CochinealArar - ofanana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ma cicadas ndi ntchentche zamakala. Tizilombo tonse iti ndi oimira dongosolo la mapiko, omwe amadya chakudya cha zomera.

Pachifukwa ichi, othandizira amakhala ndi chida chogwira pakamwa chogwiritsa ntchito kubaya masamba ndi zitsamba za mbewu ndikuyamwa madzi amchere kuchokera pamenepo.

Makina opangira zokongoletsa zazikulu

Arar cochineal ndi membala wa banja la chimphona cholusa. Mitundu yotchedwa porphyry beersers, yomwe imawonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa chitumbuwa cha tizilombo. M'masiku akale, mkanjo wa olamulira, wotchedwa porphyry, udali utoto wokutchire, utoto uwu unkachokera ku maolloll.

Armanish Cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii).

Chovala choterocho chinali choyenera ndalama zambiri, chifukwa ma clams ambiri amafunikira kuti apange, omwe osiyanasiyana anali pachiwopsezo cha moyo wawo. Cochineal ali ndi maonekedwe okongola mwachilengedwe, mawonekedwe a utoto wa carmine m'thupi lake.

Maonekedwe a cochineals

Akazi amakhala ndi thupi lopanda waya, ndi lopanda zingwe. Amadyetsa zakudya zamadzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri pamizu ya mabango ndi mbewu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimamera pamadontho amchere.

Oyang'anira zovala amakhala ndi mkanjo wamtambo.

Akazi amafikira mamilimita 2-12 m'litali, ndipo amuna ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi akazi: kutalika kwa thupi lawo sikudutsa mamilimita 2-4.

Koma kumbali inayo, amuna amakhala ndi zokongoletsera - sitima yapamtambo yoyera ya silika.

Pa thupi la akazi pali zisa zomwe zimalekanitsa ndi sera, komwe zimapangidwa chinthu chapadera, chomwe chimapanga chotchinga cha porphyry yofiira.

Moyo wapaubwenzi

Mu Seputembara-Okutobala, abambo ndi akazi amasankhidwa pamtunda ndipo matani amachitika. Akakhwima, atatha maola ochepa, anyani amwalira, ndipo zazikazi zimatsikira pansi. M'nthaka, amapanga masheya am'mazira am'mimba momwe mazira amayikidwa. Akazi ena amabweretsa mazira 800.

Chifukwa chachidwi cha mafakiteriya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchuluka kwa ma cochineals kukutsika mofulumira.

Mu Epulo-Meyi, mphutsi zimawonekera. Amangomamatirana ndi nthangala za mbewu ndikuyamba kudya zipatso zake. Pambuyo poyungunuka, mphutsi zimazunguliridwa ndipo zimakutidwa ndi chipolopolo choteteza. Pakapita kanthawi, mphutsi zina zimakhala pansi, kenako kuzunguliranso ndikupanga kaphikidwe yoyera wokha. Kuchokera mwaazilomboti amuna amatengedwa. Ndipo zachikazi zimapangidwa popanda maulalo owonjezera.

Cochineal si chirombo choyipa, koma mnzake wa munthu!

Lero ndalandira nambala yoyamba yaomwe ndimakonda - "Science and Life" (http://www.nkj.ru)
Patsamba 26 pali nkhani yosangalatsa "Kodi tidapangidwa chiyani? Zomwe timadya." Ili ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athandize komanso kuvulaza, makamaka, zokhudzana ndi kuphika.

Pazodyetsa za blog zamasiku ano, ambiri adawona nkhani - "Ndani Adachita Coca-Cola?" (www.livejournal.ru/themes/id/12503) - njira, nkhani yovuta kwambiri.

Ndipo pakubuka funso labwino - ndi nyama yanji ndipo imadyedwa chifukwa chiyani?

Chifukwa chake, ndikukuwuzani za zovuta zoyipa za Mexico (iye ndi mealybug wokhazikika, iye ndi mwana wa aphid, aka Dactylopius coccus) wochokera ku banja la a Kermes (Kermococcidae), gawo lokhala ndi khomo lachiberekero.

PS - Yotengedwa kuchokera ku Wikipedia.

Amakhala pa cacti ya mtundu wa Opuntia ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wosayenda:

Chithunzi chomwe chatengedwa: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk
Ndi kupitirira.

Zowopsa - zotengedwa pa www.sel.barc.usda.gov

Maulalo a blog omwe atchulidwa akuti (potengera zofalitsa zambiri) kuti Coca-Cola akuwonjezera utoto kuchokera kwa akazi a nsikidzi zouma ngati utoto.
(Zowopsa - kapena mwina ndi cognac? Apo ayi ambiri amati zimanunkhiza za iwo, -).

KOMA. Fulumirani kuti mutsimikizire owerenga achidwi.
Palibe tizilomboti tikumwa. Utoto wa carmine (aka E120) ndiomwe umachokera kwa iwo, womwe umawonjezeredwa pazinthu zambiri kuti upereke utoto.

