Maluwa opemphera maluwa ndi mitundu yomwe imafanana ndi maluwa. Mitundu yawo ndi chithunzi cha kutengera kolimba, mawonekedwe amisala momwe mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a mdani amakopa nyama. Mitundu yambiri yamaluwa yopemphera maluwa ndi ya banja la Hymenopodidae. Makhalidwe awo amasiyanasiyana, koma, monga lamulo, amakwera pamtengowo mpaka atakwanitsa duwa loyenerera, kenako osakhalabe osagonja mpaka agwiritse ntchito (tizilombo). Ambiri aiwo amagwiritsa ntchito choopseza ndi kuchenjeza mitundu kuti iwopseze kapena kusokoneza omwe angadye.
Mitundu yambiri yamaluwa yopemphera maluwa ndiyodziwika bwino ngati ziweto.
Orchid Mantis (Hymenopus coronatus)
Khalidwe
Orchid mantis (Hymenopus coronatus) kuchokera kumadera amvula aku Southeast Asia akuyerekeza duwa la orchid. Amangokhala osagonja pamtondo mpaka atawonekera, phokoso lomwelo nthawi yomweyo limuteteza kwa adani. M'buku lake la 1940, Adaptive Coloring in Animals, Hugh Cott adatinso zomwe a Nelson Annandale adanenanso kuti mawuwo amagwiritsira ntchito maluwa a rhododendron Melastoma polyanthum. Cott amatcha utoto wa nymph "mtundu wokongola" (mimicry wankhanza), pomwe nyamayo imakhala "nyambo". Tizilomboti tapakidwa utoto wampinki ndi loyera, wokhala ndi miyendo yosanjikizana, "ndimawonekedwe ataliatali, owoneka bwino, omwe amatsogolera kufanana ndi pamtengo wa duwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mipira yamadzimadzi kapena maselo opanda kanthu." Mtundu wina umakwawa ndikudula nthambi za mitengo mpaka itapeza maluwa. Amawagwira ndi zigwiriro zamiyendo iwiri ya kumbuyo. Kenako imayenda mbali ndi mbali, ndipo posakhalitsa ntchentche zazing'ono zingapo zimakhala pamenepo ndikuzungulira icho, chosangalatsidwa ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono kumapeto pamimba, kofanana ndi ntchentche. Ntchentche ikakhala yayikulu pafupi, nthawi yomweyo amadzigwira ndikuidya. Zowona kuti ma coloris mantis orchid ndi njira yotsanzirira ya maluwa otentha idapezeka posachedwa (mu 2015), zidawonetsedwa kuti zimakopa ma pollin (ngati kuti ndi maluwa), kenako ndikuzigwira.
Creobroter gemmatus ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale okhala ndi mapiko owala bwino omwe mwadzidzidzi amawopseza owopsa.
Kugawa
Ambiri mwa oimira gululi ndiwodziwika bwino m'maiko omwe amakhala ndi nyengo yotentha; sakhala wamba m'malo otentha. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yotalikilana ndi 45 ° -46 ° masitomu onse awiri, mitundu yochepa yokha ndiyomwe imatha kukhala ndi moyo kupitirira 50 ° kumpoto kwa mtunda, makamaka, mawu wamba ndi mchenga wamchenga. Kummwera wakum'mwera, kum'mwera kwambiri ndi New Zealand mantis Orthodera novaezealandiae. Mitundu yolemera kwambiri ya mandis fauna ndi madera otentha a Asia, Africa, South America, Australia.
Zinyama za ku European mantis ndizosavomerezeka pakupezeka mitundu, pafupifupi mitundu 40 imadziwika, ili ndi mabanja anayi ndi genera 16.
Morphology of imago
Tizilombo tambiri tating'onoting'ono kapena tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi thupi lalitali, kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 10-12 mpaka 130-170 mm. Chovala chodziwika bwino kwambiri ndicho Mantoida tenuis kuchokera ku nkhalango yamvula yaku America, mpaka 1 cm, yayikulu - Ischnomantis gigas kuchokera ku ma savannah aku West Africa, chachikazi chomwe chimafikira 17 cm. Misili yayikulu yolemera pafupifupi 5 g ya mtundu Macromantis (Amereka) ndi Plistospilota (Africa).
Mutu nthawi zambiri umakhala wamitundu itatu, ndi maso akulu owazungulira kapena ofiira, ozungulira kwambiri. Maso owoneka pamipuyo amatha kukhala ndi gawo losagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito, chifukwa alibe aomatidiosis, koma amagwira ntchito ngati mbali imodzi yophimba thupi. Mutu sunaphimbidwa ndi chikwangwani, chimayenda momasuka mbali zonse za "khosi" lachilendo, lomwe limawonjezera pakuwoneka "pemphero". Kuphatikiza pa maso ovuta pa korona, nthawi zambiri pamakhala maso osavuta atatu. Pamaso pamutu nthawi zambiri pamakhala zotuluka zosiyanasiyana. Antennas kupatula pang'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowononga. Kukutira pakamwa zida zamagetsi zokhala ndimisomali yamphamvu. Mapale amtundu wa mandibular ali ndi magawo asanu, magawo a zilembo zokhala ndi magawo atatu. Ziwalo zamkamwa zimawongoleredwa pansi.
Kafotokozedwe ka mawu sikuti nthawi zambiri amaphimba mutu, koma amakakulitsa gawo lachitatu. Kafotokozedwe ka mawu nthawi zambiri kamakhala kotalikirapo, koma nthawi zina kumakulitsidwa ndi zipatso zakunja, zomwe zimatha kupatsa kachilombo ngati tsamba kapena nthambi. Pafupipafupi, keel yautali nthawi zambiri imakhalapo. Mimba ndi yayitali komanso yosalala, yopangidwa ndi ma tergites 10 muzogonana zonse. Mimba m'mapangidwe ake amkati ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mimbulu ya aguluguwe. Olimba amuna amuna ndi akazi ndi akazi 9, mwa akazi - 7. Gawo loyamba limasandulika kupita ku thorax yotsala, yotsiriza imakhala ndi telson wosagawika. Pamapeto pamimba pamakhala ziwongo zokongoletsedwa, ndipo amuna nawonso amakhala ndi stylus (awiri apawiri ogwirizana).
Miyendo imakhala ndi beseni, skewer, ntchafu, mwendo wotsika ndi phazi. Ma paws ambiri amtunduwu amakhala ndi magawo asanu, nthawi zina kuchuluka kwawo kumatsikira ku 3-4 (mu genis genus Heteronutarsus) Ma miyendo awiri akumbuyo nthawi zambiri amayenda mtunda waitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kachiromboka kamagwira thupi lalitali pamwamba ngati kuli koyenera. Chodziwika bwino cha zovala zonse zazovala zovala zapamwamba ndizida zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwire ndikugwira nyama. Zabodza zikugwira. Pakupuma, ali pabwino, pomwe shin imayikidwa mu poyambira pa ntchafu, ngati penknife. Ntchafu ndi mwendo wapansi zimakhala ndi mizere yakuthwa ndi mano. Mitengo yovala zovala zoterezi imalola kuti msungwanayo agwire nyama yake. Malo ndi kuchuluka kwa minga pamphepete mwa nyamayi ndizofunikira kwambiri zamitundu yamitundu ya mantis ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakutsimikiza kwawo. Gawani mzere wamkati waminga (anteroventral), womwe umakhala pafupi ndi thupi la mantis, mzere wakunja (posterioventral), womwe uli kutali kwambiri, mizere yonse ili pamiyendo ndi m'chiuno, ndi ma spoid spines, omwe amangokhala pansi pamtunda. M'mitundu ina, miyendo yakutsogolo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyenda.
