Ma Daman ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a njovu zamakono.
Damanovye - banja la nyama zazing'ono, zolemera, zowetedwa, mitundu 4.
Banja lokhalo la gulu loyendetsa gulu Hyracoidea.
Amakhala ku Africa ndi Middle East.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe apakati oyendayenda amakono amakono, ali ndi chiyambi chakutali.
Ma Daman ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a njovu zamakono.
Kufotokozera Kwambiri
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu ngati mphaka wapakhomo: kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 30 mpaka 60-65 masentimita, kulemera kuchokera 1.5 mpaka 4.5 kg.
Mchirawo ndi wamwano (1-3 cm) kapena kulibe.
M'mawonekedwe, amamatawa amafanana ndi makoswe - marmelota osawoneka bwino kapena nkhumba zazikulu zam'mphepete -, komabe, ali aphindu kwambiri ndi njovu.
Matupi awo ndi owonda, osasangalatsa, ali ndi mutu waukulu pakhosi lalifupi komanso miyendo yayifupi koma yolimba.
Phokoso laling'ono ndi lalifupi.
Makutu amazunguliridwa, ang'ono, nthawi zina amakhala obisika m'chovala. Zambiri zimasiya kuyenda.
Zilembo za kutsogolo ndizoyenda ndi mikono isanu ndi iwiri.
Miyendo yakumaso ndi yopinda mikono itatu, chala chamkati chimanyamula msomali utaliitali, womwe umagwira ntchito kuphatikiza tsitsi, ndi zala zina - ziboda zopindika.
Mapazi a mapaziwo ndi opanda kanthu, wokutidwa ndi mphira wofanana ndi khungu lopaka tinsito tambiri tinsalu tambiri totseguka pamaso pawo, komwe kumanyowetsa khungu.
Gawo lapakati pa phazi lililonse la phazi limatha kukwezedwa ndi minofu yapadera, ndikupanga mtundu wa sucker. Khungu loyera limalimbitsa kuyamwa.
Chifukwa cha chipangizochi, madamawo amatha kukwera m'matanthwe ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yokhala ndi kupendekera kwakukulu komanso kuthamanga ngakhale kutsika kuchokera pansi mozondoka.
Ubweya wa ma Daman ndiwowonda, wopangidwa mofewa pansi komanso wowuma. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira. Magulu amtundu wautali wamtundu umakula pa thupi (makamaka pachifuwa chamaso ndi khosi).
Pakati pa msana pali gawo la tsitsi lalitali, lakuthwa kapena lakuda kwambiri, pakatikati pake pali gawo lopanda kanthu.
Pamaso pake, pamatuluka zala za m'munda wapadera wotseguka - kumaso kwa ma cell a 7-8 opangidwa ndi hypertrophic sebaceous ndi thukuta la thukuta.
Tizilombo timatulutsa chinsinsi.
Mwa atsikana achichepere, chitsulo sichimakwinitsidwa kapena kukhazikika bwino, mwa akazi sichochepa kuposa amuna.
Ndi mantha kapena kukwiya, tsitsi lophimba ndulu limatuluka. Cholinga chenicheni cha gland sichikudziwika.
Mano okhazikika mwa azimayi akuluakulu akuluakulu 34, mkaka - 28.
Zitsulo zam'mwendo wapamwamba ndi kukula kosalekeza, zokhala ndi mbali zambiri ndipo zimafanana ndi makonzedwe a makoswe.
Mafangayi akusowa. Ma molars ndi ma molars ali ofanana ndi mano a anthu osazindikira.
Chigoba ndi nsagwada yayikulu kwambiri. Nipples: 1awiri ya thoracic ndi awiriawiri awiri a inguinal kapena 1 peyala ya axillary ndi 1-2 - inguinal.
Moyo
Kugawidwa kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, komanso ku Sinai ndi Arabia Peninsulas, ku Syria ndi Israel.
Oyimira kubadwa Procavia ndi Heterohyrax - nyama zodyera, zimakhala m'magulu a anthu 6060 okhala munthaka komanso pamiyala yamiyala, akukwera kumapiri mpaka kumtunda wa 4,500 m pamwamba pamadzi.
Oimira mtundu Dendrohyrax - nyama zamnkhalango zausiku, zimakhala zokhazokha komanso m'mabanja. Madamu onse ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, amatha kuthamanga mwachangu, kudumpha ndikukwera miyala ndi mitengo. Masomphenya ndi kumva zimakulitsidwa bwino.
Ma Damans amasiyana mosinthika bwino - usiku amadzisonkhana kuti adzilimbikitse, ndipo masana, monga zokwawa, amakhala pakanthawi yayitali.
Nthawi yomweyo amakweza nsonga zamtambo zomwe zimapezeka thukuta la thukuta.
Thukuta lotchuka kwambiri limathandiza madamu kukwera.
Anthu aku Damawa amakhala osamala kwambiri ndipo ngati agologolo a ku Europe ataona zoopsa, amalira mofuula kwambiri, kukakamiza gulu lonse kuti libisane m'misasa.
Herbivorous. Amamadya zakudya zam'mera, nthawi zina amadya tizilombo tokhala ndi mphutsi.
Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kupita ku 1-3 km. Samafunika madzi.
Mosiyana ndi zitsamba zambiri zamtunduwu, azimayiwo alibe zomwe amapanga ndipo, akamadya, amadzithandiza okha ndi ma molars.
Kutafuna chingamu, mosiyana ndi ma artiodactyl kapena kangaroo, sichitafuna, chakudyacho chimayimbidwa m'mimba zawo zovuta kuzisimba.
Zosintha zina pakubala mwina sizikupezeka.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 7-7,5. Zachikazi zimabweretsa 1-3, nthawi zina mpaka ana 6, nthawi imodzi pachaka.
Zitsamba zobadwa bwino, zokhala ndi maso otseguka, zimatha kuthamanga mwachangu.
Pakatha milungu iwiri, amayamba kudya chakudya chomera.
Mawonekedwe
Ziweto zazikulu za nyama yodzitchinjiriza: kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 30-65 masentimita ndi kulemera pafupifupi 1.5 makilogalamu. Gawo la mafuta a caudal ndi embryonic, osapitilira 3 cm, kapena kulibe kwathunthu. M'mawonekedwe, azimayiwo ali ofanana ndi makoswe - marmelots osawoneka bwino kapena nkhumba zazikulu zanthete, koma mwa chizindikiro cha phylogenetic choterezi chimayandikira kwambiri pa proboscis ndi sirens. Anthu aku Damayani amakhala ndi thupi lolimba, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe, mutu waukulu, komanso khosi lalifupi komanso lalifupi.
Zolembapo zake ndi zamtundu woyimilira, zolimba komanso zopangidwa bwino, zala zinayi ndi zala zazitali zotumphuka. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yamtundu wamiyendo itatu, ndi kukhalapo kwa chala chamkati kumakhala ndi msomali wautali komanso wopindika wothandizira tsitsi. Zidendene pamapazi zilibe kanthu, zokhala ndi khungu lozungulira komanso labala komanso thukuta tambiri, lofunikira pakhungu nthawi zonse. Mbali iyi ya kapangidwe ka mawotchi imalola kuti azimayiwo akwere pansi matanthwe ndi mitengo yayikulu mwachangu komanso kuthamanga, komanso kupita pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakatikati pa msana pali malo omwe amaimiridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali, lopepuka kapena lakuda lomwe lili ndi malo owonekera bwino komanso thukuta la glandular lomwe limatulutsa chinsinsi cha fungo lapadera kwambiri pakubala.