PS - Chithunzichi chidatengedwa patsamba latsamba la http :ww. .Itg.be

Monga mukuwonera kuchokera kumalemba oyamba mpaka chithunzichi - chinthuchi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala.
Udindo wazomera zamtunduwu m'moyo wa anthu ndizofunikira kwambiri kotero kuti Cape Verde idapereka setempu kwa iwo:

(PS: zikomo mwapadera kwa ma philatelists ochokera ku http://biostamps.narod.ru)

Mpaka m'zaka za zana la 9, utoto wopangidwa kuchokera ku cochineal (womwe poyamba umatchedwa "tuna wamagazi", komanso carmazine ndi carmine) umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira nsalu, kupangira utoto wofiirira. Mwa njira, maluwa otentha a carmine amatsimikiziridwa ndendende ndi kapangidwe ka madzi a cactus pomwe cholengedwachi amakhala.
Ku Central ndi North America (zaka za m'ma 1400), komanso ku Spain, cochineal chinali chinthu chopangidwa ndi mafakitale, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumakulirakulira mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa nsalu zakale za Alizarin m'zaka za zana la IXX.
Pokhala wotsika mtengo kwambiri, alizarin nthawi yomweyo idasinthanitsa ndi misika yapadziko lonse, yomwe idayambitsanso vuto ku Spain, komwe mavitamini opanga ndalama anali ochuluka kwambiri.

Chilichonse chidayambiranso kuyenda bwino kuyambira pomwe anthu adayamba kuda nkhawa ndi chilengedwe cha moyo wawo komanso nkhawa zaumoyo.
Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 90 za XX, adawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito cochineal kumakhala kwabwino nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi utoto wochita kupanga. Ndipo zonse chifukwa cochineal ilibe poizoni ndi ma carcinogens ndipo, chomwe chiri chabwino, ndichinthu chopangidwa ndi CHINSINSI (PS - uchi sapereka ng'ombe, ngakhale).
KOMA ngati chilichonse - chakumwa kapena kutsokomola - chimatha kukhala zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonezeka (zochitika zachilendo zoterezi zimadziwikanso), kwenikweni sizosiyana ndi mtedza, zipatso za zipatso, mkaka, ndi zina zambiri. etc.

Zambiri za utoto (onani pansipa ndi zikomo chifukwa chofufuzira mwatsatanetsatane kwa anyamatawa kuchokera pa HTTP://www.e-124.ru).

Carmine

Utoto wophika umapezeka m'mitundu iwiri yayikulu: ubweya wokhazikika - utoto wopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi tizilombo tauma ndi maofesi, ndi carmine - wowongola bwino wopangidwa kuchokera ku cochineal. Popanga carmine, ufa wa tiziromboti timawiritsa mu njira ya ammonia kapena sodium carbonate, ndiye kuti yankho limasungidwa kuti lichotse tinthu tambiri, alum imawonjezeredwa ndi yankho la mchere wa carminic acid kuti ipangitse mchere wa aluminium. Kuyeretsa kwamtundu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusapezeka kwachitsulo. Kuwongolera mapangidwe a matope, tin dichloride, citric acid, borax, kapena gelatin ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa. Kuti mupeze utoto wofiirira, laimu imawonjezeredwa ndi alum.

Kuyambira 2005, Peru yatulutsa utoto wokwana matani 200 pachaka, ndi matani 20 pachaka ku Islands Canary. Posachedwa, Chile ndi Mexico adayambanso kutumiza kunja ma cochineal. France imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazoyitanitsa kwambiri ma cochineals. Tizilombo timatengera Japan ndi Italy. Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimakonzedwa ndikuzitumiza kunja kumayiko ena otukuka. Kuyambira 2005, mtengo wamsika wa cochineal wakhala uli pakati pa madola 50 ndi 80 aku US pa kilogalamu, pomwe zopangira za mitundu ya chakudya zopangidwa zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wa madola 10 mpaka 20 pa kilogalamu imodzi. [. ]

Masiku ano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira nsalu komanso zodzikongoletsera, monga mitundu yachilengedwe yopangira utoto, komanso penti ya mafakitale, mafuta ndi ma watercolor. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ngati chowonjezera chakudya, utoto uyenera kuwonetsedwa pazomwe zimapangidwira. Nthawi zina carmine imalembedwa ndi index E120. Anthu ena amayamba kudwala matenda a carmine. Momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito ndi lofooka (atgency fibrillation) komanso kwambiri (anaphylactic shock). Mwa anthu ena, carmine imayambitsa matenda amphumu. Cochineal ndi amodzi mwa utoto womwe Hyperactive Children Support Group imalimbikitsa kupatula zakudya za ana otere. Kwa vegans, Asilamu ambiri komanso Ayuda, utoto wachilengedwe wa carmine suvomerezeka, ndipo chakudya chomwe chili ndi carmine (haraam kwa Asilamu komanso osakhala wa kosher kwa Ayuda) ndizoletsedwa chifukwa utotowu umapangidwa kuchokera ku tizilombo.

