) sizimalumikizana ndi chilengedwe mwanjira iliyonse. M'malo mwake, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, kum'mawa kwa North America, nkhunda zoyendayenda zimayenda m'mitundu yambirimbiri ya mbalame, kudya nkhalango ngati dzombe ndikusiya zinyalala zazitali, adakonza zisa mazana pamitengo, mosasamala kanthu ndi zoyesayesa zonse za adani. Amwenye, kenako oyamba oyera oyamba, sanachepe.
Koma pobwera kwa njanji, kusaka njiwa yoyendayenda kunakhala bizinesi yopindulitsa. Kuwombera popanda kuyang'ana mtambo wowuluka pamwamba pa famuyo kapena kunyamula anapiyewo ngati maapulo, ndikuwapereka kwa wogula - gulu la dinari, koma mutha kukoka mitolo yambiri momwe mungathere. M'kati mwa zaka zana limodzi, njiwa zikwizikwi zoyenda zinasiyidwa zikwi zingapo - ochepa kwambiri kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa ophatikizira awa, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zidachitika kwa munthu m'masiku amenewo. Njiwa yomaliza yoyendayenda inafa kumalo osungira nyama mu 1914.
Maloto oti abwezere nkhunda yoyendayenda adazunzidwa ndi mwana wazaka zaku America waku Ben Benak. Adakwanitsanso kupeza ndalama zogulira lingaliro lake kuchokera ku Revive and Returnore Foundation, imodzi mwa nthambi za Long Now yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi wolemba Stuart Brand yemwe amathandizira kwambiri mapulojekiti osachita mwanzeru koma osapusa kwambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana a sayansi.
Monga chida chakonzanso mtundu wa gene, Ben akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mazira a nkhunda yodukaduka, yomwe ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyendayenda. Zowona, amalekanitsidwa ndi kholo limodzi pofika zaka mamiliyoni 30 ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa masinthidwe kuposa pakati pa mammab ndi njovu. Ndipo kuyesa kusintha majini mumtundu wa mbalame kunali kochulukirapo kapena nkhuku, ndipo pakadali pano palibe amene wakumana ndi nkhunda ...
Koma mtundu wa njiwa yoyendayenda idawerengedwa kale kuchokera kuzosemedwa ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndipo mu Marichi 2013, Novak adayamba kumanganso mbalame zomwe zitha ku Yunivesite ya California ku Santa Cruz. Zowona, ngakhale polojekitiyo itachita bwino, zotsatira zake zimakhala m'malo osungirako nyama: nkhunda zoyendayenda m'chilengedwe zimatha kukhalanso pagulu lambiri. Kodi chikuyembekeza chiyani lamba wa chimanga ku US ngati maguluwa atha kutengera chikhalidwe chatsopano?
Ngakhale, ngakhale ngati sizingatheke kubwerezanso nkhunda zomwe zimayendayenda, zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zimakhala zothandiza poyesa kutsitsimutsa dodo (mbalame zoseketsa za Dodo), ma moas a ku New Zealand, ofanana ndi iwo a ma epiornise aku Madagascar ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha.
Mu Januware 2013, nkhani zodabwitsa zidafalikira padziko lonse lapansi: katswiri wodziwika bwino wa majini otchedwa George Church of Harvard University akufuna mayi olimba mtima kuti akhale mayi wa mayi wotsatira chifukwa chokhazikitsa Neanderthal. Tsiku lotsatira, zofalitsa zabwino zonse zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pa nyambo iyi zidasindikiza zonena kuti: Atolankhani a Daily Mail adalakwitsa pang'ono potanthauzira kuyankhulana kwa Spiegel yaku Germany. Church, yemwe anali asanakumanepo ndi genand Neanderthal, amangokangana kuti mwamalemba zitha kutheka tsiku lina, koma zinali zofunikira?
Kurosaurs: kutsogolo zakale!
Tsopano, kubwerera kwa wasayansi yemwe tinayamba naye, a Jack Horner ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Montana, wolemba How How to kupanga Dinosaur. Zowona, zikhala ngati kurosaur: ntchitoyi imatchedwa Chickenosaurus, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwake, malinga ndi wolemba, kungotenga zaka zisanu zokha. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera 'kudzutsa' majini osungidwa koma osagwiritsa ntchito dzira lakuku. Mutha kuyamba ndi mano: archeopteryx ndi mbalame zina zakale zinali ndi mano abwino. Zowona, kuchuluka komwe ochita kafukufuku m'munda uno adakwanitsa anali mazira a nkhuku amasiku 16 ali ndi mano angapo owoneka kutsogolo kwa mulomo, koma ulendo wa chikwi chimodzi kapena kupitirira umayamba ndi gawo loyamba ...