Chizindikiro ndichofupikitsa, chokhala ndi mlomo wapamwamba kwambiri. Makutu amazunguliridwa, ochepa kukula, nthawi zina pafupifupi obisika pansi pa tsitsi. Ubweya wake ndi wakuda, wopangidwa ndi zofewa komanso wowuma, wamtundu wakuda. Thupi, pamalo opaka phokoso ndi khosi, komanso pamwamba pa maso, pali mitolo yayitali.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Banja la Damanov limakhala ndi mitundu inayi, yomwe imatsogolera masana, komanso banja - usiku . Oimira gulu la Procavia ndi Heterohyrax ndi zolengedwa zam'mana zomwe zimakhala m'madera omwe amakhala, kuphatikiza anthu asanu mpaka asanu ndi mmodzi. Chilombo chausiku chamtchire chimatha kukhala chocheperako kapena kukhala m'mabanja. Madona onse amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyenda komanso kuthekera kuthamanga, kulumpha kwambiri mokwanira ndikukwera mosavuta pafupifupi pamalo aliwonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Onse oimira dera limodzi amayendera "chimbudzi" chimodzi, ndipo mkodzo wawo pamiyala umasiya mawonekedwe amtundu woyera.
Oimira banja la a Damanova amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa masomphenya komanso kumva, koma kutulutsa bwino, motero, nyama zotere usiku zimayesa kuyanjana kuti zizitentha. Masana, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa pamodzi ndi zokwawa zimakonda kuphika dzuwa lalitali, kukweza thukuta lawo ndi thukuta thukuta. Daman ndi nyama yochenjera kwambiri yomwe ikazindikira kuti pachitika ngozi, imalira kwambiri komanso ikulira kwambiri, zomwe zimakakamiza dera lonse kuti libisike msanga.
Amamayi angati amakhala
Kutalika kwa zaka zomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo pakadutsa chilengedwe sichidutsa zaka khumi ndi zinayi, koma amatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kutengera malo ndi mitundu ya nyama. Mwachitsanzo, wamkulu wa ku Africa amakhala pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndipo omenyera ku Cape amatha kukhala ndi zaka khumi. Nthawi yomweyo, chikhalidwe chimakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi momwe akazi amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna.
Mitundu ya Madamu
Posachedwa, banja la a Daman adalumikizana pafupifupi mitundu khumi mpaka khumi ndi imodzi yomwe inali ya mitundu inayi. Pakadali pano pali mitundu inayi yokha, nthawi zina mitundu isanu:
- Banja la Rosavidae limayimiridwa ndi D. arboreus kapena Tree Daman, D. dorsalis kapena Western Daman, D. halazonse kapena Eastern Daman, H. brucei kapena Bruce Daman, ndi Pr.sarensis kapena Cape Daman,
- Banja Ріоhyrсідас limaphatikizapo genera zingapo - Кvabebihyrah, Рliоhyrах (Lertоdоn), komanso Рsіschiz
- Family Genihyiday,
- Banja la Myohyracidae.
Amayi onse mchigawenga amagawika m'magulu atatu: zolengedwa zam'mapiri, mapiri ndi zolengedwa . Achinyamata ambiri amaimiridwa ndi banja limodzi, kuphatikiza pafupifupi mitundu isanu ndi inayi yomwe imakhala ku Africa, kuphatikiza mitengo ndi daman.
Habitat, malo okhala
Amayala am'mapiri ndi nyama zachikoloni zomwe zimagawidwa kum'mawa konse ndi ku South Africa, kuyambira kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Egypt, Ethiopia ndi Sudan kupita pakati mwa Angola ndi kumpoto kwa South Africa, kuphatikiza zigawo za Mpumalanga ndi Limpopo, komwe malo omwe amayimiridwa ndi mapiri amiyala, malo otsetsereka komanso mapiri.
Madamu a Cape ali ponseponse kuchokera kudera la Syria, Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi Israel kupita ku South Africa, ndipo amapezeka pafupifupi kumwera kwa Sahara. Kuchuluka kwa mapiri kumawonekera kumapiri a Algeria ndi Libya.
Madamu a mitengo Kumadzulo amakhala m'malo okhala nkhalango kudera la South ndi Central Africa, ndipo amapezekanso m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri mpaka 4.5,000 mita kumtunda kwa nyanja. Madamu akumtunda akumwera ali ponseponse mu Africa, komanso m'mbali mwa Southeast Coast.
Kukhazikika kwa zinthu zamtunduwu kumafikira kum'mwera kuchokera ku Uganda ndi Kenya mpaka gawo la South Africa, komanso kuchokera kumadera a kum'mawa kwa Zambia ndi Congo, kumadzulo kwa gombe lakummawa. Nyamayi imakhazikika kumapiri komanso kumapiri am'mbali mwa nyanja.
Kodi ma Bruce Damans amadya chiyani?
Nyama zazing'ono zam'mapiri izi ndizomwe zimapanga zakudya zake zamasiku onse. Amakonda kudya mphukira, masamba okoma, zipatso, kapenanso makungwa a mitengo. Zomera zazikuluzikulu za azimayi a Bruce ndi allophius (mtundu wa mthethe). Nyama yamtunduwu safunikira kumwa madzi, chifukwa chinyezi zonse zofunika kusunga zofunika kuchita zimachokera ku chakudya. Mwa njira: am'mapiri amadya, atasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Komabe, nyamazo ndi nyama zachikoloni. Mu gulu limodzi mumatha kukhala anthu 30 mpaka 34, motsogozedwa ndi amuna akulu kwambiri. Mtsogoleriyo amalemba dera lake, akuwonetsa malire a chuma.
Nyama izi zimagwira ntchito masana. Kuthamanga padzuwa, asitima akumapiri amasamalira ubweya wawo, kuyinyambita ndi kuyiphatikiza. Ma Bruce Damans amachititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso kumva kwambiri. Ndipo akulira kwambiri, zimachitika akakumana ndi zoopsa. Mwanjira imeneyi, amachenjeza akaidi anzawo kuti ayenera kubisala posachedwa.
Ma Damans
Kasitomala | Eukaryotes |
Ufumu | Nyama |
Ufumu | Eumetazoi |
Nattype | Chordaria |
Mtundu | Chordate |
Subtype | Vertebrates |
Wopanda ulemu | Maxillary |
Zolanda | Tetrapods |
Gulu | Mammals (Mammalia) |
Wogwirana | Zinyama (Theria) |
Kalalak | Dongosolo (Eutheria) |
Kufikira | Ma Damans |
Ma Damans, kapena Mafuta (lat. Hyracoidea - - mawonekedwe a nyama zoyambira herbivorous osabera (lat. Mammalia ).
[Sinthani] Kapangidwe kakapangidwe
Miyendo ya azimayi ndiyifupi koma yolimba. Zinaonongeratu zopindika zisanu, zokhala ngati ziboda. Pazithunzi zakutsogolo, zala zitatu zapakati ndizochulukirapo, zachisanu ndizocheperako, ndipo zoyambayo ndizopanda pake.
Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yolumikizidwa katatu ndi zala zitatu zopangidwa bwino, yoyamba sakhalapo, ndipo yachisanu ndi yopanda tanthauzo. Chala chamkati chimakhala ndi msomali wopindika, ndipo ena onse amakhala ndi zibowu zopindika, ngati kumiyendo yakutsogolo.
Pali ma pallet pamiyendo yopanda kanthu, ndipo gawo lapakati la khonde lokhalokha limadzuka ndi minofu yapadera ikagona pamwamba. Izi zimapanga vacuum ndipo phazi limakhala ngati loloza kumwala kapena mtengo. Tiziwopsezo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa chinsinsi cha mphira timabowo timathandizira kuti pakhale gawo limodzi lokhalo. Chifukwa cha chipangizochi, madamu amatha kuthamanga ndikumakhazikika m'mphepete mwa mitengo komanso mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo mwachangu komanso mwachangu.