Cochineal ndi amodzi mwa utoto wowerengeka womwe umasungunuka m'madzi ndikugonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthawi. Cochineal ndi amodzi mwa utoto wachilengedwe wosagwira kutentha, wothana ndi oxidation ndi kuzimiririka, komanso wolimba kwambiri kuposa mitundu yambiri yazakudya zopangidwa. Fomu yosungunuka yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi calcium carmine, mawonekedwe osakwaniritsidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zingapo. Carmine yokhala ndi ammonium ndi utoto wina wa carmine amawonjezeredwa ku nyama, soseji, mafuta ophikira nkhuku (ku United States, utoto utawonjezeredwa pazinthu zanyama, uyenera kuwonetsedwa pamapakezedwe), nyama yoboola, marinad, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zinthu zophika mkate ndi zina zosiyanasiyana mafuta, masikono, mchere, mafuta a shuga, kudzaza kwa nthuza, kupanikizana, kusunga mafuta, zakumwa za zipatso, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tchizi cha cheddar ndi zinthu zina zamkaka, soseji ndi maswiti. Mu chaka, munthu amalandira kuchokera ku chakudya madontho awiri amodzi a carmine acid.

Carmine ndi chimodzi mwazithunzi zochepa zomwe ndizotetezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pokongoletsa. Mtengo wambiri wa carmine wopanda mafuta umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera popanga tsitsi ndi khungu, zopaka milomo, ufa wa nkhope, blush komanso maso. Utoto wofiira wowala ndi utoto wa carmine, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu micobiology, umapangidwanso kuchokera ku carmine. Pazogulitsa zamankhwala, cochineal imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka miyala ndi mafuta.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Cochineal ndi wa tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko osakhazikika. Asayansi sangathe kudziwa nthawi yomwe tizilombo timeneti timachokera. Ngakhale utoto wa mu bible, utoto wofiirira, womwe umachokera ku chitsamba chowotcha, udatchulidwa.

Chochititsa chidwi: Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, utoto wapadera umapezeka kuchokera kwa akazi a tizilombo. Kuti izi zitheke, tizilombo tomwe timakhala opanda nthawi yoti tiziikira mazira timasonkhanitsa pamanja. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri kapena mothandizidwa ndi acetic acid, imayatsidwa ndikuwotcha. Kukhazikitsidwa kuti kachilombo kamodzi, kakulidwe kake komwe sikapitirira mamilimita awiri, kamatha kupanga utoto wokwanira kutulutsa zinthuzo, masentimita angapo kukula kwake.

Ngakhale ku Russia yakale, anthu anali ndi chidwi ndi kutulutsa kwa kachilombo kuti apeze utoto. Mu 1768, a Catherine 2 adapereka lamulo losonyeza kufunika kofunafuna nyongolotsi m'gawo la Russian Federation. Pambuyo pake, mu 1804, Prince Rumyantsev adatembenukira kwa Prince Kurakin ndi pemphelo kuti akwaniritse zonse zomwe zikupezeka zokhudza nyongolotsi zomwe sizinaphunzirepo pang'ono pa gawo la Little Russia. Kurakin, amatenga mndandanda wathunthu wazidziwitso: kufotokoza mawonekedwe, mayendedwe amoyo, malo okhala, mtengo wake panthawi yophunzira. Anaphunziranso mwatsatanetsatane malamulo ndi njira zosonkhanitsira, komansoukadaulo wopanga utoto wa utoto.

Kanema: Wotsogolera

Pambuyo pake, kachilomboka kamagawidwa kwambiri machitidwe okumba kuti apeze utoto wa utoto. Inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamafakitale osiyanasiyana. M'zaka za zana la 20, kupanga utoto wopanga kunakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito utoto wachilengedwe womwe umachokera ku cochineal. Komabe, idagwiritsidwabe ntchito mu pharmacology, makampani azakudya, mafuta onunkhira, etc.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi wowoneka ngati khola amawoneka bwanji?

Akazi ndi amuna ndi osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake pamaonekedwe. Akazi amasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi losachedwa kupindika, lotupa. Alibe mapiko ndipo amawoneka ngati nsikidzi wamba. Kukula kwa thupi ndi mamilimita pafupifupi 10, kukula kwa thupi la amuna ndi kocheperako, ndipo ndi mamilimita 2-6. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi magalamu ochepa chabe. Thupi lopakidwa utoto wonenepa, wamtambo.

Pa thupi la akazi, pamakhala tinthu timene timatulutsa timitseko tambiri timene timatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera. Imakhala ndi imvi yoyera. Thupi la nyongolotsi limakutidwa ndi villi yopyapyala, yayitali. Pa thupi la tizilombo timakhala ma geno omwe amatchedwa kuti magawa omwe amagawa thupi kukhala mbali zazitali komanso mphete zopingasa. Tizilombo timakhala ndi mutu wam'mutu, womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi ndi poyambira mwakuya. M'mutu wamtunduwu mumakhala timaso timene timakhala, timaso tating'onoting'ono. Amuna, maso ndi ovuta, mawonekedwe, okulirapo.

