Kukula kwa oimira gulu limodzi pamgulu kuyambira pa nyenyezi mpaka pa tsekwe. Thupi lawo limapanikizika pambuyo pake ndipo limasinthidwa kuti liziyenda pakati pazomera zazingwe, mapiko ndi mchira ndizifupi. Chosaiwalika kwambiri pakuwonekera kwa ena abusa - zala zazitali zosazolowereka, kulola mbalame kumayenda mozungulira malo oyandikana ndi kukwera mabango. Abusawo amawuluka moipa komanso monyinyirika. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhala kuzilumbazi nthawi zambiri imalephera kuuluka ndipo idakhala yotetezeka kwambiri. Sanatetezeke kotheratu kwa zilombo ndi nyama zina zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi azungu, sanachedwe kapena kusowa kwathunthu.
Moyo
Abusa ambiri amakhala osowa konse, koma nkovuta kuwona, chifukwa amakhala moyo wachinsinsi. Ambiri aiwo amagwira ntchito usiku ndikudzipangitsa kuti azingomva zodabwitsa ndi mawu, komabe, mawu awo samasiyana pakukhudzana - uku ndi mawu osiyanasiyana, kubuma, kubuula, kukuwa.
Zodziwika bwino
Chowoneka mosiyana ndi choweta cha ng'ombe ndi mulomo wokhazikika pansi. Wachikulire amatha kutalika mpaka 28cm komanso kutalika kofika mpaka 170 g.Madzi am'manja ali ndi zala zazifupi, mapiko akulu komanso ozungulira. Kuchokera patali zikuwoneka kuti abusawo ali ndi nthenga zakuda. M'malo mwake, mbalame zachikulire zimakhala ndimtambo wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe akulu akuda. M'mphepete mwa nyamazo pali mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda. Mtundu wa woweta amatha kusintha kutengera nthawi ya chaka.
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Pali mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, pomwe malo olemekezeka amakhala m'busa-cod, wachifumu, Central America, Madagascar ndi Colombian.
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Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Abusa amakhala obisalira kwambiri ndipo samakonda kupita kunseru zazitali kapena m'mphepete mwa khwawa. Sakonda kusambira, koma ngati zingafunike amatha kulowa pansi. Pomwe akuyenda mbalame zimakweza miyendo ndi mchira, kuzisenda mosasamala. Ngati chiweto chikuwona zoopsa, chimathawa mwachangu ndikubisala m'nkhalango.
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Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi cowgirl madzulo ndi usiku. Mbalameyi sikuwuluka ndi kuwuluka mlengalenga yokha ndi mantha. Monga lamulo, nyama zimakhala zokha, komanso zimatha kukhala awiriawiri. Nthawi zina kuthengo mumatha kukumana ndi gulu la abusa, lokhala ndi anthu 30. Amadziwika kuti banja lililonse limagawikana, chifukwa nyamazo zimakonda kulumikizana.
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Mbalame zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwawo ndi kulira kwamtambo, komwe nthawi zina kumafanana ndi kufinya kwa nkhumba.
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Pamadyedwe a abusa, ma invertebrates amasilira malo. Mbalame zimatha kudyetsanso ma vertebrates. Mukugwira ntchito, nyama zimagwira nsomba, makoswe, achule ndikudya mazira.
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Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima, mbalame zimamanga zisa zawo, zomwe zimawumba kapu. Monga zida, masamba ndi zimayambira za msuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 7 mpaka 9, omwe makolo onse amakumbukira. Masonry ali ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino kapena wonyezimira, pomwe pamagulu ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa violet kapena ofiira owoneka bwino.
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Mawonekedwe
Ndi mbalame yaying'ono yofanana ndi zinziri kapena chimanga, kutalika kwake ndi 23-26 masentimita, kulemera kwake ndi 100-180 g Kunja, ikuwoneka ngati khola kapena ng'ombe, koma imawonekera pakati pawo ndi mulomo wautali, masentimita 3-4,5, wopindika pang'ono kumapeto. Thupi limazunguliridwa ndikumapanikizidwa mwamphamvu pambuyo pake. Khosi limakhala lalitali mokwanira, likasunthira pamtunda lotambasuka. Mlomowo ndi wautali, wopapatiza, wowongoka pang'ono pansi, mulomo ndi kumapeto kwa mulomo ndi wakuda ndi tint yofiirira, mulomo wotsalawo ndi wofiyira owala kapena wofiirira. Mtsinjewo ndi wofiirira. Zowonjezera zamutu, khosi komanso kumimba kwa thupi ndi zitsulo zachimaso, kumbali ndi pang'ono pamimba pamakhala mikwingwirima yowoneka bwino yopyapyala yamdima komanso yopapatiza. Msana woyera. Kumasamba kumbuyo ndi mapiko ndimtundu wa azitona wokhala ndi mikwaso yakuda. Ntchentche yoyamba 10, yotsogola 12. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wofewa, nthawi zambiri umasunthika ndikupindika mukamasuntha. Miyendo ndiyitali, yofiirira, yokhala ndi zala zazitali. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi samasiyana mtundu, koma amphongo amawoneka akulu. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi achikulire - makosi awo ndi makosi awo ndi oyera, ndipo chifuwa ndi kutsogolo kwa pamimba ndizovuta malo amdima. Pazovala zodyera za abusa ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina yofananira, komabe, mkati mwachilengedwe cha mtunduwu, mulomo wawutali umawatulutsa. Kuchokera pamtundu wina wamtundu wa abusawo, nyama zam'madzi ndizosiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu - mulomo wofiira, mbali zamtambo zakuda ndi zoyera ndi miyendo yofiirira.