[Sinthani] Kapangidwe ka dzino
Anthu aku Damaya ali ndi mano 28 amkaka ndi mano 34-31.
Ma pair awiri apamwamba oyambitsira omwe amakula nthawi zonse ndipo alibe enamel mkati wamkati ndipo amafanana ndi makententententent. Ma diastema ochulukirapo amalekanitsa zosakanikirana ndi ma cell awiri. Mitundu ina itha kukhala opanda mafangasi.
Antibody (4/4) ndipo makamaka mano a molar (3/3) ndi ofanana ndi mano a osabereka.
Mano ndi mizu ya pseudo yokhala ndi pseudo pang'onopang'ono imadalirana.
Chiyambi cha Madamu
Zinthu zakale kwambiri zakale za azimayi zidachokera ku mochedwa Eocene (zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo).
Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, makolo a madam anali azitsamba zikuluzikulu zaku Africa, pomwe mu mpikisano wa Miocene ndi bovid sizinawakakamize kuti atuluke mu niche yakale yachilengedwe.
Komabe, kwanthawi yayitali Amadanan adakhala gawo lalikulu komanso lalikulupo, okhala ambiri ku Africa, Asia ndi Southern Europe ku Pliocene.
Phylogenetically amakono amakono ali pafupi kwambiri ndi proboscis, pomwe ali ndi zofanana zambiri pakupanga mano, chigoba ndi placenta.
Pali lingaliro kuti "mavu" otchulidwa m'Baibulo, omwe mawu akuti "shafan" (Shafani ) anali makamaka achidani.
Kuchokera kutali, amafanana kwenikweni ndi akalulu akuluakulu.
Kuchokera ku Chihebri, mawuwa adadutsira mchilankhulo cha Afoinike, omwe molakwika adatenga akalulu a m'dera la Iberian Peninsula kwa amayi, ndikupatsa dzikolo dzina I-shapan-im , Daman Coast.
Pambuyo pake kuchokera dzinali kunabwera Chilatini Chisipanishi ndi "Spain" amakono.
Dzinalo "daman" ndi lochokera ku Arab ndipo limatanthawuza "ram."
Gulu
Mpaka posachedwapa, banja la a Daman lawerengera mitundu 10-11 ya 4 genera. Pambuyo pa 1995, kuchuluka kwa mitundu kunachepetsedwa mpaka 4:
- Banja la Daman (Procaviidae )
- Rod Wood Damans (Dendrohyrax )
- Wood Daman (Dendrohyrax arboreus )
- Daman Wamadzulo (Dendrohyrax dorsalis )
- Rod Mountain Damans (Heterohyrax )
- Heterohyrax brukii )
- Rod Wood Damans (Dendrohyrax )
- Rod Rocky Damans (Procavia )
- Cape Daman (Procavia capensis )
Madamayi ndi nyama zazing'ono, zofanana kwambiri ndi pansi, ndipo pamene am'matsegulawo anali otseguka, poyambilira anali kulakwitsa kukhala ndi makoswe. Pambuyo kanthawi, poyang'anira zodabwitsa za kapangidwe ka miyendo yawo, amunawo adawerengedwa kuti ndi artiodactyl, ndipo pakati pa zaka za XIX, atazindikira kufanana kwa azimayi omwe ali ndi njovu, adasankhidwa kuti azidziyang'anira pawokha. Kufanana kwamadama okhala ndi maofesi ndi njovu kumafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa makolo akale otchuka a nyama zonsezi - zakale zakale zosatulutsa mawu, zomwe nyama zamakono zonse zimachokera.
Ma Damans agawidwa m'mitundu itatu: mitengo, mapiri ndi miyala yamwala. Amayi onse amakhala kumapiri pamtunda wa 5200 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Amadamu a mitengo amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri mu Africa. Anthu okhala m'mapiri amakonda malo amiyala opanda udzu. Ndipo miyala yamwala simapezeka m'mapiri okha, komanso m'mapululu, savannas ndi steppes a Africa, Arabia, Syria ndi Palestine. Amayi onse amakwera bwino pamalo otsetsereka a miyala kapena mitengo ikuluikulu. Zidutswa zazitali komanso zothinitsidwa nthawi zonse, ngati mphira, nsapato ndi kusayenda kwachilengedwe kwa nyama zowoneka bwino izi zimawathandiza kuti asamatsike.
Amama a Wood amakhala m'mabanja: bambo, amayi ndi ana. Masana amagona m'maenje a mitengo, ndipo madzulo amapita kukafunafuna masamba okongola ndi tizilombo. Amayala a mitengo samakwera mitengo, koma mwachangu kuthamanga ndikumatsika ndikugwetsa mitengo ikuluikulu ndikumalumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi.
Madamu amiyala ndi mapiri amakonda kukhala m'madela akuluakulu, nthawi zina mpaka anthu mazana. Kukhala m'malo otseguka, ndibwino kumamatira palimodzi - ndipo mudzazindikira mdulitsidwe munthawi yake, ndipo ndikosavuta kuteteza limodzi.
Ana a Daman amatuluka chaka chonse. Zinyalala zam'mapiri ndi miyala nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ana 1-3. Damu la Cape limadziwika kuti ndi lotalika kwambiri, pomwe mwana mpaka ana 6 amabadwa nthawi imodzi. Ma atsikana obadwa kumene amakhala opanga bwino, ophimbidwa ndi ubweya ndikuwona, wokonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha, ngakhale akuyang'aniridwa ndi makolo. Pazaka 2, amayi achichepere akuyamba kale mabanja awo. Ma Damans sakhala nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi zaka 6-7.
Anthu aku Damayani amalola kuti ukapolo ukhale wabwino. Ngakhale achikulire amakhalabe zakutchire, nyama zazing'ono zimatha kusinthidwa. Madama satha kuopsezedwa kuti adzawonongeka, ndipo palibe mtundu umodzi wa nyama womwe walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Madamu akuluakulu kwambiri ndi madamu a Johnson (mpaka 5.4 kg), ndipo ang'ono kwambiri ndi madamu a Bruce (mpaka 1,3 kg). Mitundu yonseyi ndi yamtundu wa am'mapiri am'mapiri ndipo imakhala m'madera akuluakulu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti kapangidwe kameneka ndiosakanikirana: madamu a Bruce samangokhala moyandikana ndi madamu a Johnson: amakhala usiku wonsewo, amawotcha wina ndi mnzake, akukulira mitundu iwiri ya ana limodzi ndipo amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana.
Ma Damans a ku Mapiri Kuphatikizidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyamayi ndi kwapadera. Kuphatikiza pa amayi, ndi anyani amtundu wina okha omwe amalankhulana kwambiri.
Zachidule
Ma Damans safuna madzi, kupeza chinyontho chonse chofunikira kuchokera ku chakudya.
Kuphatikiza chovala chake chofiirira chakudonthacho, mkuluyu amagwiritsa ntchito chovala chokhazikika chakatikati mwa miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Zidole za azimayiwo zimakutidwa ndi zikopa zakuda, zofanana ndi mphira. Pazotupa zapadera pamapazi, thukuta lomata limatulutsidwa, chifukwa chomwe miyendo imagwira ngati zoyamwa, kulola kuti nyamayo izitha kuyenda mosavuta pamatanthwe, kuphatikiza pansi.
