Kalekale, zakale zapitazo, zaka mamiliyoni zana zapitazo, munthawi ya Cretaceous, nyengo padziko lapansi lapansi inayamba kusintha. Kutentha kochepa kunayamba kuzizira kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, nyengo yanyengo idakhudza makamaka nyama zamtchire. Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu, ma dinosaurs adawopsezedwa kuti adzatha. Pang'onopang'ono, iwo adayamba kutha kuchoka padziko lapansi. Amaloŵa m'malo mwa magazi ofunda, okhazikika.
Mwanjira ina, chilengedwe chimayesa momwe akanatha. Panalinso zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zoyambirira. Si onse, omwe anapulumuka m'nthawi yathu ino, nthumwi zambiri zochiritsa pamaso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Koma ena a iwo anapitilira mayesero adziko lonse lapansi ndipo anapulumuka mpaka m'nthawi yathu kuti awonetse njira yovuta kukhazikitsira dziko lenileni.
Mwa nyama zoterezi, zomwe zimapangidwa koyamba ndi chisinthiko, kenako kuiwalika ndi izo, panali kupukusa ndi dinani dzino. Amachitcha kuti mbewa ya njovu yapoizoni, solenodon, edaras kapena takuaha. Nyama iyi ndiyopadera mwanjira iliyonse.
Makhalidwe ndi malo a mbedza
Dinani mano - Izi ndi zinyama zazing'ono, zomwe zimatulutsa poizoni. Maonekedwe awo samalimbikitsa mantha ndi nkhawa iliyonse.
Ndizikumbutsanso kwambiri ma badger kapena malembedwe, okhala ndi thupi lolimba. Kutalika kwa nyama yayikulu popanda mchira kuli pafupifupi masentimita 30. Amalemera 1.5 kg. Mchira, ngati khoswe, umakhala wamaliseche komanso wautali.
Mphemphepoyi imawoneka bwino pakatikati pa nyama. Ali ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri. Pali 40 a iwo. Ubweya dzino lanyama Imakhala ndi mithunzi yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mtundu wachikasu, zofiirira, yofiirira komanso yokhazikika ndi yoyera.
Masamba opindika asanu a nyamayi amakhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu komanso zazitali. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha nsodzi pamakhala zochitika ziwiri. Mbali imodzi, amachititsa kuseka ndi mawonekedwe ake, kumbali ina, kunyansidwa.
Mchira wake wautali wamiyala umawoneka, kuyiyika pang'ono, osati kowoneka kwambiri. Crests imapangidwa bwino pa chigaza cha dzino la mano. Alinso ndi chinthu china chosangalatsa - pansi pa maukonde ndipo m'mphepete mwawo momwe muli zodutsira zapadera zomwe mafuta onunkhira mwamphamvu amamasulidwa. Msodzi wamkazi wamkazi m'malo a groin ali ndi nipples. Amuna amakhala ndi mayeso.
Kale, nkhanu zam'madzi zimapezeka kumpoto kwa America komanso kuzilumba za Pacific. Tsopano ikhoza kupezeka ku Cuba ndi Haiti. Nkhalango zamapiri, zitsamba ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri komwe mumakhala nsomba.
Nthawi zina amatha kukwera mitengo. Nthawi cuban cube dzino ndimaona ngati nyama yosowa. Ali ndi chikhalidwe cholemera komanso chopanda nzeru, choluma chakupha. Ndi zomwe adatchuka nazo. Crusher ya Haiti ocheperako pang'ono kuposa Cuba. Amakhala ku Dominican Republic komanso pachilumba cha Haiti.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Scabies amakonda kutsogolera nyama yapadziko lapansi. Satha kuwoneka masana. Masana, nyama izi zimakhala mdzenje kapena pogona pabwino pena. Poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka kuti ndizovuta.
M'malo mwake, ndi zolengedwa zothamanga kwambiri zomwe sizofanana ndi kukwera. Amadziwika ndi kukwiya kowonjezereka. Pokhala ali mu ukapolo, amadzikuza kwambiri mwachangu ndipo amatha kuukira munthu.