Mapiko awiriawiri. Mapiko akutsogolo a mantis ndi odera, otambalala, amagwira ntchito ngati elytra, kuteteza otsala. Mapiko a kumbuyo kwake nthawi zambiri amakhala owonda komanso osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri amawonekera, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala. Ma zovala ena amauluka bwino (makamaka amuna opepuka), m'mitundu ina mapiko amafupikitsidwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kwathunthu pamodzi ndi elytra.
Ma zovala opempherawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi khungu loteteza kapena loteteza, lomwe limawathandiza kuphatikiza ndi masamba oyandikana nawo. Mitengo yodulira zipatso mwa njira yokhala loboti, nyanga, ma spikes omwe amafanana ndi masamba, nthambi kapena spikes za mbewu zimathandizanso pa izi. Nthawi yomweyo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kukhala ndi malo owoneka bwino m'miyendo, pachifuwa, ndi mapiko, omwe amawonetsa kwa adani kapena zovala zina zopemphera, ndikuzichotsa. Mitundu ina ya ma mantis nthawi zambiri imatsata pamlingo wokulirapo pansi pa tizilombo taopsa ta hymenopteran, kawirikawiri nyerere, mavu nthawi zambiri. Mitundu iwiri ya zovala kuchokera ku mtundu waku South America Vespamantoida ((kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 12 mm) mimic pansi pa mavu pa siteji ya imago ..
Anatomy ndi physiology ya imago
Kupemphera kwamamawu amadziwika ndi tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono. Palinso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tomwe timatulutsa enzyme ya amylase, milomo yocheperako ya lipase ndi proteinase, koma osasinthika, mosiyana ndi tiziwalo tamadonthono. Mimba ya minofu ndiying'ono, yokhala ndi mano. Matumbo apakati ali ndi njira 8 yakhungu. Dongosolo la tracheal limatseguka ndi awiriawiri a ma dykhalets kumbali yakumbuyo pamimba. Kupemphera kwamawu kumathandizira kusuntha, kupumula ndi kupumula m'mimba kuti imathandizire kusinthanitsa kwa mpweya wongochitika mkati mwa trachea. M'matumbo amitsempha yam'mimba mumakhala ma cell a 7 ganglia (ma nerve node).
Masomphenya ndi ofunika pa mantis. Diso limodzi lovuta la mutu limakhala ndi pafupifupi 9000 omatidia, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi maselo 8 a photoreceptor. Maso a zovala zophimba kumaso amabisa gawo lowoneka pafupifupi 270 ° mumlengalenga wokhazikika komanso pafupifupi 240 ° mozungulira. Alinso ndi gawo lalikulu lakuwona pamaso pa bizinesi pamaso pawo. Pakati penipeni pa gawo lamagetsi ndi malo aang'ono otchedwa "gombe logwiramo". Ngati chinthu chaching'ono chitayenda mosadukiza kudera lino kapena kutsika pang'ono kuposa pamenepo (osapitirira 24 ° kuchokera pamenepo), malo openyerako ubongo amatumiza ziwonetsero ku minyewa ya minofu, yomwe imalumikizana, ndipo mawuwo amayamba kugwera.
Nthawi zambiri pamigawo ya thoracic pamakhala magawo a ziwalo zomva.
Biology ndi Ecology
Kupemphera zovala kumakhala moyo wachisangalalo ndipo umadyanso makamaka kuchokera kwa wobisalira. Nthawi zambiri mumadya tizilombo tina, arachnids ndi arthropods. Mitundu yayikulu imagwiritsanso ntchito abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, njoka, achule, mbalame, kapena makoswe. M'mabuku asayansi, pofotokoza za anthu pafupifupi 150 omwe amadya mantis (mitundu 12) ya mbalame za mitundu 24 imafotokozedwa. Ochuluka awa anali Ammantis omwe adalowetsedwa ku North America Tenodera sinensis ndi malingaliro akumaloko Stagmomantis limbata, ndipo omwe amawazunza anali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala zachisoni. Palinso kufotokozedwa kwa kusaka kwanzeru kwa mantis. Hierodula tenuidentata pa nsomba za guppy.
Malingaliro opempherawa ndi amisili osadziletsa ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito utoto woteteza khungu lanu kuti lizigwirizana, kuti mupewe zilombo zolusa komanso msampha wogwirira. Mitundu ina yochokera ku Africa ndi Australia imatha kusintha mtundu kuti ukhale wakuda pambuyo pa moto kuti agwirizane ndi mawonekedwe a dzikolo. Kuphatikiza pa kuzolowera kumeneku, adasinthasintha kuti asangosakaniza ndi masamba, komanso kutsanzira, kumayeseza masamba, udzu, kapena ngakhale mbewu. Kupemphera kwa banja la Metallyticidae ndiwopepuka kwa ena onse omwe ali ndi utoto wonyezimira wamtambo wobiriwira ndi sheen wachitsulo.
Mukamenya mdani kapena mukakumana ndi mdani, mawu opempherawo amayambira kutenga malo owopsa: mapikowo amatambasulidwa ngati fanizi, miyendo yakugwira yakutsogolo imayendetsedwa kutsogolo, kumapeto kwa m'mimba kumatulutsidwa. Ngati izi sizigwira ntchito, tizilombo timathamangira kunkhondo. Mdani atakhala wamphamvu kwambiri, amakonda kuwuluka. Koma ngati mwayi uli kumbali yawo, ndiye kuti amatuluka kunkhondo ndi opambana.
Kuswana
Kupemphera pamawu ndi tizilombo tosinthika bwino ndipo amadziwika ndi gawo limodzi lokha - mazira, mphutsi ndi akulu. Mamba amadziwikanso chimodzimodzi kwa achikulire ndipo, monga otsiriza, ali ndi maso ovuta, ofanana ndi achikulire, ziwalo pakamwa ndipo, pazaka zakale, zolozera bwino zakunja kwamapiko. Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi zimatsogolera moyo womwewo kwa akulu.
Akakhwima, wamkazi amaikira mazira (kuchokera pa zidutswa 10 mpaka 400) mu chida chapadera cha thovu, chomwe chimasungidwa ndi tiziwalo tothandiza ta njira yoberekera. Unyinji wa thovu ili ndi mtundu wa mapuloteni a silika a fibroin, momwe ma alpha othandizira, calcium oxalate predomine, ndikuzizira mlengalenga, ndikupanga kapisozi koteteza mazira - ooteca. Ma Ootek nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi m'malo obisika: pamasamba, pansi pa miyala, pamakona a mitengo yamtengo, pamitengo. Akazi amtundu wina wa mantis (Photininae) amateteza ootek ndi mphutsi zazing'ono. M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira bwino, ootek ndiye nthawi yachisanu.
Kutengera ndi kukula kwa zovala za mandis, ma mphutsi molt kuyambira nthawi 5-6 mpaka 8-10 kufikira munthu wamkulu. Mphutsi za magawo oyamba amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakula, ngakhale mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba wamtundu wocheperako kwambiri zimadya makamaka nsabwe za m'mimba. Ndi kukula kokulirapo, mphutsi zimatha kugwira nyama zokulirapo.