Amuna, omwe adutsa gawo lonse la chitukuko chawo, akuwoneka ngati udzudzu. Amakhala ndi mapiko ndipo amatha kuuluka. Amasiyanitsidwanso ndi chachikazi ndi mtundu wa zodzikongoletsera - zopangira zazitali zazitali za mtundu oyera kapena mkaka. Kutalika kwake kumakhala kambiri kuposa kutalika kwa thupi. Tizilombo timakhala ndi miyendo itatu ya miyendo yomwe imasunthira, ndipo imatha kusiya malo awo okhala, akukwawira pamwamba.

Kodi cochineal amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Malo omwe amagawa tizilombo ta mtunduwu ndi akulu kwambiri. Pali mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo, iliyonse imakhala mdera linalake. South America imaganiziridwa kuti ndiyo mbiri yakale.

Malo okhala malo:

• Armenia, makamaka gombe la Araka,
• madera ena a Azerbaijan,
• Crimea,
• madera ena a Belarus,
• pafupifupi onse aku Ukraine,
• Chigawo cha Tambov,
• zigawo zakumadzulo kwa Europe,
• Mayiko aku Asia
• Samarkand.

Tizilombo tambiri timakhala m'zipululu za solonchak, komanso komwe timabzala mitengo ya cactus. M'zaka za zana la 16, ma cactus osiyanasiyana, omwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri adadzaza, amabweretsedwa ku mayiko aku Europe ndipo adaphunzira kukulira kumeneko. Pambuyo pa izi, nyongolotsi yofiira idayamba kudalitsika bwino munthawi yopanga zinthu.

M'mayiko ena ndi madera ena, minda yopangidwa mwapadera idapangidwa pomwe yoyambira idalimidwa kwambiri. Mafamu ngati amenewo analipo ku Guatemala, ku Canary Islands, Spain, kudera la zilumba za ku Africa. Tizilombo tambiri tinasonkhana ku Mexico ndi Peru, komwe mpaka pano, utoto wachilengedwe umachotsedwa ku mphutsi. Ku Europe, adayesanso kupanga mafamu ofanana, koma zoyesazi sizidamuyende bwino chifukwa chazovuta zanyengo komanso kusowa kwa chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe cochineal ili. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe tizilombo timene timadya.

Kodi cochineal amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Red Cochineal

Cochineal ndi majeremusi. Tizilombo timakhala kutali ndi mbewu. Mothandizidwa ndi phenoscis yapadera, imalumikizidwa ndi gawo la maliseche a mbewu ndipo imadyetsa madzi kwa moyo wonse. Sizachilendo kuti amuna asamukira ku chomera china kupita kwina. Akazi amakhala moyo wawo wonse pachomera chimodzi chokha. Amaluma ndikuluma mwamphamvu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ogwira ntchito omwe amatenga tizilombo amayenera kutulutsa masamba ndi burashi wowuma.

Chosangalatsa: Tizilombo timapeza zipatso zapamwamba chifukwa zimadya msuzi wa zipatso zofiira za cactus.

Ngati chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti tizilombo timasamba mwachangu padziko masamba. Chifukwa cha izi, m'mafamu ambiri momwe nsikidzi zimakulitsidwa mu zinthu zokumba, sizisonkhanitsidwa ndi maburashi kapena zida zina, koma kumangoyala masamba ndikuwasungira m'makoko apadera. Chifukwa chake, pomwe chomera chikhale chothandiza, tizilombo timakhala ndi kubereka. Masamba a cactus atayamba kuuma, cochineal imasonkhanitsidwa ndikukonzedwa kuti mupeze utoto wofiirira.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Wachikazi wofikira

Tizilombo timene timakhala ndi zolengedwa zakale, timakhala ndi moyo mobisa. Pamtunda amasankhidwa pokhapokha pakubzala. Amuna okhaokha amakhala ndi moyo wopambana.Amakhala moyo wawo wamtundu wonse pachomera chimodzi, osachisiya. Iwo amamamatira kwa icho.

Masiku ano, asayansi amatenga chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza mbali ya moyo wa tizilombo. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'zaka zaposachedwa chidwi nawo monga gwero la utoto wawonjezeranso.

Amadziwika kuti zazikazi zimasankhidwa pamtunda pokhapokha nthawi ikakwana. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mozungulira mwezi wa Seputembara. Ndi munthawi imeneyi pamene tizilombo timakwatirana, pambuyo pake zimafa. Akazi amakhala ndi mwezi umodzi kuposa amuna. Izi ndichifukwa chakusiya ana.