Nthawi zambiri akathamangitsa, wonyoza amangoyesa kubisa mutu, akuyembekeza kuti asapezeke. Nthawi ngati izi, zitha kugwidwa mosavuta ndikugwira mchira wautali.
Nyama imakonda kuzolowera ukapolo ndipo imavomera kuvomera kudya mwiniwake. Chofunikira pakuchisamalira ndicho ukhondo. Amapita m'madzi mosangalala. Kupatula apo, apa ndi pomwe adapatsidwa mwayi wabwino kuthetsa ludzu lake.
Chingwecho chimakhala ndi mawu osiyanasiyana pamawu ake. Amatha kulira ngati nkhumba, kapena kufuula ngati kadzidzi. Kukwiya kwake kwadzidzidzi kumadziwika ndi chovala chovunda. Nyamayi ikuphwasula yemwe idachitapo kanthu kale, ngati kambuku.
Poizoni wam'mano ndi wowopsa kwa nyama zazing'ono. Amatha kubweretsa mavuto ena kwa munthu, koma kwa iye sikuti ali wowopsa. Alibe kukaniza poyizoni wawo.
Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri pamikangano pakati pamipangiri iwiri, m'modzi wa iwo amafa ndikulumidwa ndi wotsutsana naye. Ndiwopambana ndipo ali ndi changu chachikulu choteteza gawo lawo.
Kuti mupewe kulumidwa ndi dzino la mano, muyenera kudziwa zomwe akuchita. Asanawukire, amalankhula mokwiya ndipo akuyamba kukumba pansi molimbana naye.
Sikoyenera kuyandikira nyamayo ngakhale panthawi yomwe tsitsi lake lang'ambika. Ndikwabwino pakadali pano kuti musayanjane ndi iye ndikungochokapo. Masomphenya ake samapangidwa makamaka. Koma nyamayo imakhala ndi fungo labwino. Ndiomwe amathandizira wovutayo kuti apeze pakamwa pake.
Mawonekedwe
Izi ndizokwanira kuteteza nyama zosatetezeka: kutalika kwa thupi 28-31 cm, mchira 17.5-25-25 cm, kulemera mpaka 1 kg. Kunja, amafanana ndi makoswe kapena zingwe zazikulu pamiyendo yayitali. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolimba. Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wa bulauni kapena ubweya wakuda. Mchira umakhala wamaliseche, wamanjenje. Chizindikiro ndichopapatiza, chodumphadumpha, chopanda tsitsi kumapeto, mphuno zotseguka mbali zam'maso. Maso ndi ochepa. Makutu alibe tsitsi. Zala za mendo zonse zili ndi zisanu, zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali komanso zolimba pamiyendo yakutsogolo.
Chibade cha mphere ndi ma crests opangidwa bwino kwambiri. Zygomatic arches kulibe (monga momwe zingakhale). Mano ndi akuthwa, oumbika mawonekedwe, nambala 40. Choyambirira chapamwamba chaching'ono chimakhala chachikulu kuposa zinazo. Vertebrae: khomo lachiberekero 7, thoracic 15, lumbar 4, chap 5 ndi caudal 23. Pamapeto pake, nkhwangwa ya ku Haiti imakhala ndi mafupa ozungulira othandizira mankhwalawa. os proboscidis. Pansi pa zitseko ndi m'mphepete pafupi ndi mbalame zam'madzi, pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timafuta tambiri. Akazi amakhala ndi ma nipples amodzi mwa dera la inguinal (pafupi matako). Ziyeso za amuna zimakhala m'matumbo.
Zakudya Zochepa
Zakudya za nyama zosangalatsa izi zimaphatikiza nyama ndi nyama zakudya. Amadya zipatso zosiyanasiyana, abuluzi ang'ono ndi ma invertebrates. Osanyalanyaza matewera ndi zovunda.