Anthu achi Damans amasamala kwambiri. Amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 50 omwe amakhala m'miyala yamiyala. Gulu lililonse limakhala ndi owonera omwe amayang'anira bwino chilengedwe. Kuwona munthu kapena nyama, “alonda” amenewa amalira mofuula, ndipo gulu lonselo limabalalika pamiyala.
Anthu aku Damayan amatha kutulutsa mawu, kutulutsa mawu - twitter, kufuula, kuwomba mluzu, mawu akulu. Nthawi zina usiku magulu amakambirana ndi anansi awo - zonse zimayamba ndi kulira kosaletseka kapena kumayimba mluzu, komwe pang'onopang'ono limasandulika phokoso la nkhumba, kenako ndikusintha phokoso lofanana ndi kulira kwa mwana.
Ma Damans amapanga phokoso kwambiri akakwera mtengo kapena kutsika kuchokera pamenepo. Pausiku wozizira, wopanda chipululu, asitikaliwo adakumana, kumamatira wina ndi mnzake kuti adzitenthe, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakhala pansi pamthunzi wamitengo, ndikukweza miyendo yawo pamwamba.
Amadama ndi nyama masana, amathera nthawi yawo akukwera miyala ndi ma gorges kapena kudumphira kunthambi kupita ku nthambi kukafunafuna masamba atsopano, zipatso, mitengo ya mitengo ndi zitsamba. Daman sangakane ku kachilombo komwe mwakumana nako mwangozi. Kuchokera kwa achibale omwe anali ndi zibowo, mkuluyu amakhalabe pachabe kutafuna, ngakhale kuti mayendedwe a milomo yake panthawi yomwe ankangotulutsa kachakudya kena kake kanatengedwa kuti kutafuna.
Nyama zochenjera zamtunduwu zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera kwa Sahara, komanso ku Syria ndi Israeli, zili ndi adani ambiri - nyalugwe, ma pythons, steppe lynxes (makatuni), serval ndi wyverra kusaka amayi. Mdani wako wamisala amatha kutchedwa chiwombankhanga chakuda cha ku Africa, chomwe chimakonda kudya ochita kukhala achangu okha.
Russia: Daman waku Mountain
Eng: Mwala wokhala ndi malo oyera
Lat: (Heterohyrax bruceii)
Kugawidwa ku East ndi South Africa kuchokera ku Southeast Egypt (gombe la Red Sea), Sudan ndi Ethiopia kupita ku Central Angola (anthu akutali) ndi kumpoto kwa South Africa (zigawo za Limpopo ndi Mpumalanga).
Kutalika kwa mtsogoleri wazamapiri akuluakulu ndi 32,5-56 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 1.3-4,5 kg. Amphongo ndi zazikazi sizimasiyana, ngakhale zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu.
Kukhazikika komwe asungwana am'mapiri amakhala miyala, malo otsetsereka komanso mapiri. M'mapiriwo amatsetsereka mpaka mamita 3,800 kuposa nyanja. Phiri lamiyala (monadnoki) m'malo ovunda limapatsa anthu aku Damadani kutentha (17-25˚C) ndi chinyezi (32-40%), kuteteza ku moto wa steppe.
Monga ma Daman onse, oweta mapiri ndi nyama zamakoloni. Kuchuluka kwa anthu a m'mudziwo ndi anthu 34; maziko ake ndi gulu la mabanja la polygynous (harem). Gululi limaphatikizapo wamwamuna wamkulu, mpaka akazi 17 ndi nyama zazing'ono. Madamu a mapiri nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi madamu a Cape, akugawana nawo malo okhala. Ma Damans amagwira masana, komanso usiku wowala mwezi. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsa kuyambira 7:30 a.m. mpaka 11 a.m. ndipo kuyambira 3.30 p.m. mpaka 6 p.m., komabe, amawononga mpaka 94% ya nthawi yawo akuyenda padzuwa, akusamalira tsitsi lawo, ndi zina zambiri. Mabowo pakati pamiyala, ming'alu ndi miyala ikuluikulu imakhala pothaŵirapo pathanthwe. Amakhala ndi maso akuthwa ndi kumva, ndipo amadzitchinjiriza ndi mano. Pakakhala ngozi, kukuwa kwa anthu, kumakhala kukakamiza azimayi ena kubisala m'misasa. Kutha kufulumira kuthamanga mpaka 5 m / s, kudumpha bwino.
Amayala am'mapiri amadya zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo masamba, zipatso, mphukira ndi makungwa a mitengo. Mwachitsanzo, dera lina ku Zambia lidadya masamba owuma a (Dioscorea bulbifera). Gwero lalikulu la chakudya, komabe, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mthethe ndi allophilus, ambiri, amakonda kudya zakudya zamtchire, zomwe zimatha kukwera mitengo. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zam'mapiri ku Serengeti National Park zimaphatikizapo ciaia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grewia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Ficus), ndi merua (Maerua triphylla). Iwo samamwa madzi, ndikupeza madzi oyenera kuchokera kuzomera. Kudyetsa m'magulu, nthawi zambiri - m'modzi m'modzi.
Anthu okhala m'mapiri amatha kubereka chaka chonse, ngakhale kubzala pachimake kumachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yanyengo. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6.5-7,5 ndipo imatha ndikubadwa kwa ana 1-2 m'mimba lachiberekero, omwe ammapiri nthawi zina amagawana ndi capes. Kulemera kwake kwa kanyengo pakubadwa ndi 220-230 g.Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pakati pa miyezi 12 ndi 30, anyamata omwe ndi achikulire omwe amachokera kumadera awo; akazi amatenga nawo mbali.
Njoka zazikulu (hieroglyphic pythons), mbalame zodya nyama, ankhandwe ndi nyama zina zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, mongooses) zimadyera kumapeto a mapiri. Amatha kutenga kachilombo ka chibayo ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Wopanda nematode amtundu wa Crossophorous kolar, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhupakupa, utitiri ndi nsabwe. Zaka zojambulidwa zakale ndi zaka 11.
Russia: Cape Daman
Eng: Mwala mbira
Lat: (Procavia capensis)
Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Syria, Israel ndi North-East Africa kupita ku South Africa. Ku Africa kum'mwera kwa Sahara kuli pafupifupi kulikonse. Madera akutali amapezeka kumapiri a Libya ndi Algeria.
Kutalika kwa thupi 30-58 masentimita, kulemera kwa 1,4- kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi.
Madamu a Cape amakhala pamiyala, poyala-miyala yoimika, panja, kapena m'zipululu zamiyala. Phula limapezeka pakati pa miyala kapena m'maenje opanda kanthu a nyama zina (aardvark, meerkats). Makoloni amakhala kuchokera pa anthu 5-6 mpaka 80. Zigawo zazikulu zimagawika m'magulu a mabanja motsogozedwa ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Yogwira gawo lowala masana, makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma nthawi zina amabwera pamadzulo komanso usiku wosangalatsa wa mwezi. Nthawi yayitali tsiku limapuma ndikupumira padzuwa - kusinthika bwino kwa thupi kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa azimayi kusinthasintha tsiku lonse. Amadyetsa kwambiri udzu, zipatso, mphukira ndi makungwa a zitsamba, nthawi zambiri samadya zakudya za nyama (dzombe). Ngakhale mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, nyamazi ndizoyenda kwambiri, zimakwera mosavuta pamiyala.