Tizilombo timagwira ntchito, makamaka zachikazi. Amuna amayenda pang'ono, komanso mwachangu chifukwa kapangidwe ka miyendo ndi kupezeka kwa mapiko amodzi. Mwachilengedwe, tizilombo touluka timakhala tambiri, makamaka zazikazi panthawi yopanga.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mphutsi zazikazi zimayamba kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka ngati peyala, kenako zowoneka bwino, kapena kungozungulirazungulira. Pakadali pano, amataya tinyanga ndi miyendo, ndikupanga chotupa. Kupangidwe kwa ma cysts kumadziwikanso mwa akazi ndi amuna.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Pamenepo, zazikazi ndi zazikazi zikakhala zokonzeka kubereka, zimakwawira padziko lapansi. Mkazi atangophatikiza ubwamuna, wamphongo amwalira. Mkazi amakhala pafupifupi masiku 28-30. Zachikazi zomwe zakwera pamwamba, pafupifupi khomo lonse lamkati limakhala ndi kubereka.

Imayimiridwa ndi matupi awa:

• mazira awiri
• ma oviducet opaka ndi osatupa,
• nyini
• spermathekami.

Pakulima kukachitika, chachikazi chimakwiridwanso pansi ndikuzama masentimita 1.5-2. M'dothi lachikazi, mothandizidwa ndi zisa zake, amaluka ulusi wapadera womwe chikwama chimapangidwa, kapena coco cha mazira. Mkazi aliyense amabala mwana m'modzi. Nthawi imodzi, amatha kuikira mazira 800-1000. Mazirawo atabisidwa m'khola, munthu wamkazi amagona pansi ndikufa, ndikuphimba ndi thupi lake. Pambuyo pake, iteteza ana amtsogolo.

Mu nthaka pansi pa thupi la mkazi, mu coco yoteteza, amakhala pafupifupi miyezi 7-8. Chakumapeto kwa Marichi, kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, mphutsi zazitali komanso zazitali. Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa tinyanga, miyendo, komanso bristles lalitali ngati mawonekedwe a proboscis. Pogwiritsa ntchito masamba awa, zazikazi zimadziphatika pazomera zomwe zimamera. Kenako zazikazi zimayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono, zimataya tinyanga ndi miyendo, ndikupanga chotupa. Komanso ndizofala kwa amuna kuti apange cyst. Komabe, kukula kwa chotupa champhongo ndi pafupifupi theka la akazi. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, ma cysts ophunzira amaphunzitsidwa ndi metamorphosis, pomwe malekezero ndi mawonekedwe a antennae amakhala mwa akazi.

Adani achilengedwe a cochineals

Chithunzi: Kodi wowoneka ngati khola amawoneka bwanji?

Tikakhala zachilengedwe, tizilombo sitikhala ndi adani achilengedwe. Izi ndichifukwa choti sizipereka chakudya kwa mbalame, tizilombo tina kapena nyama. Mdani yekhayo wa cochineals amadziwika kuti ndi munthu. M'mbuyomu, tizilombo tambiri tidawonongeka kuti tipeze utoto wotchedwa - carmine. Utoto wamtunduwu umapezeka pansi pa dzina la carmine, kapena chowonjezera cha chakudya E 120. Kukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa carmine ndikotakata kwambiri.

Kodi utoto wautoto uli kuti:

• Makampani azakudya. Amawonjezera zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso zakumwa zoledzeretsa, popanga nyama, confectionery, jelly, marmalade, ayisikilimu, saus, nyemba zam'mawa,
• Kupanga zodzola komanso zonunkhira. Utoto umawonjezeredwa ndi milomo, milomo yokhala ndi milomo, blush, mthunzi wamaso, etc.,
• Zida zapaukhondo. Izi zikuphatikiza sopo, geel osambira, zopangira mano, etc.,
• Makampani opanga zovala. Kupanga ndi kuwaza nsalu, ulusi, ulusi,
• Kupanga zakudya zamafuta. Kupanga glazes, Jam, kuteteza, mitundu ina ya maswiti.

Pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi carmine muzogulitsa momwe kulawa kapena kununkhira kwa sitiroberi, rasipiberi, sitiroberi kapena yamatcheri kulipo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Mpaka pano, anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi sakhala pachiwopsezo. Komabe, panali nthawi zina pomwe sizinapezeke chilengedwe chake. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chophatikiza tiziromboto tambiri tambiri, komanso kuwononga masamba obiriwira a nkhadze limodzi ndi tizilombo.

M'zaka za zana la 19, tizilombo tinatsala pang'ono kutheratu. Pambuyo pake, adayamba kupanga ma famu opanga bwino kwambiri kuti awononge ndi kusala. Malo osungirako nyama zamtchire adapanganso. Asayansi adatha kupanga njira yapadera yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuti muonjezere kuchuluka kwa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya66 kuposa momwe ingathere mu vivo.

Panthawi yomwe anthu adaphunzira kupanga utoto wopanga, kufunikira kwa carmine kumangochotsedwa. Mafamu oswana tizilombo anapitilizabe kukhalapo kuti achulukitse tizilombo tambiri komanso kuti asatheretu. Komabe, pakupita nthawi, adayamba kukayikira zopindulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wopanga, kenako adalengeza za chikhalidwe chawo ndi zovulaza thanzi.

Wophatikiza - Izi ndi tizilombo todabwitsa tomwe takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa anthu kuti tipeze utoto wofiirira. Pakadali pano, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu pharmacology ndi makampani azakudya.