Kugonana kwamalonda
Mapemphero opemphera amadziwika chifukwa cha kugonana kwawo. Yaikazi nthawi zambiri imadyanso yaimuna itatha, kapena ngakhale ikamakula, monga tafotokozera m'mabuku odziwika komanso onama.
Yaikazi imayamba kudya yamphongo kumutu (monga momwe ilili nyama iliyonse), ndipo ngati matani ayamba, mayendedwe amphongo amatha kukhala amphamvu kwambiri, potero amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa umuna womwe umayamba. Ofufuza oyambirirawo adaganiza kuti zazikazi zimachita izi ndi cholinga, popeza kayendedwe ka kubereka kwamphongo komwe kamayang'aniridwa ndi ma nerve node omwe amakhala pamimba, osati pamutu. Malongosoledwe amakono ndikuti pakufunika kwambiri mapuloteni koyambirira kwa kakulidwe ka mazira kuti mkazi azitha kupeza mwanjira imeneyi.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala, ma frequency a cannibalism amasiyanasiyana: kuchokera pafupifupi 46% ya milandu ku Australia mantis Pseudomantis albofimbriata kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu wamba Chopanga. Male mantis, makamaka Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis,, yesetsani kupewa kudya wamkazi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amayandikira mzimayi mosamala, osayenda pang'onopang'ono, kuti asayang'ane mtunda wawo ndi kusamala kwambiri ngati wamkazi ali ndi njala kapena wamphongo alowa m'malo owopsa kuti akachotse wamkazi. Nthawi yomweyo, zazikazi sizimaperekanso chizindikiro chabodza kukopa amuna, zimangokhala kukonzekera kungochotsa, zomwe zimachepetsa gawo logonana. .
Kafukufuku awonetsa kuti mawu oti mantis ali ndi chikhalidwe chovuta kwambiri cha chi China. Kusamalira chachikazi, mwamunayo amaliza gule wachilendo, kuyesa kusintha mawonekedwe omwe achikazi amakhala nawo kwa iye kuchoka pachidwi ndi chidwi ngati mnzake. Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zofanana zimachitika m'mawu ena opemphera.
Adani achilengedwe komanso matenda
Adani achilengedwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, parasitic and invertebrates. Mafumbo opempheranso ndi chakudya champhongo zambiri (zapamtunda, mbalame, ndi zolengedwa). Pakati pa majeremusi awa, ziyenera kudziwika kuti nyongolotsi zazikazi zimachokera pagulu la nyama zaubweya, zomwe zimapatsira onse mphutsi ndi akuluakulu a mantis.
Pali gulu la zolengedwa zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha mazira ndi mphutsi za mandis, koma sizowoneka ngati majeremusi, chifukwa chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yofunika kwambiri, chamoyo chilichonse chimasowa. Dzinalo lomwe limavomerezedwa mu sayansi kwa oimira gulu lomwe lili ndi mafotokozedwe achikhalidwe chachilengedwe ndi parasitoids. Pali mitundu ya okwera gulu la chalcidid kuchokera ku dongosolo la Hymenoptera omwe amayikira mazira awo mu chovala chotengera, pomwe mphutsi zimadyera mazira a mantis. Mwachitsanzo, mavu ena amakankhidwe Tachysphex zovalaparazani mphutsi za mandis ndikuwadyetsa mphutsi zawo.
Phylogeny ndi msonkho
Pamodzi ndi Orthoptera (Orthoptera), makutu a khutu (Dermaptera), Freckles (Plecoptera), wamkulu (Embioptera), Ghostbirds (Phasmida), maphemwe (Grylloblattodea), zoraptera (Zoraptera), ndi mathidae Polyneoptera.
Mtundu wochepa kwambiri wamaphunziro ofala ndi zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi anapeza kuti ndi a Cretaceous, Neogene ndi Quaternary nyengo. Ochepera Cretaceous Ambermantis wozniaki, Burmantis burmitica ndipo enanso anali ofanana kwambiri ndi nthumwi za mabanja amakono a Mantoididae ndi Amorphoscelidae, pomwe nthawi imodzi m'njira zambiri akufanana ndi maphemwe. Kutengera ndi zomwe zikupezeka, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mawu opempherawo adawapanga ngati gulu lina mu Cretaceous, ngakhale kuti kukula kwawo (monga chiswe) kudachitika kale mu Quaternary. Mantis ndi gulu loyang'anira anzawo, ochokera mbadwa za makolo wamba. Tizilombo tofanana ndi zovala zamakono timadziwika kuchokera ku Original Cretaceous. Komabe, olemba ena amati ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana Mesoptilus dolloi protobogomol, ndipo pomwepo chiyambi cha kupangidwaku ndi cha nthawi yoyamba ya Carboniferous. Komabe, izi zidapezeka pang'onopang'ono ndipo sizingagawidwe mwanjira yodalirika popemphera. Oimira mabanja atatu ang'onoang'ono amawonedwa ngati osavuta komanso oyandikira kwambiri m'magulu a makolo pakati pa zovala zamakono: Mantoididae, Chaeteessidae, Metallyticidae. Banja lililonse mwa atatuwa limaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wokha;Zinthu zakale zakale za mantis, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi Mantoididae ndi Chaeteessidae, amadziwika kuchokera koyambirira kwa Paleogene (60-55 Ma zapitazo). Mosiyana ndi zovala zamakono zopemphera, oimira m'maguluwa analibe ziwalo zolankhulira, ochita kafukufuku amafotokoza kuwonekera kwamtsogolo kwa mileme m'mbiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera.
Malingaliro ena onse opemphereredwa amakhala m'mabanja 9-15, makamaka monga machitidwe a Shopar mu 1949, Beer 1964 ndi Ehrmann ndi Rua 2002. Mwa iwo, wamkulu kwambiri ndi banja la a Mantidae, omwe pofika chaka cha 2018 panali mabanja 17 apabanja, 149 genera, mitundu 1016, koma makonzedwe am'banjawo akuwunikanso, mabanja ena omwe mabanja angapo amalemba amawatenga ngati mabanja osiyana. Banja limaphatikizapo pafupifupi theka la mitundu yamakono ya zovala za mantis, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, onse banja lokha ndi magulu ake amawerengedwa kuti ndi polyphyletic ndipo amafunanso maphunziro ena a taxonomic. Mabanja Amorphoscelidae, Eremiaphilidae, Acanthopidae, Empusidae ndi Sibyllidae ndiwopindulitsa; ena amafuna kuti awonongeke.