Nthawi yakukhwima ikadalira malo. Chifukwa chake, ku Kenya, zimachitika mu Ogasiti-Novembala, koma zimatha mpaka Januware, komanso ku Syria mu Ogasiti-Seputembala. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6-7. Akazi nthawi zambiri amabereka mu June-Julayi, nthawi yamvula. Mu zinyalala 2, nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi ana atatu, nthawi zina mpaka 6. Matumba amabadwa amawona ndi okutidwa ndi ubweya, atatha maola ochepa amachoka chisa cha ana. Amayamba kudya chakudya cholimba pakatha masabata awiri, ndikudziyimira pawokha pakatha milungu 10. Amayi achichepere amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi miyezi 16, azaka za 16-16 miyezi zazimuna zazing'ono zimakhazikika, akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gulu lawo.
Adani akuluakulu a gululo ndi kambuku, mbalame, ankhandwe, zibaba zam'madzi ndi mbalame zodyedwa. Chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir (Aquila verreauxii) chimadyetsa pafupifupi ana aakazi. Mdani akaukira, wopondayo samangoteteza yekha, ndikukweza chovala chake kumisana, ndikuziteteza ndi mano ake aatali, amphamvu. Nthawi yachilengedwe yoyembekezera ndi zaka 10. Akazi amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna.
Western Wood Daman
Eng: Western Tree Hyrax
Lat: (Dendrohyrax dorsalis)
Amakhala munkhalango za Central ndi South Africa. Zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri mpaka kumtunda wa 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 40-60 cm, mchira 1-3 cm, kulemera 1.5-2.5 kg.
Madamu a nkhuni ndi mafoni kwambiri: amathamangira uku ndi uku mitengo ya mitengo, kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Nyama siziyenda usiku ndipo ndizochenjera. Komabe, nthawi yamadzulo, nkhalangoyi imadzaza ndi mawu awo, ndikuwadziwitsa kuti amayi adyetsa. Usiku, kufuula kumachepa, koma dzadzanso nkhalangoyi mbandakucha, nyama zikafika kunyumba. Kulira kwa madamu a mitengo kumakhala ndi phokoso losiyanasiyana lofufutira. Mawu a madamu amitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Mwa kufuula, munthu amathanso kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Ma Damans amafuula m'mitengo yokha. Mwinanso, kulira kwa azimayiwo ndi chizindikiro kuti m'derali mulimo.
Muzikhala moyo wopanda wokha. Tsamba linzake la nyamayi ndi pafupifupi 0.25 km 2. Anthu a ku Daman amadya masamba, masamba, mbozi ndi tizilombo tina. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukadyetsa dzikolo, komwe amadya udzu ndi kutola tizilombo, amakhala tsiku lonse m'maenje kapena kolona ngati mtengo pakati pa masamba owala.
Palibe nyengo yeniyeni yoleredwa, ndipo amabweretsa ana chaka chonse. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7. Nthawi zambiri mubweretse imodzi, kawiri kawiri. Amabadwa atawonedwa, atakutidwa ndi ubweya, wamkulu kwambiri (pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa amayi) ndipo maola ochepa atabadwa kale akukwera mitengo. Amakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
Pakakhala zoopsa, azimayiwo amatenga mawonekedwe, natembenukira kumbuyo kwa mdani ndikuponyera tsitsi pamsana kuti msamba wa glandular uwululidwe. Anthu okhala kuderako kulikonseko amagwira amayi, chifukwa nyama ya nyama iyi ndi yabwino. Muukapolo, amatanthawu wamatabwa amasintha msanga, amakhala zaka 6-7.
Southern Wood Daman
Eng: Mtengo Wam'mwera wa Hyrax
Lat: (Dendrohyrax arboreus)
Kugawidwa ku Africa, pagombe la Southeast. Madera ake amachokera kumwera kuchokera ku Kenya ndi Uganda kupita ku South Africa komanso kuchokera kummawa kwa Congo ndi Zambia, kumadzulo mpaka gombe lakummawa kwa kontrakitala.
Kulemera kwakuthupi kwamunthu ndi makilogalamu 2.27, kutalika kwake pafupifupi 52 cm.
Chimakhala m'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango zowirira mpaka pamtunda wamtunda wa 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Nthawi zambiri, motsogozedwa ndi zofananira zakunja, anthu amafanizira madamu ndi makoswe akuluakulu: marmoti, haylords, nkhumba za Guinea - ndipo amalakwitsa kwambiri. Kapangidwe kamene kali ndi nyama zosadziwika bwino izi, koma zotchuka kwambiri mu Israeli ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zina zonse zomwe akatswiri azinyama anaziyika pamalo osiyana. Achibale awo oyandikira kwambiri pakati pa zolengedwazo anali njovu, komanso zokumbira - gulu laling'ono, lodziwika bwino la nyama zazikulu zomwe sizimasiya madzi. Zithunzi SPL / EAST NKHANI
Afoinike (ndi pambuyo pawo Ayuda akale) sanawonekere kuwasiyanitsa ndi kalulu konse, akumawatcha onse ndi liwu lofanana "shafan" - "kubisala." Lero ali ndi dzina lawo.
- Procavia capensis . Kutalika kwa nyama ya chinyama chachikulu ndi masentimita 30-55, kulemera kwake - 1.4-4 kilogalamu. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakula pang'ono kuposa akazi. Mbali yakumwamba ya thupi, monga lamulo, imapakidwa bulauni-imvi, gawo lotsika ndi kirimu, ngakhale kuti utoto umatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mabanja ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Chovala chophimba kumutu chimakhala chakuda, sichimakonda kutumbulika chikasu kapena kufiyira. Amakhala kumwera kwa Syria, ku Arabia Arabia, ku Israel komanso ku Africa konse (mu Sahara - ndi anthu apadera m'mapiri a Algeria ndi Libya). Amakonda miyala, milu yamiyala, miyala yosema, ngakhale imapezeka m'matanthwe. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 10-11.
Damu la Mountain (lowoneka chikasu, Bruce Dam)- Heterohyrax brukii . Kutalika kwa thupi - masentimita 32-56, kulemera - 1.3-4,5 kilogalamu. Tsitsi limakhala lopepuka, koma kumtunda kwa thupi malekezero a tsitsi amakhala oderako, zomwe zimapatsa daman kuti akhale wamtundu wa "shimmering". Kusintha kwa utoto kumakhala kofupika - kuyambira pa imvi (m'malo louma) mpaka lofiirira (lonyowa). Pansi pa thupi pafupi kuyera, pomwepo pamsana pake pamakhala zachikaso zowoneka bwino, nthawi zina kuyambira pakuda mpaka kufiyira. Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Ethiopia komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Egypt kupita ku Angola ndi kumpoto kwa South Africa, kumadera akutali kuli Sahara ndi Democratic Republic of the Congo. Makhalidwe azachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chawo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi Cape Daman.
Amama a Wood ndi mitundu itatu yamitundu ya Dendrohyrax. Kutalika kwa thupi - masentimita 40-60, kulemera - 1.5-2,5 kilogalamu. Amasiyana ndi ma damans a malo otseguka pamiyeso yaying'ono, mitundu ina yogwirizana, komanso kukhalapo kwa mchira (1-3 sentimita). Mtundu wakuda ndi wonyezimira (womwe nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi kapena wachikasu), tsitsi lakumaso ndi lopepuka. Mukukhala pafupifupi nkhalango zonse za Africa otentha - kuchokera ku Gambia kumpoto chakumadzulo kupita ku Kenya ndi Tanzania kummawa ndi South Africa kumwera.