"Mbewu yaofesi"

Mukafunsidwa kuti mumadziwa mtundu wanji wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe mumawadziwa, ndiye kuti yankho lake ndi ili: njuchi yokhala ndi mbewa. Komabe, padakali tizilombo tosadziwika bwino tomwe anthu akhala akutenga ndi kuswana kwazaka zambiri kuti apeze utoto wofiira wowala - carmine. Utoto, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito osati pakati pa akatswiri ojambula ndi ojambula, komanso m'mafakitale azakudya ndi zonunkhira, komanso pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale kupaka utoto uwu.

Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa mafuta ndi ndani? Uwu ndi magulu osiyanasiyana amitundu yosadziwika bwino - coccid, kapena nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tambiri (Coccodea), yopanga chigawo chapadera motsatira mapiko a mapiko.

Ma coccose ali ponseponse m'chilengedwe, koma sizosavuta kuzindikira ndikuzindikira, ndikuzindikira tizilombo tambiri ... Ndikokwanira kunena kuti akazi achikazi ambiri amtundu wa coccids ndi nyama yokhayo yomwe imatsogolera kwathunthu. Mwakuwonekera kwawo, amafanana kwambiri ndi kutupira kapena m'miyeso yaying'ono pa khungwa yazomera kapena monga zinyalala zomwe zimamatira tsamba kapena thunthu. Maso, miyendo ndi miyendo nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa, ndipo thupi limasinthidwa kukhala thumba lodzaza mazira. Mitundu yambiri, zazikazi zoyamwa zimatetezedwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi ma chiseye, zomwe zimapangira pamwamba pake ngati lathyathyathya, lozungulira, kapena lofanana ndi mawonekedwe a comma scutellum (kwenikweni kuchokera pano dzina la tizilombo lidapezeka - tizilombo).

Ma coccon oterowo amakhala okhawo omwe ali ndi mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba, wotchedwa "stroller". Ndi mafoni ndi ma hexapod, ali ndi maso osavuta ndi anangongole, ndipo palinso zazitali zazitali za mchira. Thupi la mphutsi limakutidwa, buluzi limakulungika mu khola, lopindika pansi pamimba ndikubisidwa m'thumba lapadera. Ma Vagabond ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula ndipo amang'ambika mosavuta ndi kuwongoleredwa ndi mphepo, nthawi zambiri amayenda mtunda wautali. Inde, mphutsi zambiri zimafa, koma ena amafika pazomera zam'madzi zomwe amafunikira, pomwe amapeza malo abwino ndikuumatira mwamphamvu ku gwero la chakudya.

Mphutsizi, zomwe zimayenera kusintha kukhala zamphongo m'tsogolo, patapita kanthawi kusiya kudyetsa ndikudziyambitsa coco kuzungulira iwo, amatetezedwa zomwe zimakonzanso thupi. Nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimataya zida ndi miyendo. Miyendo, komabe, kenako imakhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amapanga mapiko ndi ulusi wamtali wautali. Koma pakamwa palibe pomwe pamawonekera - amuna amatulutsidwa mu cocon, amangowuluka pang'ono, kupeza abwenzi, kenako nkufa. Komabe, ma coccids ena samakhala ndi abambo konse - amabereka gawohenogenetically.

Kukula kwa akazi ndikosavuta. Ena, monga tanena kale, amataya pafupifupi ziwalo zonse zomwe sizigwirizana ndi zakudya komanso kubereka, ndipo amakhalabe pa chomera chodyetseracho mpaka kalekale. Koma pali ma coccids, achikazi omwe amapanga ulendo waufupi, koma wodziyimira pawokha komanso wodalirika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, amatha kukhalabe ndi maso, tinyanga ndi miyendo, kumathera pang'ono. Ma coccids otere (amaonedwa ngati akale kwambiri) amatchedwa mphutsi. Amaphatikizanso omwe amatchedwa gulu lodziwika "cochineal."

Ngakhale "zovuta" zake, ma cocconi ndi gulu lofunikira kwambiri la zachuma. Ambiri mwaiwo ndi tizirombo toopsa kwambiri. Osatinso zaulimi zokha, komanso ma greenh m'nyumba, komanso m'nyumba. Ndikovuta kwambiri kulimbana nawo, mutetezedwa modzitchinjiriza ndi zishango zawo. Mwa mitundu yina imakhala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, nthawi zina yosagulika, mwachitsanzo, shellac. Koma tidzakambilana za tizilombo nthawi ina mawa. Nkhani yathu lero ndiyotengera cochineal.