Mabanja achikhalidwe
Banja la Amorphoscelidae lili ndi 15 genera ndipo lagawidwa m'mabanja atatu: Perlamantinae (2 genera, Southern Europe ndi North Africa), Amorphoscelinae (5 genera, Sub-Saharan Africa ndi Southeast Asia) ndi Paraoxypilinae (8 mitundu, Australia ndi New Guinea, 1 mtundu wa Exparoxypilus africanus ochokera ku Tanzania). Banja la Eremiaphilidae limaphatikizapo mantis yaying'ono yokhala ndi mapiko ochepetsedwa, okhala m'mchenga ndi miyala yamiyala. Banja limaphatikizapo 2 genera: Eremiaphila (pafupifupi mitundu 70) ndi Heteronutarsus (Mitundu 4). Banja la Acanthopidae lili ndi mtundu wa 13 ndipo lagawidwa m'mabanja atatu a mabanja: Acanthopinae (6 genera), Acontistinae (6 genera), Stenophyllinae (1 genus). Banja la Empusa ndi Sibyllidae ndilofanana zofananira, koma mwatsatanetsatane ndimaudindo amisala. Banja la empusa lili ndi genera 10, yolumikizidwa m'mabanja awiri ocheperako: Blepharodinae (3 genera) ndi Empusinae (7 genera). Zolakwika zili ponseponse ku Old World: Europe, Africa, Western Asia. Oimira gululi ali ndi mphamvu pamutu, kuyenda miyendo ndi m'mimba ndi nkhokwe, milomo yayitali, proteorax, tinyanga taimuna timakhala kuti totupa. Zovala zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala moyo wachisangalalo, wokhala ndi udzu wautali kapena tchire. Sibyllidae ndi banja laling'ono lomwe lili ndi mitundu itatu: Leptosibylla, Presibylla, Sibylla. Kugawidwa ku Africa yotentha, kumwera kwa Sahara. Mutu wokhala ndi "mbali" yakutali, pakati ndi kumbuyo kwamiyendo ndi lobes. Amakhala makamaka pamakungwa a mitengo m'nkhalango yotentha.
Momwe limawonekera: kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a zovala
Monga lamulo, mantis imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, komwe ndi chizindikiro cha tizilombo. Kupemphera zovala ndi chimodzi mwazilombo zochepa zomwe zimatha kusintha mutu wake mozungulira.. Chifukwa chake amatha kuwona adani kumbuyo. Khutu la tizilombo ndi limodzi lokha, koma kumva kwake ndi kwabwino.
Maso a zovala
Amanu ali ndi maso okhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe ali kumbali ziwiri za mutu. Palinso maso atatu oyambira pamwamba pa malo omwe anyani amakulira. Masharubu am'mutu, nawonso, a kapangidwe kake, amathanso kukhala cirrus ndi film. Maonekedwe a ndevu zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa tizilombo.
Mitundu yambiri yama-mantis ili ndi mapiko, koma amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zawo. Zachikazi sizimatha kuuluka chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwawo. Chilombo chilichonse chili ndi mapiko awiri - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowala bwino, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Komabe, pali mtundu umodzi wa mantis womwe ulibe mapiko konse - mantis.
Chovala chilichonse chopemphera chimapangidwa bwino, chimakhala chamtsogolo ndipo chimatha kugwira nyama. Kapangidwe ka malembedwe ake ndi: mphete za acetabular, chiuno, miyendo yotsika yokhala ndi mbedza kumapeto kwake, miyendo. Zilonda zokulira zimakhala pamtunda wotsika; milomo yaying'ono ilinso pamiyendo yotsika.
Kupemphera mantis kumagwidwa pakati pa miyendo ndi ntchafu. Amugwira mpaka adadyatu. Chifukwa chida chachilendo pakupuma, zovala zokhala ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yozungulira. Mpweya wa oxygen umalowa m'thupi la kachilomboka kudzera mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ma tracheas angapo, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi stigmas.
Miyeso
Kusiyana kofunikira kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kukula kwake. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mantis Ischnomantis gigas imakhala ku Africa, imatha kukula mpaka 17 cm, ndikukhala chojambulira pakati pa zovala zonse zazing'ono malinga ndi kukula kwake.
Heterochaeta orientalis imatha kudziwika ngati mtundu wa kupemphera mantis, womwe umakhala wachiwiri kutalika. Kukula kwa oimira awa a zovala za mandis kumakhala kocheperako - mpaka masentimita 16. Oimira osavuta amtunduwu samakula kupitirira 1.5 cm.
Dera - mantis amakhala kuti?
Kupemphera kwamawu ndi kofala padziko lonse lapansi. Ali ku Europe, Asia, Africa ndi America. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala zimadziwika m'maiko aku Asia. Mitundu yochepa ikhoza kupezeka m'maiko a CIS. Tizilombo tina tinatitumiza ku Australia ndi North America, komwe timazika mizu.
Amayi amakhala m'malo otentha ndi otentha:
- M'malo amvula onyowa.
- M'madambo otentha, pomwe dzuwa lopanda tanthauzo limaphika.
- Pamatanthwe ndi mapazi, wokutidwa ndi udzu wandiweyani.
Mwachilengedwe, zovala zapamwamba ndi zapamwamba kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta kuti azilekerera kutentha pang'ono. Tsopano ku Russia munthu akhoza kukumana ndi zovuta zopemphera zosamukira kumayiko ena. Akuyang'ana chakudya ndi malo atsopano.
Kusamuka kotereku ndikosowa kwambiri. Amapemphera zovala amakonda kukhala m'magawo omwe kale amakhala. Adzakhala pamtengo womwewo moyo wawo wonse malinga ndi chakudya. Kuyenda kwa tizilombo kumawonedwa makamaka munthawi yakukhwima, ndi kuchepa kwa madera komanso pangozi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Kwenikweni zovala zonse zopemphera zimakonda kuchita zochitika zawo masana. Sathawa adani awo achilengedwe. Zachilengedwe zidapatsa mantis chida choteteza - panthawi yangozi amatembenukira kumaso ndi mdani, natambasula mapiko awo ndikufuula mwamphamvu. Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi tizilombo ndilokulira komanso labwino. Amawopseza ngakhale anthu.
mawu odziteteza
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani mkazi wopemphera mantis amadya mwamuna wake?
Nthawi yakukhwima, mkazi amatha kudya mnzake, ndikumusokoneza ndi yemwe angakonde. Akazi amadyanso amuna chifukwa choti pamafunika protein yambiri kuti abereke ana. Nthawi yomweyo, sikuti ndi okhawo omwe amawukiridwa, komanso mitundu yonseyo.
Asanakhwime, yamphongo imavina pamaso pa mnzake, kutulutsa chinthu chosanunkhira. Fungo limawonetsa kuti kachilomboka ndi ka mtundu womwewo. Nthawi zina zazikazi sizitha kudya zamphongo, koma ndizosowa kwambiri. Choyamba, njonda imadula mutu, ndipo pambuyo pake mkaziyo amudya.
Zoyang'anira nyama zimasaka bwino kwambiri. Amatha kusunthika, amatha kugwira ndi kupha wolakwidwayo pamasekondi ochepa. Chochititsa chidwi ndi tizilombo ndikuti amawongolera mayendedwe awo onse mouluka.
Kodi mantis amadya chiyani?
Mapemphero opemphera ndi nyama yolusa ndipo amatha kusaka bwino kwambiri. Amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, koma amatha kuukira zolengedwa zazikulu kuposa izo. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri imakhudzanso nyama zazing'ono, zokwawa ndi zapamtundu. Amasaka nyama mwachinsinsi, amabisala masamba ndi kuwombera ndi liwiro la mphezi.
Utoto ndi maski
Mapemphero opemphera amakhala ndi luso labwino kwambiri. Mtundu ndi mawonekedwe ake zimatengera malo omwe adakhalako. Mitundu ina ya mandis imatha kukhala yobiriwira, ina yofiirira, kapenanso yopindika. Mtundu wa kachilomboka umatengera chilengedwe. Ma mantis obiriwira sangawonekere muudzu, bulauni pansi. Mavalidwe osiyanasiyana amakhala ngati amakopa akazi.