Maubwenzi olemekezeka abanja sanakhudze mwanjira ina iliyonse momwe amaonekera amayi. Thupi lamatumbo pamapazi afupipafupi, makutu ozungulira, maso opindika, mphuno yakuda yakukhazikika, mlomo wapamwamba kwambiri, mukuyenda mosalekeza, ngati kuti china chake chikutsafuna mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Mchirawo umakhala wamfupi kwambiri (mumatanthala amamauni) kapena simakhalapo konse. Kupatula kuti ma tchire samawoneka wamba wamba: mmalo mwazovala zala - zadambadukadenga zofanana ndi njovu (zala zokhazokha zapakati pamiyendo yakumanzere itatu ndizomwe zimakongoletsedwa ndi bulangeti lalitali lopindika). Kuphatikiza apo, kumbuyo konse kwa madamu pali malo ozungulira, ubweya womwe nthawi zonse umasiyana ndi utoto ndi ubweya wozungulira, ngakhale utayidwa. Ndi mantha kapena chisangalalo cha nyamayi, ubweya uwu umayimirira, ndikuwulula ma khumbi am'madzi ambiri, komwe kutulutsa kununkhira kumachokera. Pafupipafupi, mafungo onunkhira a zolengedwa zachilengedwe sizachilendo, koma osawerengeka koma azimayi, amapezeka pamalo apamwamba kumbuyo. Kodi chitha kudziwa chiyani ndi thandizo la chinyezi chotere, kupatula phompho la dzenje?
Ngati mawu oti "daman" sagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kufotokoza tanthauzo, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti tikulankhula za Cape Daman - mitundu yofala yomwe imakhala ku Israeli. Dzinali "daman" wochokera ku Chiarabu limamasuliridwa kuti "ram", ngakhale maonekedwe ndi moyo wawo asitane amakumbukira kwambiri za marmot. Amakhala m'mapiri (osakukwera, komabe, m'mapiri), miyala, olemba miyala ndi malo osanjika. Amakhala m'mabanja kuchokera ku 5-6 mpaka 50 nyama. Ngati dothi limalola, amakumba mabowo akuya, okhala ndi zida zokwanira (osasala, komabe, malo osiyidwa a akumba ena, mwachitsanzo aardvark), ngati sichoncho, amathawira m'mapanga, m'matanthwe, kapena pakati pa miyala. Pothekera kukwera miyala, mwina angapereke zovuta ndi zotsika: sizosadabwitsa kuwona momwe nyama yomwe imakhala yolemelera komanso yosavuta mosayembekezereka imakhazikika pafupi ndi khoma lamiyala. Kupusitsa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti mkuluyu achite "manja" ake - mapiritsi ake, ndikupereka thukuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mapiritsi olimba ofunikira amagwira ntchito ngati makapu oyamwa. Zachidziwikire, kulimba komanso kulimba kwa suction siili choncho kuti bwanayo amatha kupachika padenga kapena khoma.
Kutha kufikira pobisalira ndikofunikira nyama, yomwe imakhala nyama nthawi zonse kwa adani ambiri - kuyambira nyalugwe mpaka mongooses. Mwa iwo, mlenje "wapadera" akuwonekera, ndipo amangomupatsa chakudya chokha - chiwombankhanga chakuda cha Kaffir, mnzake waku Africa kupita ku chiwombankhanga chagolide. Mdani uyu amachititsa kuti azimayi athe kuyang'anitsitsa kuthambo, komwe maso awo amatetezedwa ndi mitundu ya masipilasi - kutuluka kwapadera kwa iris komwe kumaphimba mwana. Mothandizidwa ndi fyuluta yotereyi, msilikali amatha kuwona chilombo chokhala ndi mbewa ngakhale komwe kuli dzuwa lowala bwino. Koma ziwombankhanga zili ndi njira zawo: zimasaka awiriawiri, ndipo imodzi ya akwatibwi imatsogola kutsogolo kwa atsikana, ikugwira malingaliro a gulu lonse, enawo amawukira mwadzidzidzi. Zomwe nyamayi imachita imatha kuchita zinthu motere: mosamala kwawo konse, anyamatawa amakhala achidwi ndipo amakhala okonzeka kuyang'ana zinthu zoopsa. Chifukwa chake, pakawonekera munthu, amabisala mnyumba zawo, koma ngati alendo osayitanidwa ataimirira kapena kukhala osasuntha, pakapita mphindi zochepa, nkhope zachidwi zimayamba kuwoneka kuchokera m'maenje onse. Kenako nyamazo ndikufika pansi ndikuyamba kuphunzira "mwatsatanetsatane" wamalo atsopano. Koma posakhumudwitsa kapena kumveka pang'ono, amabisanso mabowo nthawi yomweyo.
Anthu aku Damans amadya kwambiri zakudya zam'mera: mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba, mizu, ma rhizomes, ma tubers, mababu, zipatso zowoneka bwino komanso makungwa, ngakhale sangasowe mwayi wopatutsa tebulo ndi kachilombo kosagwirizana, ndipo akagwidwa ndi dzombe, amasinthira makamaka kwa icho. Monga anthu ambiri okhala m'malo otentha otentha, amadya m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma amatha kubwerera kuchakudya pansi pa mwezi ngati ukuwala bwino. Ndikofunikira kuti usiku ukhale wotentha: ndikukonza kutentha kwamthupi kosalekeza, azimayiwo amalimbana bwino, kuyambira 24 mpaka 39 ° C. Chifukwa chake, kusiya dzenje m'mawa, nyama zoyamba zimangodzitentha ndi dzuwa. Nthawi zambiri amatenga masana dzuwa masana: m'malo achilendo, atagona pamimba pawo ndikupindika mawondo awo mozondoka. Zingawonekere kuti tikakhala m'malo otentha, otentha, zizolowezi zotere zimayenera kuyambitsa madzi ambiri. Komabe, zoona zake, amama amamwa madzi nthawi ndi nthawi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira chomwe chimapezeka mu chakudya kapena chimamasulidwa nthawi yomwe imamwa.
Anthu aku Damaya amakhala ndi ophunzitsidwa bwino, ndipo kuti azitenthe, usiku amawunjikana mulu, ndipo masana akuyenda dzuwa. Chithunzi IMAGE BROKER / VOSTOCK PHOTO
Ndipo pokhapokha pakubala, amamaani amafanana ndi nyama zopanda ziboda osati makoswe. Masewera awo a mating samangokhala nyengo iliyonse, koma ambiri mwa ana onse amabadwa kumapeto kwa nyengo yamvula (m'magawo osiyanasiyana awa ndi miyezi yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri June - Julayi), pakakhala zakudya zambiri zamasamba. Kubadwa kumayendetsedwa ndi pakati motalikirana kwambiri kwa nyama za kukula kwamtunduwu - pafupifupi miyezi 7.5. Koma ana (omwe nthawi zambiri amachitika kuchokera amodzi mpaka atatu) adzabadwa atawona, atakutidwa ndi ubweya ndipo patatha maola ochepa amatha kusuntha ndikusiya kabowo. Pakatha milungu iwiri, amadya kale udzu, akatha khumi - amasiya kutsatira amayi awo kulikonse, ndipo pofika miyezi 16 amakhala akuluakulu. Pambuyo pake, kwa miyezi ingapo, zazing'ono zazing'ono zimasiya pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zazimadzi zimakhalamo.
Ku Central ndi South Africa, pamodzi ndi amayi wamba, mutha kuwona ena, osiyanitsidwa ndi malo achikasu achikasu, omwe amawonetsa kutulutsa kwa msana. Uyu ndi daman wapaphiri, iye ndi wa chikasu, kapena damu la Bruce. Ngakhale akatswiri odziwa zachipatala amaigawa ngati mtundu wosiyana, maonekedwe, moyo, mawonekedwe a chakudya ndi zinthu zina, imafanana kwambiri ndi Cape Dam, kwambiri mwakuti nthawi zina amapanga magulu osakanikirana. Kusiyanaku kumaonekera pokhapokha kukula kwa madera amenewo (madamu a m'mapiri ndi ochulukirachulukira - kuyambira makumi angapo mpaka mazana angapo a nyama) komanso nthawi zobereketsa: ngati madamu aku Cape nthawi zambiri amabadwa kumapeto kwa mvula kapena nthawi itangotha kumene, ndiye kuti madamu a kumapiri - kumadzulo kapena kumayambiriro nyengo ino, mu February - Marichi.