Kutengera ndi kukula ndi mtundu wake, pali magulu anayi a abusa am'madzi, opatukana kwina kuchokera kwina:
- Allus aquaticus aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - subspecies Mwadzina. Europe, North Africa ndi West Asia.
- Rallus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen, 1931 - Iceland.
- Allus aquaticus chizindikiro Blyth, 1849 - Mongolia, Siberia, Far East, Korea, Northern Japan. Nyengo Zapansi ku Bengal, Thailand, Laos, Southeast China, Taiwan ndi Southern Japan.
- Rallus aquaticus korejewi Zarudny, 1905 - Kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Aral kupita ku Nyanja ya Balkhash. Kumwera kupita ku Iran, Kashmir ndi kumadzulo komanso pakati China.
Voterani
Kulira kwa abusa ndi kwapadera, kosafananizidwa ndi mbalame zina pamtunda. Zosankha zingapo zimasiyanitsidwa, kuphatikizapo kulira kwa mawonekedwe omwe amafanana ndi kufinya kwa nkhumba. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zimatha kutulutsa muluzu wafupi, ngati "whit", ndikumauma "mkate", womwe umakonda kubwerezedwa.
Dera
Abusa amakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha Europe, komanso ku North Africa. Ku Europe, ndi ochulukirapo, kupatula kumpoto kwa Scandinavia ndi zigawo zakumpoto kwa Russia, koma ndizowerengeka - kuchokera kumadera ena kuli malipoti a malo ochezera, pomwe ena omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofananawo palibe. Amapezeka ku Briteni, Faroe, Balearic Islands komanso ku Iceland. Pali anthu angapo akutali ku Asia. Zoweta kumadzulo kwa Turkey, ku Transcaucasia, mwina kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Iraq, ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea ndi Japan. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu aku India ndizosemphana - magwero osiyanasiyana amatsimikizira kapena amakana zoti mbalame zimadyera kuderali.
Kumpoto kwa Europe ku Russia, malire akumpoto kwa malowa ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga, Plescheevo ndi Zabolotsky, kumwera kwa dera la Kirov, Bashkiria ndi Chelyabinsk. Ku Western Siberia, mbalame zimapezeka kumwera kwenikweni komwe kumalire a Kazakhstan - ku Altai, m'chigawo cha Tyumen, Omsk ndi Novosibirsk. Ku Siberia yaku Kummawa, imakhala mu Transbaikalia, m'dera la Irkutsk, pa Vitim Plateau, m'chigwa cha Vilyui River kum'mwera kwa 64 ° N, pa mtsinje wa Lena kumwera kwa 61 ° N. w. Kugawidwa mdera la Ussuri kumpoto kufikira pakamwa pa Amur, pa Sakhalin ndi South Kuril Islands.
Kusamukira
Makamaka a magulu apaderawo R. a. aquaticus mbalame zokhazikika komanso zosuntha pang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, nesting ku Northern ndi Eastern Europe imapita kum'mwera chakumadzulo: ku Mediterranean, North Africa ndi madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Abusa aang'ono R. a. hibernans kuchokera ku Iceland mwina nthawi yozizira ku Islandse Islands, komanso ku Ireland. Masanjidwe R. a. korejewi zimasamukira pang'ono - nthawi yozizira mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka m'chigawo cha Pakistani cha Sindh, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabia. Abusa aang'ono R. a. chisonyezo ambiri osamukira - kusamukira ku Southeast Asia (mpaka ku chilumba cha Borneo), kupita kuzilumba zakumwera za Japan (kupita ku Okinawa).