Anthu ambiri akuona kuti amakonda kulimbana ndi nkhuku. Pofunafuna chakudya, amizidwa pamiyeso yawo yayitali m'nthaka kapena masamba. Kwambiri, nsomba za mano zimakonda tizilombo komanso makoswe.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Ma Scabies sakhala achonde kwambiri. Amabala zipatso kamodzi kokha pachaka. Poterepa, mwana mmodzi mpaka atatu amabadwa. Ndiotetezeka ndipo ndi khungu.
Alibe mano, alibe tsitsi. Onse osamalira ana amagona ndi amayi awo, omwe samawasiyira nthawi yayitali, ngakhale atakhala ndi mwana wotsatira. Pafupifupi anthu 10 amatha kukhala mgodi limodzi.
Nyamayi imakhala mu ukapolo pafupifupi zaka 5. Koma panali zochitika zina zolembedwa pamene mbedza zidapulumuka mu ukapolo zaka 11. Nyama izi zatsala pang'ono kutha, ngakhale kuti ndizachilendo komanso zimakhala ndi moyo wobisika.
Izi zimachitika pazifukwa zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi mtundu wawo wotsika kwambiri. Komanso, chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhanu zizichulukirachulukira ndikuwopseza kwanyama zomwe zimadyedwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala. Pofuna kuteteza nyamayi kuti isawonongedwe kwathunthu, idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Zikuwoneka bwanji
Misozi ya dzino la alkali imaphimbidwa pamwamba ndi ubweya wakuda (wofiirira wofiirira), ndi chikasu chakuda pansi pake. Ili ndi mphuno ya proboscis ndi mutu wa "rat" wokhazikika, wovekedwa ndi maso awiri ang'ono komanso auricles wozungulira. Mchira ulibe kanthu, miyendo ndi yopinda mikono isanu, mpheto zakutsogolo zimakhala ndi zoluka zolimba. Thupi lakutidwa ndi chiputu, miyendo ndi tsitsi, ndipo kumbuyo kwake ndi mchira wowala ulibe kanthu. Mkamwa wamkamwa umakhala ndi mano 40.
Kutalika kwa thupi la dzino la alkali kumafika masentimita 28-32 (munthu aliyense mpaka masentimita 60). 17-25 masentimita (mwa anthu ena mpaka 30) sentimita mchira umakwanira kwa thupi. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa dzino kuchokera kunsonga ya mphuno mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira kukhoza kukhala pafupifupi mita imodzi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwake sikumaposa kilogalamu imodzi. Kutalika kwa moyo wa dzino la alkali ndi pafupifupi zaka zisanu.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Scabies ndi nyama osowa. Amakhala pazilumba za Cuba ndi Haiti zokha. Nyama zochepa chabezo zimapezekanso pa Antilles. Nthawi zambiri, dzino la nkhanu limakonda kukhazikika pakati pa zomera za m'nkhalango zam'mapiri kapena m'malo oterera. Apa akutulutsa mink yaying'ono ndikumakhala tsiku lonse mkati mwake.
Ngozi.
Click Tooth ndi amodzi mwa nyama zankhanza kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ululu wake ndiwofanana ndi njoka. Malovu owopsa amapangidwa ndi gawo laling'ono la submandibular salivary gland. Kuyambira poizoni, nkhanambo zilibe chitetezo.
Pafupifupi anthu 15-20, omwe amakhala makamaka ku Haiti, amakhala ozunzidwa ndi alkalis chaka chilichonse. Ngati munthu sapatsidwa thandizo loyamba, angathe kufa. Munthu wolumidwa amwalira chifukwa chomangidwa ndi mtima.
Mawonekedwe a mano
Banja la mano opindika limaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri:
1) Khara la ku Haiti (S. paradoxus). Pakadali pano, amapezeka kokha m'malo a mitengo osafikirika a. Haiti.