Ndizowona, m'magawo angapo - sitepe ndi sitepe, gene ndi gene, mapuloteni okhala ndi mapuloteni - Horner akukonzekera kukula kwake kurosaurs. Chotsani chala chachinayi, sinthani mapiko kukhala mawondo ... Ndipo zidzatenga zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zantchito ndi madola mamiliyoni angapo pachigawo choyamba cha ntchitoyi. Zowona, palibe zambiri zomwe polojekiti ya Kurosaurus idalandira ndalama. Koma padzakhala philanthropist: sizofunikira kwambiri kuti asakhale ma dinosaurs enieni, ndikuyamba - kukula kwa nkhuku. Koma zokongola.
Kulankhula za kukongola: utoto wakuda ndi masikelo a ma dinosaurs mu Jurassic Park zimapangitsa kukhala owopsa, koma mwina sizowona. Onse Horner ndi akatswiri ena a paleontologists akhala ndi malingaliro akuti ambiri, ngati si onse omwe ali ndi zilembo zapadziko lapansi anali magazi amphongo ofunda ndi nthenga zowala. Kuphatikizapo Zoopsa Royal Lizard - Tyrannosaurus rex. Kukhetsa magazi ndikadali kotentha, koma nthenga zosasunthika zakutsogolo kwa achibale a wankhanzayo - Yutyrannus huali (lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Latin-Chinese - "Wotani wankhanza mu nthenga", kulemera - pafupifupi 1.5 matani, kutalika - 9 m) - wapezeka posachedwa kuthamangitsidwa kwa Chinese paleontologists. Nanga bwanji za nthenga zake zakale mpaka 15 masentimita zimakhala ngati nkhuku ya nkhuku kuposa nthenga zovuta za mbalame zamakono? Inde, sizingakhale kuti sanali kujambulidwa bwino!
Ndipo ngati mammoths, ma dodos, dinosaurs ndi nyama zina zomwe sizinachitike kwenikweni siziri zenizeni, koma zofanana ndi zachilengedwe - ndani wa inu amene angakane kuyenda paki ya nthawiyo, yomwe poyamba sangadziwike kuchokera ku Jurassic kapena Pleistocene?
Sinthani Matalala
Mbalame zakale, monga Archeopteryx, zidali ndi mchira wautali wopindulitsa. Mbalame zamakono zimakhalabe ndi mchira wosafunikira. Cholinga chachikulu cha pulojekiti ya Horner ndikuzindikiritsa majini omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa mchira pamalo a mluza. Pakusintha mawonekedwe amitundu iyi, munthu amatha kubereka nkhuku ndi michira yayitali ya dinosaurs.
Lingaliro ili lachititsa kutsutsa kuchokera kwa asayansi ambiri. Sean Carroll, wasayansi yotsogola, adayeseranso chitukuko chofananira, koma zoyesazi nthawi zambiri zinkazipha.
Kulipira Sinthani
Mutha kuthandizira ndekha ntchito pano.
Lingaliro lopanga Kurosaurus lakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. A Jack Horner adapereka lingaliro ili m'ma laboratori angapo. Adalemba kuti anthu amakonda malingaliro ake, koma adalibe ndalama zoyambira ntchito yotere. Larsson ndi Horner atayamba ntchitoyi, Horner adapereka $ 20,000 pachaka chimodzi kuti apereke ndalama ku posdoc ku labu ya Larssons. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ntchitoyi yalandila zambiri zamseri, kuphatikiza woyang'anira wa Star Wars a George Lucas.
Chisoni - Chakudya Chamasamba Aankhuku
"M'tawuni ya Canada ku Alberta, mabwinja otsala ochepa kwambiri! "Woyambitsa nkhuku adakhala padziko lapansi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo ndipo adadya, amati, ndi chimbudzi cha prehistoric."
Mutu wosangalatsa, woyenera kwambiri mawu oyambira ku buku labwino kwambiri. Koma ndizowona. Kupezako kunatchedwa "Albertonykus borealis", akuti nyamazo zimadziwika ngati dinosaurs yaying'ono kwambiri ku North America.