Tizilombo tina titha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana, kudzipanga tokha ngati masamba. Chifukwa chake amakhala osawoneka kwa adani. Wina akaukira kachilombo, ndiye kuti kamayambaotsegula mapiko ake, kuyesera kuwoneka akulu.
Adani
Mantis ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale amakhalanso nyama yolusa. Mdani wamkulu wa anthu amtundu wina wa mantis. Anthu akuluakulu amatha kupha mantis onse mdera linalake popanda mavuto. Mapempherowo ndi tizilombo olimba mtima, chifukwa chake amathamangira kwa oimira mabanja awo ngakhale atakhala ochuluka kuposa iwo.
Wamba mantis
Amapembedzedwe achizolowezi opemphera okhala kumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu, amafikira 7 cm. Nthawi zambiri zobiriwira kapena zofiirira, zimatha kuuluka. Thupi la kachiromboka ndi losavomerezeka. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mtunduwu ndi malo ochepa akuda m'makola a mbele.
Chiyambi cha dzina loti Mantis
Katswiri wazophunzitsa wa ku Sweden dzina lake Karl Linyi adapereka dzina la wophunzirayo ku zovala zam'mbuyomo mu 1758, ndikuwonetsa chidwi kuti chowoneka cha zobisalira, chomwe chimabisalira ndikuthamangitsa nyama, chikufanana kwambiri ndi munthu yemwe anapinda manja popemphera kwa Mulungu. Chifukwa chofananira kofananira, wasayansiyo adapereka dzina la Chilatini "Mantis Religiousiosa", lomwe limamasulira kuti "wansembe wachipembedzo", dzina loti "kupemphera mantis" lidalowera mchilankhulo chathu.
Ngakhale sanatchulidwe kwina kulikonse, ngwazi yathu ilinso ndi mayina ena, osati achisomo, mwachitsanzo, ku Spain amatchedwa Caballito del Diablo - kavalo wa mdierekezi kapena kungoti - muerte - kufa. Mayina oterewa mwachidziwikire amadziwika kuti amaphatikizidwa ndi zizolowezi zochepa zazovala zamisala.
Kodi mawu opanga maonekedwe amawoneka ngati: kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Kapangidwe ka mantis kamadziwika ndi thupi lalitali, lomwe limasiyanitsa ndi tizilombo tina ta arthropod.
Chovala chodziwikirachi mwina ndicho chamoyo chokhacho chomwe chimatha kutembenuza mutu wake wozungulira wozungulira wamadigiri 360. Chifukwa cha luso lothandiza, amatha kuona mdani akubwera kuchokera kumbuyo. Ndipo ali ndi khutu limodzi lokha, koma, ngakhale izi, khutu lalikulu.
Maso a mantis ndi opangidwa mwaluso, omwe ali pambali ya mutu, koma kuphatikiza pa iwo, ngwazi yathu imakhala ndi maso osavuta atatu pamwamba pamunsi pa tinyanga.
Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono ndi chisa, nthenga, kapena fayilo, kutengera mtundu wa tizilombo.
Zovala zopemphera, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mitundu yawo, zili ndi mapiko opangidwa bwino, koma nthawi zambiri amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kuuluka, zazikazi, chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwakukulu ndi kukula kwake, ndizovuta kuuluka kuposa amuna. Mapiko a zovala zokhala ndi awiriawiri: kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, oyambilira amakhala ngati elytra yoyambirira kuteteza mapiko a kumbuyo. Komanso mapiko opemphera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitundu yowala, ndipo nthawi zina amakumana ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Koma mwa mitundu yambiri ya mantis pamakhala dothi lotchedwa (dzina lachi Latin loti Geomantis larvoides), lomwe lilibe mapiko konse.
Zovala zamapemphero zakonzedwa bwino kutsogolo, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta - iliyonse imakhala ndi zambiri: swivels, ntchafu, miyendo yotsika ndi mawondo. Pali malo okumbika akulu omwe ali m'mizere itatu pansi pa ntchafu. Palinso zonyamula (ngakhale zing'onozing'ono) pa mantis shank, zomwe zimakongoletsedwa ndi mbedza yakuthwa, yopangidwa ndi singano kumapeto. Kapangidwe kofananira ka zovala za mantis, onani chithunzichi.
Amwana amasunga nyama yawo pakati pa ntchafu ndi mwendo wotsika mpaka chakudya chawo chitha.
Kuzungulira kwa mantis ndikwachikale, koma pali chifukwa cha izi - njira yopumira yopumira. Mankhwala opatsirana amathandizidwa ndi okosijeni ndi dongosolo lovuta la ma tracheas omwe amalumikizidwa ndi dykhaltsami (stigmata) pamimba pakati ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi. Mu trachea mumakhala ma secs amlengalenga omwe amalimbikitsa mpweya wabwino wa kupuma konse.
Mtundu wa Mantis
Monga tizilombo tina tambiri ta mantis, tili ndi luso lotha kubisala, njira yachilengedweyi yotetezera kwa adani, chifukwa chake mitundu yawo imakhala, kutengera chilengedwe, mitundu yobiriwira, yachikaso komanso yofiirira. Zovala zobiriwira zobiriwira zimakhala pamtunda wobiriwira, zofiirira ndizophatikizika ndi makungwa a mitengo.
Kodi mantis amadya chiyani?
Si chinsinsi kuti ngwazi yathu imakonda kudyera nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo saopa kugwirira nyama yayikulu kuposa iwowo. Amadya ntchentche, udzudzu, njuchi, mavu, ma bumblebe, agulugufe, nsikidzi, ndi zina. Oimira akuluakulu a banja lopempheralo (onani pamwambapa) amathanso kulimbana ndi makoswe ang'ono, mbalame, ndi anyani ang'onoang'ono: achule, abuluzi.
Amapemphera zovala nthawi zambiri zimabisala, mwadzidzidzi kugwirira ndi miyendo yawo yakutsogolo ndipo musalole kupita mpaka itatha. Nsagwada zamphamvu zimalola osusuka awa kudya ngakhale munthu wamkulu.
Orchid mantis
Mitundu ya Orchid ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya tizilombo. Dzinali linaperekedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wake komanso mawonekedwe ake, zofanana ndi pamtengo wa ma orchid. Pa maluwa awa amadikirira ndikugwira tizilombo tina. Amakula mpaka 8 cm, pomwe amuna ndi ochepa kuposa theka. Oimira osawopa a mabanja awo amatha kuthamangira ngakhale kwa adani akulu.
Kodi mantis amakhala kuti?
Pafupifupi kulikonse, popeza malo awo amakhala kwambiri: Central ndi Southern Europe, Asia, North ndi South America, Africa, Australia. Sangokhala zigawo zakumpoto zokha, chifukwa mawu ofala sadziwika kwenikweni kuzizira. Koma ndizoyenereradi, mwachitsanzo, nyengo yotentha komanso yanyontho ya kotentha ku Africa ndi South America. Mantis akumva bwino mu nkhalango zotentha, ndi zigawo za steppe, komanso m'matanthwe.
Iwo samasuntha malo ndi malo, amakonda malo awo achizolowezi kumalo akutali osadziwika, chifukwa chokha chomwe chingawasunthire paulendo ndikusowa kwa chakudya.
Kodi ndimaphemphelo angati omwe amakhala?