2) nkhanu zaku Cuba (S. cubanus). Amakhala m'malo okhala nkhalango kapena pafupi. Cuba
Fupa lomwe limapezekanso kuzilumba za Cuba ndi Haiti zimatsimikizira kuti mitundu inanso iwiri ya nyama izi idalipo kale. Mwinanso anazimiririka pambuyo pa kuzunza kwa azungu.
Scabies ndi amodzi mwa nyumba zazikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe. Kutalika kwa thupi 28-31 masentimita, kulemera kwa 0.7-1 makilogalamu. Kunja, amafanana ndi zomangira zazikulu kwambiri. Maso awo ndi ochepa, auricles ndi ochepa, koma akuwoneka bwino. Mawamba ali ndi mikono isanu, zala zake ndizazikulu, ndizitali zazitali komanso zolimba. Zowonongera zazitali kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, zopangidwa bwino. Thupi limakutidwa ndi chovala chazitali komanso chosakhazikika, chomwe mtundu wake umasiyanasiyana. Phiri la ku Haiti lili ndi malo owoneka bwino m'khosi. Chovala cha mitundu ya Cuba ndichopepuka komanso chachitali kuposa cha Haiti. Mchira wa nyamayo ndi yolimba komanso yosalala, yopanda tsitsi.
Mphuno za zipsera ndi zokulirapo, nkutuluka patsogolo pa nsagwada. Maonekedwe aku Haiti amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusinthika kodabwitsa komanso kusuntha kwa mphuno, komwe kumaperekedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera pakati pake ndi chigaza. M'mitundu ya ku Cuba, mphuno ndiyonso imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma palibe kutulutsa mawu.
Pali mano a 40 m'meno a alkali, ma incisors apamwamba amatuluka kuchokera pansi pamlomo wapamwamba. Pansi pa chinsinsi chachiwiri chotsika, chotsekemera cha chinyezi chatseguka. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti nyama zomwe zimachita kusinthaku sizinatetezane ndi poyizoni wawo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimamenya nkhondo pomenyedwa ndi abale awo. Matendawa ndi achiwawa osati kwa achibale awo ndi nyama zina, komanso kwa anthu. Kuteteza gawo lawo, atha kuyesanso kuluma. Kwa anthu, kuluma kwa poyizoniyu sikumapha, koma m'malo mwake kumakhala kowawa komanso kumayambitsa poizoni m'thupi.
Masomphenya, ngati nyama zonse zausiku, ali ndi zofunika. Poyang'ana malo, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito kukhudza bwino, komanso fungo ndi kumva.
Nyamazi zimapanga mawu osiyanasiyana: zimabisala, zimayimba, zimatata, zimafinya ndikudina.
Kodi nsomba za mano zimadya chiyani?
Mano a nkhanu amadya makamaka ma invertebrates omwe amakhala m'nthaka komanso zinyalala zamtchire (chimbudzi, kafadala, mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, ma crickets, mawife, milongoti, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zina amasinthira zakudya zawo ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono - repitles ndi amphibians. Nyama zimatha nthawi yawo yambiri kufunafuna chakudya. Mphuno imasinthidwa bwino kuti isanthe ming'alu yonse ndi ming'alu, ndipo zikhadabo zamphamvu ndi zazikulu zimalandidwa pansi pa miyala, makungwa ndi nthaka. Amatha kuthamangathamangitsa nyama yamphongoyo ndikuphwanya pansi ndi zala ndi zikhadabo za kutsogolo, kwinaku ndikuigwira ndi nsagwada ya m'munsi. Kuti munthu asabisike, nyamayo imataya mwachangu ndipo imanyamula nsagwada yakumunsi ngati thovu. Nyama ikagwidwa, mlenjeyo amaigwiritsa ntchito ndi malovu owopsa.
Zokhudza banja
Zochulukitsa izi sizimasiyana pachonde: kukonzekera kwa akazi matenga kumakhala kosakwana tsiku limodzi, ndipo nthawi imeneyi imayamba pafupifupi masiku khumi. Asanayambe kukhwima, amuna ndi akazi amasiya zonunkhira, amatulutsa mawu apadera ndipo nthawi zambiri amakangana.