Anthu akuCarmine adaphunzira kubwerera m'masiku akale. Nthano za M'baibulo zimatchulapo kale utoto wofiira womwe udachokera ku nyongolotsi yofiira, yomwe kale idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbadwa za Nowa. Kuti mupeze utoto, mitundu ingapo ya cochineal idagwiritsidwa ntchito - nyongolotsi za oak, kapena ma kermes omwe amakhala ku Mediterranean, cochineal yaku Poland, yomwe imakhalanso m'gawo la Ukraine wamakono. Koma wapamwamba kwambiri amaonedwa ngati utoto wochokera kuArco cochineal. Amadziwika kuti m'zaka za zana la III. AD mfumu ya Perisiya idapatsa Aurelian, wamfumu wansalu wansalu wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira. Chidacho chakhala chizindikiro cha capitol. Ku Roma kunali podzaza mphekesera zambiri zautoto, mitundu yomwe inkapezeka kuchokera ku "nyongolotsi" ina yomwe imadziwika ku Armenia yakutali ndipo imatchedwa "karmir vortan". Umboni woyamba wolemba wa Archine cochineal unayamba m'zaka za 5th. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale waku Armenia, Lazar Parbsky, analemba kuti: “Zomera za bango sizimakhala zopanda pake ndi chigwa chomwe tikuchifuna cha Ararati. Amapanga mphutsi zokongoletsera zofiira, zomwe zimathandiza okonda ndalama komanso zapamwamba. ” Coarine cochineal amatchulidwanso zakale za mbiri yakale ya Aluya, pomwe amati penti ya "kirmiz" imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Armenia kupaka utoto ndi ubweya wa nyama ndipo imatumizidwa kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Utoto wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupaka utoto m'mabuku akale. Tidakali ku Matenadar - zolembedwa zakale za ku Armenia zakale zimasungidwa zolembedwa, zojambula ndi zilembo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi utoto wachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo red carmine.

Koma pambuyo pake, zamtsogolo zidachoka ku cochineal Ararati. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la XVI. usodzi wake unayamba kuchepa. Cochineal waku Mexico adapezeka pamsika wapadziko lonse - wachilengedwe wobadwira ku New World, wochokera ku Mexico. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Europe, utoto wofiirira wopezeka kuchokera ku tizilombo, komanso zinthu zina zodabwitsa kuchokera kudziko logonjetsedwa, adaperekedwa kwa mfumu yake ndi Juan Cortes. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Spain idasunga chuma ichi, koma pambuyo pake Mexico idapangidwa ku Java, zilumba za Canary Islands, Algeria, ku Cape of Good Hope komanso m'malo ena.

Cochineal waku Mexico (Dactylopius coccus) ndi wamtundu wina ndipo ndi banja losiyana ndi la Ararati (Porphyrophora hamelii) Ndi yaying'ono kukula, koma ili ndi zolinga ndi zabwino zingapo. Choyamba, utoto kuchokera kwa iwo umakhala wowala. Kachiwiri, nthawi yamoyo wa kachilombo kameneka ndi yayifupi, ndipo ku Mexico sikulandila kamodzi, koma mibadwo isanu pachaka, motero, "kututa" konse sikutanthauza zambiri. Pomaliza, matupi oyanika a Mexico ophatikizidwa, mulibe mafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa penti kuchokera ku cochineal wa Ararati. Tizilombo ta ku Mexico tidatola pa cacti prickly peac, wothandizira, wouma ndikugulitsidwa ngati "mbewu" zoterera. Kupeza utoto kuchokera ku "mbewu" izi kunalinso kovuta. Ku Russia, "mbewu" za cochineal zimatchedwa "mbewu ya office".

Ararati tirigu ndi malo ake ogawa

Anaiwaliratu za Ararati ndi mitundu ina yakale. M'nyumba zachifumu zokha zaku Armenia zokha ndi pomwe amagwiritsabe ntchito "karmir vortan" popaka utoto m'mabuku.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XIX, ku Monchy ya Echmiadzin, Archimandrite Isaak Ter-Grigoryan, yemwenso anali wopweteka pang'ono wa Saak Tsakhkarar, mokakamira anakhazikitsa kuyesa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale penti yotsutsana.

Mu 30s m'zaka za zana la XIX, wophunzira wa Imperial Academy of Science of Russia a Joseph Khamerianovich Gamel adachita chidwi ndi cochineal wa Ararine (1788-18182). Wasayansiyo analemba ntchito ya "utoto wokhala wamoyo", dzina lake silinapezekenso mu dzina lachi Latin la chowawa cha ku Armenia.

Kutembenuka kwa XX ndi XX mazana. Utoto wotsika mtengo wa ailine unaonekera, ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti, cochineal sinafunikenso. Koma patapita nthawi yochepa, anthu adazindikira kuti utoto wa mankhwala ali ndi zovuta zina. Cochineal anali ndi zabwino zambiri, ndipo zazikulu zomwe ndi kukana (kukana kuwala, "kutopa") komanso kupweteka kwa anthu. Ndipo m'mafakitale onunkhira komanso chakudya adayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito cochineal zachilengedwe.