Mantis amatha kukhala ndi chaka chimodzi. Komabe, m'malo opangidwa mwaluso, zaka za anthu ena zimafika chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Wonjezerani masabata awiri mutabadwa. Amuna, monga lamulo, amafa atachira. Komanso, zazikazi zazikulu zimazipha. Mphutsi zangobadwa kumene nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kudya ntchentche zazing'ono, pambuyo poyambira zinayi zimasanduka zofanana ndi anthu akuluakulu.
Wamba mantis
Amayi wamba wamba amakhala m'maiko ambiri ku Europe, Asia, ndi Africa. Mwambo wamba wopemphera ndi woimira kwambiri ufumu wopemphera, womwe umafikira 7 cm (wamkazi) ndi 6 cm (wamwamuna). Monga lamulo, ndizobiriwira kapena zofiirira, mapiko amapangidwa bwino, mwina kuchoka ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi chifukwa cha mantis si vuto wamba. M'mimba ndi ovoid. Mutha kusiyanitsa mtundu wamtunduwu wa kavalidwe kakang'ono ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono, komwe kali kolowera miyendo yakutsogolo kuchokera mkati.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji mawu achija amatchedwa?
Dzinali limapemphera, ndipo limapezeka koyamba mu 1758. Tizilombo tinatchedwa nasayansi ya ku Sweden yachilengedwe ku Karl Linnaeus. Anayang'ana tizilomboti ndipo ananena mawu osangalatsa kuti akuwoneka ngati anthu amene amapemphera kwa Mulungu mwakhama. Zowonadi zake, kutsogolo kwa maliseche kumakhala ngati kupindika nthawi zonse. Chidacho chidatchedwa "Mantis Religioniosa", chomwe chimamasulira kuchokera ku Latin kuti "wansembe wachipembedzo." Mukutanthauzira kwa Chirasha, dzina loti "kupemphera mantis" lazika mizu.
Karl Linney anali woyamba wasayansi ofotokozedwa mwanzeru
Nthawi yomweyo, mawu otchedwa mantis samatchedwa kachilombo m'makona onse a dziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, mawu osula mawu amadziwika kuti amatanthauza zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Spain, zovala zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi imfa ndipo zimatchedwa skate ya mdierekezi. Mayina oterewa amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zizolowezi zoipa za mantis, zowopsa anthu.
Chinese mantis
Mwachidziwikire, malo obadwirako ndi malo okhala mtundu wa mantis ndi China. Chinese mantis ndi yayikulu kwambiri, zazikazi zimatalika mpaka 15 cm, koma kukula kwake kwamphongo ndizochulukirapo. Amakhala ndi mitundu yobiriwira komanso yofiirira. Chizindikiro cha zovala zaku China zopemphera ndi chikhalidwe chawo chamadzulo, pomwe abale awo ena amagona usiku.Komanso, achinyamata achichepere achi China alibe mapiko omwe amakula pokhapokha atayenda pang'ono, ndiye kuti nawonso amatha kuuluka.
Deroplatys desiccata
M'nkhalango zotentha za Malaysia, zovala zazikuluzikulu zimakhala, zomwe zimakonda bwino masamba. Idatsegulidwa mu 1839, ofukula za m'mabwinja Wachingelezi komanso katswiri wazomangamanga John Obadia Westwood.
Mutu, miyendo ndi thupi la kachilombo kamafanana ndi masamba. Chifukwa cha izi, adalandira dzina la mtundu wake - "mutu wopambana wamasamba owoneka."
Deroplatys lobata
Mtundu wina womwe umafanana ndi masamba. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwanso kuti Leaf Wakufa. Mutha kukumana ndi Deroplatys Lobata kuzilumba za Pacific Ocean, ku Indonesia ndi ku Peninsula ya Malaysia.
Ndiosavuta kusungidwa, koma mawonekedwe achilengedwe ofanana ndi nkhalango zamvula otentha amafunika. Akazi amafika 9cm, koma amuna amakula mpaka 4,5 cm.
Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii
Dziko lokhala ndi ma pinki opendekera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Tizilomboti timaphatikizika ndi maluwa apinki, kudikirira nyama yake.
Mitundu yowala ndi malovu m'munsi mwa thupi imamuwopsyeza mbalame. Alinso ndi chinthu china chachilendo. Amadziwa kuwongolera kutsogolo kwake, kukulitsa kukula kwa thupi lake. Pakupuma, kutalika sikupitirira 38 mm.
Heterochaeta orientalis
Wokakhala ku Africa, diso loyang'ana-maso ndi mtundu wake ndi mawonekedwe ake osawoneka bwino. Kupusitsa kumeneku kumamupangitsa kuti athawe kwa adani, ndikuwopseza omwe akum'pulumutsa kuti abisalire.
Maso ake ali ndi ma spikes, chifukwa chake nyamayi imatha kuwona zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pake. Nyama yayikulu yozungulira yozungulira imakula mpaka 15 cm, ndipo imadyetsa ntchentche, agulugufe ndi zina zouluka za Lepidoptera.
Osaphonya, patsamba lathu most-be).ru pali nkhani yophunzitsira yokhudza agulugufe okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Rhombodera basalis
Mitundu yayikulu ya mtundu wa Rhombodera imatha kupezeka pakati pa nkhalango zamvula za India, Thailand ndi Malaysia. Amakonzekera kukhazikika m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Akuluakulu amakula mpaka 9 cm.
Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya chishango cha pachifuwa. Mtundu wake ndi wobiriwira wamtambo wokhala ndi tint wabuluu. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe okongola komanso odekha, nthawi zambiri mumakhala okhala m'mizinda yakunyumba.
Blepharopsis mendica
Tizilombo tofatsa, tosatetemera timatchulidwanso kuti "duwa la mdierekezi" chifukwa cha mtundu wake ndi mawonekedwe ake. Zinapezeka ndi katswiri wazowona za nyama ku Danish, Johann Sebastian Fabrice mu 1775.
Panthawi yowopsa, mapiko amafalikira kwambiri, miyendo imakwezedwa kuti iwope mdani. Amakhala kumadera achipululu komanso kumapiri a Southeast Asia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa.
Idolomantis diabolica
Duwa lotchedwa Damn, lomwe limatchulidwalo, limapezeka ku mayiko a East Africa. Imasaka kubisalira, imadzisintha ngati maluwa ndi masamba a zitsamba ndi mitengo.
Kutengera chilengedwe, imatha kusintha mtundu wa thupi, komanso kapangidwe ka miyendo. Malangizo okongola kwambiri, malinga ndi akatswiri a zam'mlengalenga, tsopano ndi "Mfumu ya zovala" chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake.
Miomantis caffra
Dziko lokhalamo mtunduwu ndi Africa, koma mu 1978 mitunduyi idayambitsidwa ku New Zealand. Posachedwa, zovala zodabwitsa izi zapezeka ku Portugal.
Cholengedwa chaching'ono, chomwe chikukula mpaka 6cm kutalika, chimabisala pansi pamasamba, kudikirira ozunzidwa, komanso adani othawa. Mtunduwu umachita zachiwerewere. Wamkazi amadya wamwamuna akangokwatirana.
Choeradodis rhombicollis
Tizilombo tachilendizi timakhala kumapiri a Peru. Mitundu ya chithokomiro ndiyovuta kudziwa pakati pa masamba obiriwira, chifukwa imasenda masamba ndi masamba obiriwira.