Pakadutsa masiku 50 ali ndi pakati, ana amodzi kapena osakwana nthawi zambiri amabadwa. Ana amakhala ndi amayi awo m'dzenje kwa miyezi ingapo. Poyamba, iwo, atapachikika kumapazi a amayiwo, amatha kutsagana naye kokasaka. Mwana wokalambayu akupitilizabe kuyenda pambuyo pa mayiyo, kuzolowera mayendedwe ozungulira chisa ndikuphunzira kwa iye nzeru zopeza chakudya. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera ana.
Kusungidwa kwa Scabies M'chilengedwe
Mpaka pano, palibe deta yolondola pa chiwerengero cha mano osagwedezeka, koma mitundu ya ku Cuba imawonedwa ngati yachilendo. Mitundu yonseyi yalembedwa pa Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN.
Kuwonongeka kwa zovuta izi kumalumikizidwa ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa nyama za anthu - agalu, amphaka, mongooses, makoswe, etc. Ku Cuba, nyama zomwe zimadyera kwambiri ndi amphaka achifwamba ndi mongooses, pamene ku Haiti, nsomba yaminoyi imadwala agalu. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kufikira anthu atabwera ndi carnivores, nsomba zam'madzi ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri kuzilumba za Caribbean, motero zidataya njira iliyonse yotetezera ku carnivores. Chifukwa china chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama zamtunduwu ndizotsika kwambiri. Koma chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri kwa anthu amayamba chifukwa cha kuwononga malo.
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Haiti, mwayi wopulumuka kwa nkhanu za ku Haiti ndi ochepa kwambiri. Koma tikuyembekeza kuti pachilumba cha Cuba kumadera akutali komwe malo otetezedwa a nkhalango zowirira zimasungidwa, nyama zosanjidwa zimatha kusungidwa.
Dinani Chida Chosokoneza
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, limodzi ndi mapulakwawa ndi zolembera zina, tili m'gulu la zolengedwa zoyamwa zapoizoni. Zida zawo za poizoni ndizodzikumbutsa pang'ono za njoka: malovu owopsa amapangidwa ndi gawo laling'ono la salivary gland, kutulutsa kwa gland kumatseguka pansi pa poyambira pang'onopang'ono (fissure) yachiwiri yotsitsa. Vuto lodziwika bwino lomwe limapezeka m'misempha ya mano ndi blarina toxin, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zina. Ndizodabwitsa kuti nkhanambo sizitha kuteteza poizoni wawo ndipo zimafa ngakhale kulumidwa kumene kumachitika pakulimbana pakati pawo.
Kufalitsa, moyo ndi kubereka
Mu Late Mesozoic ndi kuyamba kwa Cenozoic, malovu anali ponseponse ku North America ndi zilumba za Pacific. Ma Scab ndi a nthambi yomwe idapatukana ndi nyama zina zowononga zaka 73,6 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo mitundu iwiri ya nkhanu zaku Haiti, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizosiyana ndi mitundu, zidasandulika mabungwe omwe adagawana zaka 300,000 zapitazo.
Tsopano amapezeka ku Cuba ndi Haiti komwe amakhala kumapiri a mitengo, ma shrubbery, nthawi zina kukagula minda. Tsatirani moyo wokhalitsa pamtunda, wogwira ntchito usiku. Masana amagona m'malo osungira chilengedwe kapena m'makola. Amadyetsa chakudya cha nyama ndi chomera: ma invertebrates, abuluzi ang'ono, zipatso, ndi zovunda. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, amazunza nkhuku. Chakudya chimafunidwa ndikokumba nkhope yake ndi malo ake mu dothi lotayirira ndi zinyalala zamasamba. Amamwa madzi mwakuwombera mphuno zawo kenako ndikuponya mitu yawo ngati mbalame. Pakudya, nyama imakhala pansi, kupumula kumapazi ndi mchira, ndikuyang'anira chakudya ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo. Zachilendo, koma kuthamanga mothamanga kwambiri, ndimatha kukwera bwino kwambiri. Kwambiri Kwambiri, mu ukapolo mumabwera mkwiyo mokwiya komanso kuthamangira munthu.