Mitundu ina itatu, yolumikizidwa mu mtundu wa Damans wamitengo, ilinso yofanana mawonekedwe a mapiri ndi Cape (ngakhale ndiyocheperako pang'ono ndipo ili ndi mtundu wina wa mchira), ndipo makonda awo ali ofanana. Amakonda mbali zabwino za mbeu ndikuphatikizira tizilombo tomwe timayambira. Koma malo awo okhala ndi kakhalidwe kanyumba ndizosiyana kotheratu. Amama a Wood amakhala m'nkhalango, amakwera mitengo (ngakhale nthawi zambiri imatsikira pansi) ndipo amagwira ntchito usiku. Amakonda kukhala okha, kukhala ndi ziwembu zawo (kuteteza nyama imodzi ndi pafupifupi kilomita imodzi). Zipupa zimakhala m'maenje, koma zimatha kukhazikika kwa tsiku limodzi ndi korona wa mtengo. Pochoka usiku kukadyetsa ndikubwerera m'mawa, mitengoyo imangofuula mokweza, zikuwoneka kuti ikutsimikizira malowa.
Mathedwe a nkhalango zam'mapiri amatengera tsogolo la nkhalango za ku Africa, kuwonda pa zochita za anthu. Madamu a Cape ndi mapiri ali m'malo abwino kwambiri: malo omwe amawakonda - miyala ndi miyala yolemba - samakonda anthu. Koma akutsatsa nawonso amawona malo okhala ngati zothekera, popeza ndi malo opanda phee. Zowona, mmaiko ambiri a mu Africa kusinthana kwa daman kukhala nthumwi ya zilumba zakumizinda kumalephereka kusaka kwawoko. Pomwe sizichitikira (monga, mwachitsanzo, ku Israeli), omenyera nthawi zambiri amalowa mkati mwanyumbayo, akuyendayenda mzipinda zothandizira ndi kulowa masitepe kupita pansi. Amasungidwanso ngati ziweto: ngati madala akuluakulu atalefedwa bwino, ndiye, atagwidwa ndi ana, amasintha msanga.
Zoo
Mtundu - motsatira
Gulu - amayi
Kufikira - mkulu
Banja - madamu
Cape Daman(Procavia capensis)
Ndodo - Miyala Yamiyala
Kunja, makamaka kuchokera kutali, amafanana ndi pikas zazikulu kapena akalulu aafupi. Kutalika kwa thupi 30-58 masentimita, kulemera kwa 1,4- kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Mchira suchindikirika kuchokera kunja. Tsitsi ndil lalifupi ndipo m'malo mwake ndi loyera, lopakidwa bulauni-imvi pamwamba, limawala mbali, ndipo pansi pamtunda ndi poterera. Mtundu wa tsitsi pamsana wakuda ndi wakuda, osakhala wotuwa kwenikweni kapena lalanje. Pamizu pali ma vibrissae akuda mpaka kutalika kwa 18 cm. Kutsogolo ndikuyenda moyenda, miyendo yakumbuyoyo ndiyopendekera ngati chala. Dothi limakhala lonyowa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha thukuta, lomwe limathandiza madamu kuti akweze miyala - makonzedwe osiyitsa ena amawapangitsa kuti azikhala ngati akuyamwa.
Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Syria, Israel ndi North-East Africa kupita ku South Africa. Ku Africa kum'mwera kwa Sahara kuli pafupifupi kulikonse. Madera akutali amapezeka kumapiri a Libya ndi Algeria.
Madamu a Cape amakhala pamiyala, poyala-miyala yoimika, panja, kapena m'zipululu zamiyala. Phula limapezeka pakati pa miyala kapena m'maenje opanda kanthu a nyama zina (aardvark, meerkats). Makoloni amakhala kuchokera pa anthu 5-6 mpaka 80. Zigawo zazikulu zimagawika m'magulu a mabanja motsogozedwa ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Madamu a Cape ndi mapiri nthawi zina amakhala m'magulumagulu. Yogwira gawo lowala masana, makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma nthawi zina amabwera pamadzulo komanso usiku wosangalatsa wa mwezi. Nthawi yayitali tsiku limapuma ndikupumira padzuwa - kusinthika bwino kwa thupi kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa azimayi kusinthasintha tsiku lonse. Amadyetsa kwambiri udzu, zipatso, mphukira ndi makungwa a zitsamba, nthawi zambiri samadya zakudya za nyama (dzombe). Ngakhale mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, nyamazi ndizoyenda kwambiri, zimakwera mosavuta pamiyala.
Nthawi yakukhwima ikadalira malo. Chifukwa chake, ku Kenya, zimachitika mu Ogasiti-Novembala, koma zimatha mpaka Januware, komanso ku Syria mu Ogasiti-Seputembala. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6-7. Akazi nthawi zambiri amabereka mu June - Julayi, nthawi yamvula. Mu zinyalala 2, nthawi zambiri abambo atatu, nthawi zina mpaka 6. Matumba amadzabadwa atawonedwa ndi ubweya, atatha maola ochepa atachoka chisa cha ana. Amayamba kudya chakudya cholimba pakatha masabata awiri, ndikudziyimira pawokha pakatha milungu 10. Amayi achichepere amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi miyezi 16, azaka za 16-16 miyezi zazimuna zazing'ono zimakhazikika, akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gulu lawo.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 10. Akazi amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna.
Achinyamata omwe ali mu ukapolo samawetedwa, nyama zachikulire zimakhalabe zankhanza komanso zankhanza.
Dyetsani ndi chakudya cha nthambi, masamba ndi zipatso.
Kuwerenga nkhani kungatenge: Mphindi 4.
Mwa nyama zapadziko lapansi, cholengedwa chimodzi chikuwoneka bwino m'mbali zonse - kukula kwake, thupi lochititsa chidwi, makutu akuluakulu ndi mphuno yachilendo, yofanana kwambiri ndi dzanja lamphamvu yamagetsi. Ngati pakati pa nyama zolaula pali cholengedwa chimodzi cha banja la njovu (ndipo tikulankhula za iwo, mumaganizira), ndiye kuti malo otetezekawa ndi otchuka makamaka ndi alendo kuyambira ochepa mpaka akulu. Ndidaganiza zomvetsetsa mndandanda wa njovu, kuwerengera kholo lawo lakutali kwambiri, ndikumvetsetsa "ndani ndani" mwa oredwayo komanso wokhala ndi thunthu. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe zidandichitikira ...
Zapezeka kuti njovu, ma mesodon ndi ma mammoth, komanso ma pinnipeds ndi manatees, anali ndi kholo limodzi - Moriterium (lat. Moeritherium). Kunja, zikhalidwe zomwe zinali padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 55 miliyoni zapitazo sizinafanane ndi mbadwa zawo zamakono - anali odabwitsa, osapitirira 60 cm kufota, amakhala m'malo osaya kwambiri a Asia cha kumapeto kwa Eocene ndipo anali china chake pakati pa ntchafu yolira ndi nkhumba, ndi nkhope yopapatiza komanso yodikirapo.