Pazonse, mtundu wa Choeradodis umakhala ndi mitundu isanu, yosiyana kukula ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Mitundu ina ya ku Peru inasamukira ku Central America, posinthika ndi moyo watsopano.
Pogonogaster tristani
Malo okhala zovala zokongola kwambiri ndi nkhalango za ku Costa Rica. Mtunduwu udapezeka mu 1918, ndipo utadziwika ndi dzina lake, Pat Tristani.
Mtundu wachilendo womwe sufulumira kuti uwonekere pamaso pa munthu. Mwamwayi mu 2012, wojambula Oscar Blanco, yemwe adagwira kachilombo. Pambuyo pake, pamodzi ndi akatswiri a zoology, wojambulayo adafalitsa buku lonse la sayansi pa mawonekedwe osowa awa, ndikupatsa ntchitoyi zithunzi zokongola ndi zithunzi.
Ndipo zokhudzana ndi tizilombo tosadziwika bwino padziko lapansi, most-be).ru takonzerani nkhani yosangalatsa kwa inu.
Phyllocrania paradoxa
Tizilombo tosadziwika bwino timakhala kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Posachedwa, mamembala a banja la Metallyticidae apezeka ku Madagascar.
Maonekedwe a thupi, khungu lake limafanana ndi tsamba louma. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwona. Zing'ono. Amakula osaposa 4-5 cm.Pangowopsa, amatha kumanamizira kuti ndi akufa, potero kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo.
Hymenopus coronatus
Timaliza kusankha kwathu pa mostchidpo.ru okongola Orchid Mantis, wokongola, ngati duwa la orchid. Mwachilengedwe, idalandira dzina la mtundu wake chifukwa chofanana ndi duwa.
Akazi amtunduwu amakula mpaka 9 cm, koma amuna ndi ochepa - mpaka 4 cm. Mutha kukumana nawo m'nkhalango za Indonesia ndi India. Chifukwa cha kukongola kwake, imafunidwa kwambiri pakati paokonda tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo okhala nyumba ndi malo osungira nyama.
Mwa njira, pali nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza ma orchid okongola kwambiri patsamba lathu kwambiri-be).ru.
Pomaliza
Kuyang'ana zithunzi zokongola za zovala, ndizodziwikiratu kuti chilengedwe ndi mmisiri waluso. Anawadalitsa tizilombo tating'ono motere. Mitundu ina imagwiritsa ntchito chobisira kubisala kwa adani ndi mbalame, ina kukopa anyamata kapena atsikana. Ndipo zachitatu ndizachilendo kwambiri ndipo sindingakhulupirire kuti izi ndi zinthu zamoyo.
Kwa iwo omwe analibe zithunzi zokongola za mantis, pansipa tatumiza zithunzi zingapo!
Duwa lambiri
Woimira banja la Empusidae. (Steve Smith)
Habitat - East Africa. (Steve Smith)
Mtundu - kuchokera pakakhala bulauni mpaka wobiriwira. (Steve Smith)
Spiked Flower Kupemphera Mantis
Woimira banja la a Hymenopodidae. (Frupus)
Habitat - South ndi East Africa. (Frupus)
Spiked Flower Kupemphera Mantis. (Frupus)
Kufotokozera kwa Flower Mantis
Maluwa a maluwa obiriwira amakhala ndi elytra wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa kirimu pakati, ndi mawanga amtundu womwewo m'munsi mwa mapiko.
Mapiko a kumbuyo ndi ofiira. Malo amtundu wa bulauni ndi pinki amamwazika thupi lonse.
Utoto wapadera wa duwa wopemphera umamupangitsa kuti adziveka bwino m'misamba yosiyanasiyana, komwe amayembekeza omwe akuwatsata atangokhala.
Kubala ndi kusunga maluwa mantis ali mndende
Mukamaweta maluwa m'mapeto, mzimayiyo atasungidwa edema, iye (ooteca) amayikidwa m'chiwiya chaching'ono pamodzi ndi gawo lapansi. Chidebecho chimayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso mawonekedwe a coconut gawo lapansi kapena peat yonyowa. Ngati chinyezi chikasungidwa chidebe, kutentha ndikusinthira pakati pa 25 mpaka Celsius, pakapita nthawi mphutsi zimaswa.
Ndikwabwino ngati mphutsizo zimadzibwezeretsa m'bokosi wamba. Chiwerengero chambiri cha nthambi zoonda, komanso masentimita angapo a gawo lapansi, chiyenera kuyikidwa pansi pake. Izi ndizofunikira kuti pakhale chinyontho pamlingo wofunikira. Mphutsi zimayamba kudyetsa patangotha masiku awiri kuchokera pamene mazira amayamba.
Monga chakudya, mphutsi za mibadwo yoyamba nthawi zambiri zimapatsidwa mapiko osiyanasiyana. M'chilimwe, amadzidyetsera, omwe asaka nyama nthawi zambiri amadzigwera okha pamakungwa mothandizidwa ndi ukonde wakutchera. Mphutsi zikamakula mpaka masentimita atatu m'litali, zimasanjidwa ndikuwabzala m'mabokosi osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zofanana.
Monga zovala zonse zopemphera, kubala cannibalism kumakhala kubiri.
Achichepere a zovala za maluwa okonda maluwa amakonda kudya ntchentche, agogo, dzombe, crickets, ndi tizilombo tina tambiri tambiri tokwanira. M'magawo omaliza, mphutsi zimasanjidwa ndi kugonana, ndikukhala m'mabokosi osiyana. Zogulitsa, wamkazi m'modzi ndi amphongo anayi obzalidwa m'bokosi.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti kubala maluwawa pakati pa maluwa ndi njira yofala, chifukwa chake, mu khola ndi akulu ndi achinyamata nthawi zonse pazikhala chakudya chokwanira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu ambiri pang'onopang'ono kukuchepa. Komabe, izi ndizofanana ndi tizilombo tomwe tili ku Europe kokha. M'mayiko a ku Africa ndi ku Asia, zovala zodziwikirazi zimapitiriza kubereka. Kuvulala kwakukulu kwa anthu sikumayamba chifukwa cha adani awo achilengedwe, koma ndi zochita za anthu. Anthu amawononga chilengedwe zachilengedwe za zovala, kudula mitengo ndi kuwononga minda. Nthawi zina pamakhala nthawi zina mtundu wina wa zovala umasuntha wina kuchokera kumadera ena. Nthawi zina mtundu wina umakhala wakonzedwa, popeza mawuwo ndi oopsa kwambiri.
Popeza tizilombo tambiri timatenthedwe, sizikhala bwino m'malo abwino. Mphutsi zimapanganso pang'onopang'ono, kotero kubwezeretsa kwathunthu kumatenga nthawi yambiri. Mibadwo yakale imatha kufa mpaka kuoneka kwatsopano. Kuti asunge kuchuluka kwa anthu, anthu amayesetsa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu kumalo achilengedwe.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza anthu
Ngakhale amachita zankhanza, mawu opemphelera sakhala owopsa kwa anthu. Ngakhale kukula kwakukulu kwa mamembala ena am'banja.
Mantis Spikes
Kuvulaza kokha komwe mantis amatha kuchitira munthu wamkulu ndikuvulaza ndi zopindika. Pazifukwa izi musalole ana ang'ono kupemphera mantis. Mtundu wa tizilombo sizabwino kwenikweni.