Ma Scabies samachulukana - amachulukitsa kamodzi (pazokwera 2) pachaka, amabweretsa ana a 1-3, akhungu, opanda mano komanso opanda tsitsi. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zina zimakhalabe ndi amayi awo ngakhale atangobereka ana. M'dzenje limodzi mutha kukhala anthu 8.Kutalika kwa moyo wa dzino la alkali kuli mpaka zaka 5 (ali mu ukapolo), dzino limodzi la alkali la ku Haiti lidapulumuka zaka 11 ndi miyezi 4.
Udindo wa anthu
Mitundu yonse ya nkhanambo ndiyochepa komanso idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili “pangozi”Zowopsa) Ngakhale njira yachilendo komanso yobisika, nsomba yam'mazira ili pafupi kutha. Zomwe zimachitika ndikuchulukitsa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kuwononga malo okhala nkhalango (nkhalango) ndi kuwukira kwa adani omwe adayamba kale: makoswe (Rati, agalu, amphaka, makamaka ma mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) Asanalamulidwe ku Europe, nsomba zam'manja zinali pafupifupi zilibe adani achilengedwe, motero sizinakhale njira yotetezera kwa zilombo, zimangokhala pang'onopang'ono komanso zowuma, ndipo zikafika pangozi, nthawi zina zimangoyimitsa m'malo mwakuthawa. Chikamba cha ku Haiti chikufa msanga, Cuban idawoneka kuti yatha mpaka chifanizo chokhacho chitagwidwa mu 2003. Nkhanu ina ya ku Haiti, Solenodon marcanoi, omwe amangodziwika ndi mafupa a mafupa okhaokha, mwachidziwikire, adamwalira kumayambiriro kwa chilumbachi ku Europe pachilumbachi.
Kodi ma slabs amakhala kuti?
Kulongosola koyamba kwa nyamayi kunapezeka mu 1861 ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe waku Germany a Wilhelm Petersom. Kuchepa kwambiri kwa ziwerengero zawo kunayamba mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 1900. Kenako mtunduwu unayamba kuonedwa kuti watheratu, popeza kuyambira 1890 palibe amene anawonapo nyama. Komano mu 1974 - 1975, zoyerekezera zitatu zitatu zidapezeka mdera la kale la Oriente. Munthu wina adagwidwa mu 2003.
Banja la zovuta izi limaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri yokha. M'modzi wa iwo amakhala ku Haiti, kwawo kwa enanso ndi Cuba. Osowa kwambiri, nyama izi zimapezeka pa ma Antilles.
Dinani Chikhalidwe cha mano
Mwachilengedwe, nkhanu za nkhanu nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'matchire, komanso m'malo a mapiri komanso nkhalango. Pokhala nyamayi ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono kosungidwa ndi iyo, komwe amakhala nthawi yake yonse. Ndipo usiku, anthu amtunduwu amapita kukasaka.
Ngakhale kuti nyamazo zimathamanga kwambiri, kuzigwira sizovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimatha kukwera mitengo ndikusambira bwino bwino. Panthawi yamadzi, samangosamala zaukhondo, komanso kumwa, popeza pansi pompopompo suwalola kuthetsa ludzu lawo pamiyendo.
Adani a Msodzi
Adani achilengedwe a nyama iyi ndi mongooses, omwe adayambitsidwa ndi munthu kuti awononge. Cholinga ichi chatsala pang'ono kukwaniritsidwa. Masiku ano padziko lapansi kuchuluka kwa nyamazi sikunasinthidwe, motero zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Komabe, kuchepa uku kumalipidwa ndi kupezeka bwino kwambiri kwa kafungo ndi kumva.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.