Tsopano za kholo lokhazikika la njovu, mamododi ndi mammoni. Kholo lawo wamba anali Paleomastodont (lat. Palaeomastodontidae), yemwe amakhala ku Africa pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, ku Eocene. Panali makina owirikiza kawiri mkamwa mwa paleomastodont, koma anali ofupikira - mwina anadya tubers ndi mizu.
Osasangalatsanso, m'malingaliro mwanga, wachibale wa zamakono zamtundu wamakono ndi chirombo chosangalatsa, amatchedwa asayansi a Plibelodon (lat. Plibelodon danovi). Cholengedwa chinkakhala ku Asia ku Miocene, zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo, zidali ndi zigoba zingapo zooneka ngati fosholo patsinde. Plibelodon analibe thunthu, koma mlomo wake wapamwamba unali waukulu komanso "womangidwa" - chinthu chofanana ndi thunthu la njovu zamakono.
Yakwana nthawi yolimbana ndi oimira banja la proboscis ambiri kapena ochepera - mamodon, mammoth ndi njovu. Choyamba, ndi abale akutali, i.e. Mitundu iwiri yamakono ya njovu - za ku Africa ndi India - sizinachokera ku mammoth kapena mastodon. Thupi la mastodons (lat. Mammutidae) lidakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso lalifupi, adadya kwambiri udzu ndi masamba azitsamba, omwe adafalikira ku Africa nthawi ya Oligocene - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 35 zapitazo.
Mosiyana ndi makanema ojambula, pomwe mastodon nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati njovu yayikulu yolusa yokhala ndi mahatchi akuluakulu, sinali yayikulu kuposa njovu yamakono ya ku Africa: sizinali zazitali kuposa mamitala atatu pamphepete, panali zigawo ziwiri za tchuthi - awiri aatali pachiwono chapamwamba komanso chofupikira, pafupifupi chosatulutsa pakamwa, pansi. Pambuyo pake, ma mastodons adachotsa kwathunthu timiyala totsikira, kusiya okha apamwamba. Mastodons adamwalira kale osati kalekale, ngati mukuyang'ana kuchokera pakuwonera anthropology - zaka 10,000 zapitazo, i.e. Makolo athu akutali amadziwa bwino mtundu wamtunduwu wa proboscis.
Mammoths (Latin Mammuthus) - the shaggy, proboscis komanso ma ziphona akuluakulu, omwe mabango awo amapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Yakutia - amakhala padziko lapansi pamayiko angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo banja lawo lalikulu lidakhala mosangalala zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo, zikusowa zaka 12-10 000 zapitazo. . Zinali zazikulupo kuposa njovu zamakono - kukula m'mphepete mwa mita 5, zazikulu, 5-mita, zopendekera pang'ono ndi spiral. Mammoths amakhala kulikonse - ku South ndi North America, ku Europe ndi Asia, adapirira mosavuta nyengo zamadzi oundana ndikudziteteza kwa adani, koma sanathe kulimbana ndi makolo okalamba, omwe anachepetsa kuchuluka kwawo padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale chifukwa chachikulu chakufalikira kwathunthu, kufalikira, asayansi akuganizirabe zaka zomaliza za madzi oundana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwa kwa meteorite wamkulu ku South America.
Masiku ano, mitundu iwiri ya njovu ilipo ndipo imakhalapo ndendende - Afirika ndi India. Njovu zaku Africa (lat. Loxodonta africana) zolemera kwambiri matani 7.5 ndi kutalika kufota kwa mita 4, zimakhala kumwera kwa chipululu cha Africa Sahara. Mmodzi yekha woyimira banja lino m'chithunzithunzi choyambirira.
Njovu zaku India (Latin: Elephas maximus) zolemera matani 5 ndi kutalika kwamamita atatu kufota ndizofala ku India, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Laos ndi Sumatra. Zingwe za njovu zaku India ndi zazifupi kwambiri kuposa za abale awo aku Africa, ndipo zazikazi sizikhala nazo konse.
Chigoba cha njovu (varnish, mtundu wa)
Mwa njira, zinali zigamba zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri ndi ofufuza akale achi Greek, zomwe zimapanga maziko a nthano zazikulu za chimphona - nthawi zambiri kunalibe maukidwe amisala iyi (ma Africa anzeru amachotsedwera ntchito zomanga), ndipo chigaza chokha chinali chofanana kwambiri ndi zotsalira za chikwangwani chachikulu. Yang'anirani dzenje lakutsogolo kwa chigaza chomwe thunthu limalumikizidwa kuti ikhale njovu.
Mitundu yamakono ya njovu ndi mabwinja am'banja lalikulu la proboscis, lomwe m'mbuyomu padziko lapansi ...
[Sinthanitsani] Chida chambiri
Ma Damans amakhala m'magulu a anthu osachepera makumi asanu, kukumba mabowo kapena kukhazikika m'miyala yomwe ili m'matanthwe.
Anthu achi Damami ndi nyama zachikhalidwe ndipo amakhala m'magulu. Monga ma mekitchen, amachenjeza wina ndi mnzake za ngozi yomwe ikubwera, atayimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikupereka alarm.
Oimira amama akhala akugwira kwanthawi yayitali. Mukamasankha gawo, amakhutitsidwa ndi mwala umodzi wokha. Nyengo yadzuwa, nyamazo zimagona m'mizere, zikukhala pamiyala yabwino ndikutenga ulesi kwambiri. Koma ngakhale zitakhala choncho, anthu angapo amakhala odikira.
Madamayi ndi amantha, koma achidwi, amatha kulowa m'nyumba za anthu. Amadziwika kuti amama amawongolera bwino. Kusaka madamayi sikubweretsa zovuta zambiri, pokhapokha ngati nyama zowchenjeza izi sizinasokonezedwe kale. Nthawi zambiri, mlenje amakwanitsa kuwombera mlonda wokhala, koma atawombera gulu lonse limathawa.
[Sinthani] Zakudya Zabwino
Anthu aku Damamu amapita kukadyetsa makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo, pakatentha.
Maziko a zakudya zopezeka ndi azimayi ndi chakudya cham'munda - mizu, mababu, zipatso, ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ngati tigwidwa, tidzadyanso mosangalala.
Nyama zimadya kwambiri. Malo awo, okhala ndi maluwa onunkhira a mapiri, nthawi zonse amawapatsa chakudya. Anthu aku Damamu amaluma udzu ndi mano awo, kwinaku akusuntha nsagwada zawo momwemo monga ma artiodactyl amatera kutafuna chingamu.
[Sinthani] Kubweretsanso
Nyama zimaswana chaka chonse. Nthawi yakukhwima kwa atsikana sinafotokozedwe mosamalitsa.
Mimba ya akazi imakhala miyezi 7-7,5. Akazi a azimayi ali ndi ma nipples asanu ndi limodzi, koma samabereka ana ambiri. Nthawi zambiri palibe opitilira awiri a iwo, ndipo amabadwa amakula bwino.
Ng'ombe zimabadwa zokhazikika, zowoneka bwino, zokutidwa ndi ubweya ndipo zimakonda kudzilamulira zokha.
Ma Damans amakhala achikulire mu chaka chimodzi ndi theka.
[Sinthani] Magawidwe
Anthu aku Damaya amakhala ku Africa, South kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia (Peninsula wa Arabia). M'malo achilengedwe amakono amawonedwe mu Ein Gedi Natural Reserve
Damu lambiri la Cape lomwe limapezeka kumadera ambiri kumapeto, mapiri ndi mapiri.
Oimira mtundu wa azimayi akumapiri amakhala ku Central ndi South Africa, m'mapiri komanso m'matanthwe.
Madamu a nkhuni ndiofala munkhalango za Equatorial ndi South Africa ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali mumitengo.