Zoyenera kubzala ndizothandiza paulimi, chifukwa zimadya tizirombo tambiri taulimi. Ku Africa, zovala zokhazokha zimabweretsedwa m'nyumba momwe zimadyera ntchentche. Komabe, zovala zopempherazi ndizosakhutira - zimatha kuwononga tizilombo tothandiza ngati njuchi.
Ammantis ali oyenera kusunga ma terariums. Amatengedwa kupita kunyumba komwe amapereka chisamaliro choyenera. Malo abwino kwambiri osungirako zovala ndi monga:
- Ulamuliro wa kutentha ndi madigiri 20-30 Celsius.
- Zizindikiro za chinyezi cha Terrarium - zosaposa 60%.
Kuthirira tizilombo sikofunikira, amapeza zonse zomwe amafunikira kuchokera ku chakudya. Kuthengo, mitundu yaying'ono ya zovala zokhala ndi malo okhala ndi zochulukirapo ndi zokulirapo, nthawi zina kuchotsedwa kwina kwamtunduwu mdera linalake kumatha kuchitika.
Pakupemphera zovala, malo apadera ayenera kukonzedwa. Chochita chosangalatsa kwambiri mwa munthu ndi kusankha kukhala ndi chiweto chachilendo. Terarium sifunikira kusankha zazikulu zazikulu. Amayi ali ndi gawo laling'ono monga mawonekedwe apulasitiki kapena galasi. Chophimba cha terrarium chizikhala chopangidwa ndi mauna, ndipo kukula kwake kuyenera kukhalanso ndi ena atatu mwa zovala izi. Ndikwabwino kuwonjezera nthambi zamasamba kapena zomera mu malo ogwiritsira ntchito nyama. Chifukwa chake tizilombo timatha kuwakwera ngati chilengedwe.
Monga tanena kale, zovala zopempherazi zimakonda malo achinyezi okhala ndi madigiri 20 mpaka 30 Celsius. Amadyanso tizilombo tina. Pogulitsa m'masitolo azinyama mungapeze nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana, nyerere, zomwe zidzakhale chakudya chokwanira cha zovala. Kudyetsa kuyenera kukhala kokhazikika, koma zovala zongomwa sizofunikira.
Kupemphera Mantis Creobroter meleagris
Mantis Creobroter meleagris amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia: India, Vietnam, Cambodia ndi mayiko ena angapo. Nthawi zambiri fikani masentimita 5. Mitundu yoyera ndi zonona. Mutha kuwazindikira pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa bulauni, womwe umadutsa thupi lonse ndi mutu. Komanso pamapikowo ndili ndi malo ochepa komanso akulu amtundu woyera kapena wonona.
Indian maluwa Kupemphera Mantis
Ndiye mantis Creobroter gemmatus amakonda kwambiri nkhalango zonyowa zakumwera kwa India, Vietnam ndi mayiko ena a ku Asia. Mtunduwu ndi wocheperako, zazikazi zimangokula mpaka 40 mm, zazimuna mpaka 38 mm. Thupi limakhala lalitali kwambiri kuposa abale ena. Ndi chitetezo chowonjezera, m'chiuno cha Indian mantis pamakhala mawonekedwe apadera amtali osiyanasiyana. Zopaka utoto wonona. Omwe akuyimira nyamayi ndi ouluka bwino kwambiri, abambo ndi akazi, chifukwa chakulemera pang'ono, kuphatikiza, mapiko onse awiriwo amapangidwa bwino. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ali ndi malo pamapiko akutsogolo, ofanana ndi diso limodzi ndi ana awiri, omwe amawaopa adani. Amavala zovala zamaluwa amoyo, malinga ndi mayina awo m'maluwa azomera, pomwe amateteza nyama zawo.
Pantly Floral Kupemphera Mantis
Iye ndiye mantis Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii amakhala kumayiko akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. M'makhalidwe, kukula, ndikufanana kwambiri ndi maluwa a India. Koma utoto wake ndiwosangalatsa makamaka - ndiwotchukitsa, pamapiko apamwamba pali mawonekedwe osangalatsa ofanana ndi ozungulira kapena maso. Pamimba yamtunduwu pali ma spine owonjezereka omwe adawatcha dzina lotere.
Heteroheta kum'mawa
Eastern heteroheta kapena spiky-eyed mantis ndi amodzi mwa malo akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi (wamkazi amafika 15 cm kutalika) ndipo amakhala kwambiri ku Africa. Zovala zoterezi zimakhala mu nthambi zamtchire, phindu la maonekedwe awo limafanana ndi nthambi.
Terrarium
Icho chingakhale chachilendo kwambiri komanso chosazolowereka kukhala ndi mawu opemphereredwa kunyumba, sichoncho? Komabe, pali anthu omwe ali ndi "ziweto" zotere ndipo ngati mukufunanso kuti mulowe nawo, chinthu choyamba chomwe muyenera kusamalira ndizoyang'anira malo. Malo ocheperako pang'ono, galasi kapena pulasitiki okhala ndi chophimba cha mauna ndiloyenera, magawo ake ayenera kukhala osachepera katatu kuposa kukula kwa mawuwo. Mkati mwake, zingakhale bwino kuyika nthambi kapena tinthu ting'onoting'ono pomwe timene timakwera.
Momwe mungadyetsere zovala zapakhomo kunyumba
Chakudya chamoyo. Matikiti, ziwala, maphemwe, ntchentche ndizabwino. Mitundu ina ya zovala sizingadye nyerere. Ndipo pazonsezi amafunika kudyetsedwa pafupipafupi, kotero kusunga "ziweto" zoterezi kumatha kukhala ntchito yovuta. Koma simuyenera kumwa ma mantis, chifukwa amalandira madzi ofunikira m'zakudya.
Zochititsa Chidwi za Amayi
- Chimodzi mwazovala zamaluso achifwamba aku China omwe amapezeka pamwambowu chimatchedwa kuti mantis, malinga ndi nthano, njira iyi idapangidwa ndi mlimi waku China yemwe amayang'anira kusaka kwa mantis.
- Ku Soviet Union nthawi ina anafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu opangidwa mwachangu ngati chitetezo kwachilengedwe kwa tizirombo taulimi. Zowona, izi zinayenera kusiyidwa, popeza ma mantis adadyanso tizilombo tothandiza, njuchi zomwezo.
- Kuyambira kale, zovala zopempherapo zinali ponseponse nthano za nthano komanso nthano pakati pa anthu aku Africa ndi Asia, mwachitsanzo, ku China adawonetsa kukakamira ndi umbombo, ndipo Agiriki akale adawafotokozera kuti amatha kulosera zam'tsogolo.
Kupemphera Mantis - kachilombo kuchokera ku pulaneti ina, kanema
Ndipo pamapeto pake, tikufotokozerani kanema wokonda kwambiri wa sayansi pankhani ya mapemphero.
Polemba nkhani, ndinayesetsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa, yothandiza komanso yapamwamba kwambiri momwe ndingathere. Ndingayamikire kwambiri chifukwa cha ndemanga iliyonse komanso kutsutsa kopindulitsa mwa ndemanga pankhaniyi. Mutha kulembanso zomwe mukufuna / funso / lingaliro ku makalata anga [email protected] kapena Facebook, mwaulemu.
Nkhaniyi ikupezeka mu Chingerezi - Kupemphera Mantis - mlendo.