Wogwirizira wa ku Poland

Pofuna kuchepetsa kutengera zinthu zomwe zimalowetsedwe kunja, boma la RSFSR linafunsira ku Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov ndi pempho lothekera kusintha malo ophatikizira ku Mexico ndi gwero lina lililonse la carmine. Yankho la funsoli lidalandiridwa kuchokera kwa katswiri wa sayansi ya zam'madzi a Boris Sergeyevich Kuzin, yemwe amadziwa bwino za archineal wa Arar. Analangizidwanso kuti apite ku Yerevan kuti akafufuze tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amakhala m'chigwa cha ku Armenia. Cochineal adapezeka, ndipo kafukufuku wake ndi usodzi adayamba, koma kukula kwawo kudalepheretsedwa ndi nkhondo, kenako chipwirikiti cha pambuyo pa nkhondo. Ndipo mu 1971 pomwe tsamba latsopano lidayamba m'mbiri ya Archine cochineal. Apanso, adayamba kuphunzira za moyo ndikukhala chonyamula yaying'ono yama carmine, kuti apeze njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito kachilombo kameneka.

Kodi biology ya Archine cochineal ndiyotani, moyo wake ndi wotani? Chakumapeto kwa Epulo - kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, mphutsi zazing'onoting'ono zakuda zimatuluka mazira zomwe zimayenda bwino panthaka, zomwe zimakwawa m'mphepete mwa mchere mpaka zimakumana ndi bango lomwe zimafunikira (Phragmites australis) kapena gombe (Aeluropus littoralis) Pa "ukazi" uwu ukutha. Mphutsi kupendekera kuya kwa masentimita 1-5, kumamatira kuzomera za mbewu ndikuyamba kudya zipatso zawo, "kudya mafuta". Kumwaza maulendo angapo, mphutsi zimakula, zimakhala zowzungulira, zimakutidwa ndi scute, zimataya miyendo ndikusintha kukhala chotupa. Mu theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti, zazimayi ndi ma prenymphs amphongo zimatuluka kuchokera ku cysts. Mwambiri, onsewa ndi ofanana ndi nsabwe zazing'ono zamatabwa, mtundu wawo wokha ndi wofiirira kenako wofiyira. Amuna amtsogolo ali pafupifupi theka kuposa atsikana awo (kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi pafupifupi 2 mm) ndipo amasoledwa pakamwa, pomwe akazi amakhala ndi chimbudzi cham'mimba komanso chimbudzi cholimba. Amamatiranso ku ma rhizomes ndikupitiliza kudyetsa. Ndipo ma prenymphs a amuna, atakokedwa ndi cholinga chosamveka, atuluka pamwamba pa chithaphwi chamcherecho ndikukwawa pamenepo kwakanthawi. Koma pamapeto pake, amabwereranso pansi, pomwe amapanga sera oyera oyera oyera Mu Seputembala, amuna amuna okhala ndi mapiko ofewa amatuluka, osafanana ndi atsikana onenepa kwambiri. Pakadutsa masiku atatu atadontha, anyaniwa amabisala mobisalira, panthawiyi pomwe amakula, mapiko awo amatambasuka ndipo ulusi wokongola wa sera umakula. Pa tsiku lachinayi afika pamtunda.Nthawi yomweyo, akazi okalamba ogonana amawoneka pamtunda - m'moyo wophatikizana, nthawi yakukhwima imayamba. Mwa anthu onse, zimatha pafupifupi mwezi ndi theka, koma kwa munthu aliyense payekhapayekha pali tsiku limodzi lokha losangalala ndi moyo wabanja. Koma patsiku limodzi lomwelo wamwamuna amatha kukwatiwa mpaka 70. Kenako amwalira, ndipo mkazi wanjirayo amachotsedwa mobisa ndikupanga dzira lakelo kuchokera ku ulusi wosalala wa sera. Ngati mkaziyo ndi wosabereka, ndiye kuti amabweranso pansi kuti apeze bwenzi lake.

Yaikazi imayamba kuyikira mazira patsiku la 7-8 pambuyo pa umuna ndikupitilira izi kwa mwezi wathunthu, ndikupanga ma testicles 800 nthawi imeneyi. Kenako tizilombo timafa, ndipo testes imayamba, kotero kuti mchaka chonse chimabwereranso.

ArchinealArar ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, malo ake odziwika bwino ndi ochepa kwambiri - mahekitala 4,000 okha ku Armenia ndi ochulukirapo ku Azerbaijan. Malinga ndi Red Data Book la USSR, nkhokwe zonse zinapakidwa pafupifupi matani 100, ndipo, mwina, ngakhale zochepa. Popanda mabango ndi ndalama za m'mphepete mwa nyanja sizikhala moyo, ndipo anthu akuchulukirachulukira m'malo awo okhala. Chifukwa chake, panali njira ziwiri zokha zopulumutsiraArco cochine - kuswana kochita kupanga komanso kupanga malo osungirako. Kalelo mu 1980s. Adakonzekera kupanga malo awiri otetezedwa, omwe ali ndi malo 100-200 ha: imodzi pama doko lamchere kumwera kwa dera la Oktemberyan, lina ku Arazdayan steppe. Malo okhala zakuthengo adapangidwa, koma posakhalitsa zochitika zandale zidayamba mdzikolo, ndipo. Chifukwa chake, ngati m'modzi wa owerenga athu akudziwa china chake chokhudza tsogolo la Archine, ndiye kuti amulembe.