Spielberg sanaganizirepo kapena Zithunzi za ku Colambia sizimayimira
Kanema wapa Hollywood waku Jurassic Park, komanso zinthu zina zambiri zam'tsogolo zamakono, amagwirizana ndi zomwe asayansi amakonda. Chifukwa chake izi sizinali choncho.
Malingaliro anzeru amtundu wa anthu, osati kokha kuti anali m'gulu la akatswiri aluso a Hollywood awa (Jack Horner, University of Montana, USA, USA) adapereka upangiri kwaukadaulo, koma iwonso adasankha "kutulutsa zaluso" - kutanthauzira malingaliro angapo omwe adafotokozedwayimu .
Pambuyo pa filimuyo - mpaka
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhuku inali m'mphepete mwa kuphunzira kwa zolinga zam'mbuyo.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2005, akatswiri pa nkhani ya kuphunzira kwa agengenis - a John Fallon ndi a Matt Harris (a Wisconsin, America) adachita kafukufuku wotsatira ndi mazira a nkhuku yosinthidwa. M'kati mwa kafukufuku wasayansi, adalemba mawonekedwe achizolowezi chosazungulira pachifuwa cha mluza.
Kukula kopambana kunasanduka kanthu kena koma mano owumbidwa ndi saber ofanana ndi mano a mluza wamkamwa. Pambuyo pa kusanthula kwakanthawi, ochita kafukufukuwo adaganiza pamaziko a DNA ya nkhuku kuti "itulutsidwe" ma genetic a nyama zapa prehistoric.
Magulu a asayansi ochokera kumaofesi osiyanasiyana ofufuza omwe ayamba ntchito ya sayansi amalosera za kupanga nkhuku ndi zikhalidwe zonse zobadwa mwa wankhanza.
Ndi ma fangayi, sikelo, mchira wake ndi kutsogolo kwake, zikhala zofanana kwambiri ndi dinosaur yeniyeni, ndipo tanthauzo lodziwika bwino la "abuluzi", poganiza za ubalewu, lidzakhala mawu otsutsana.
Onerani kanemayo - nkhuku kuyenda ngati dinosaur!
Toothy Klusha
Tiyeni tibwererenso pamfotokozedwe wa ntchito za nkhuku zakudyazi. Mahumbo osinthika anali ndi majini omwe amatha kupha mwana wosabadwayo asanabadwe.
Monga momwe zidakhalira, chochitika chofananira pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa matupi athu ndi mtundu wakale womwe unayambitsa kukula kwa mano a dinosaur, koma omwe adasowa mu mzere wa kusintha kwa nkhuku.
Ofufuzawo aku America adapanga kachilombo komwe machitidwe ake amafanana ndi chikhalidwe cha majini omwe amapitilira, koma samayambitsa kufa kwa chinthu choyesera. Mutagen adayambitsidwa kwa mwana wakhanda yemwe amayambitsa mano.
Mapiko, mapiko. Chachikulu ndi mchira.
Gawo lotsatira la kafukufuku linapangidwira kukhala lingaliro linanso. Wolemba mbiri ya Paleontologist Hans Larsson (McGill University, America) anatero zoona kupezeka kwa zoyambira mchira, kuwonetseredwa koyambirira chikuku mluza chitukuko koma "kuzimiririka" nthawi inayake.
Zotsatira zake zimachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zimasinthira kusintha kwachinthu china, ndipo kuyesera kuti dongosololi lisakulephereke.
Koma posamukira komwe akupita, asayansi amatha kupanga mazira kuti awonetse zinthu zina zomwe kholo linachokera.
Kurosaurus, ndimakukhulupirira
Poyerekeza mawu achi China pang'ono, timamasulira kuti: "Simudzatenga dzira la chinjoka kuchokera ku chisa cha nkhuku." Izi ndi zomwe dziko la sayansi likuwongolera, chifukwa limavomereza, kukana kulumikizana kwa dinosaur ndi nkhuku ndi mbalame zamakono.
Larsson ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri ochepa kwambiri otchedwa paleontologists omwe amaganiza kuti kulingalira kwa ubale pakati pa mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs ndikulonjeza.
Kulembetsani zosintha za nkhuku, mudzakhala woyamba kuwerenga nkhani zathu.