Habitat
Pakuswana ndi kuzizira, imakhazikika m'mphepete mwa madambo osiyanasiyana osungirako, oyimilira kapena ongoyenda pang'onopang'ono, m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi mabango, mabango, talnik, mphaka, matope, m'miyala yonyowa ndi zitsamba, mikanda yakale ya peat ndi zitsamba. Zofunika kuti zisare ndi kupezeka kwa masamba oyandikira ndi madzi osambira komanso osaya, komwe mbalame zimapeza ndalama. Makamaka amasungidwa kumapeto, kumapiri opezeka 2000 mpaka 200000 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Amadyetsa makamaka ma invertebrates am'madzi ndi a padziko lapansi - tizilombo ndi mphutsi, mphutsi, maulusi, akangaude, etc. Kufikira pang'ono, amadya zakudya za mbewu - mbewu za m'madzi am'madzi. Nthawi zina amasaka zisa za mbalame zina kapena kusaka nyama zazing'ono kapena nsomba. Modzipereka amadya zovalazo.
Imapeza nyama pamadzi, pamatope pansi pa chosungira, pansi, pamwamba pa zomera zam'madzi kapena zam'madzi.
Wajian Cowgirl (Ranei - Cowgirl)
Gawo lonse la Belarus
Mabanja a Cowgirl - Rallidae.
Ku Belarus - R. a. aquaticus (subspecies yomwe imakhala mbali yonse ya ku Europe ya mitunduyo).
Mitundu ingapo yobereketsa, nthawi zina yozizira. M'malo ambiri mulibe zochulukirapo, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kumadera akumwera ndipo m'malo ena okha ndi omwe amakhala wamba (Brest dera). Imakhala chisa m'chigawo chonse cha Belarusian Lake District, koma imagawidwa mosagawanika.
Kukula kwa mbusa ndikwambiri nthawi 1.5-2 kuposa nyenyezi. Amasiyana ndi abusa ena ndi mulomo wautali, wowongoka pang'ono wonenepa. Amuna ndi akazi ndiosadziwika bwino. Zambiri mwa mbali ya dorsal ya thupi ndi zokutira ndi zofiirira za maolivi zokhala ndi mivi yakutali yakuda. Mbali zam'mutu, khosi kutsogolo, golem ndi kutsogolo kwa pamimba ndi imvi yoyera. Mbali za thupi ndi m'mimba ndizokulungidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera. Kumbuyo kwa mimbayo kumakhala kovuta; Nthenga ndi nthenga za mchira wake ndi zofiirira. Mbalame ikamathamanga pakati pa nthenga za mbalame, mchira wake nthawi zambiri umakwezedwa ndipo nthenga zoyera mchira zake zimakhala zowoneka bwino. Nthenga za pamphumi ndizolimba ngati bristles. Yovomerezeka ndiyakuda kwambiri, yovomerezeka ndi yofiirira, miyendo imakhala yofiirira komanso zala zazitali. Utawaleza wofiira.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi makosi oyera komanso maula owonda.
Kulemera kwa thupi lamphongo kumapeto kwa chirimwe ndi nyengo yotentha ndi 83-160 g, chachikazi - 80-120 g, nthawi yophukira imatha kufika 180 ndi 135 g mtunda. Kutalika kwa thupi (amuna ndi akazi) 27-30 cm, mapiko 38 cm 38 cm. 4 cm
Makhalidwe a mbalamezi ndi maiwe ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati. Imakonda malo obisika amphaka ndi bango m'mbali mwa azimayi akale, malo okhala ndi madambo ndi mitsinje yamafesi. Nthawi zambiri imakhazikika msipu wobiriwira udzu m'mphepete mwa madzi osefukira, m'magumula madzi osefukira komanso pamiyala yakale yamatope. Ku Lakeland mumakonda madzi ang'onoang'ono, ochulukana kwambiri ndi mabwawa, okhala ndimadziwe otseguka. Imapezeka m'madzi, mitsinje yaying'ono, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe. Kafukufuku wapadera m'malo osungirako ochepa, owonjezera kwambiri adawonetsa kuti kuwerengeka kwa mbusa m'mabotolo amenewa ndi 0.23 awiriawiri / ha. Kuchulukana kwa abusa pama nyanja ochulukirapo kwambiri ndi awiriawiri / km².
Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wobisika wamadzulo, kutanthauza kuti amagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa kwambiri dzuwa litalowa, kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Pakadali pano, imatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa mabango kapena matchuthi amphaka, pamphepete mwa madzi pamipanda yopanda matope ndi pansi pa malo onyansa, pansi pa nthambizo. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalameyi imapewa malo otseguka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imachoka m'mphepete mwa kholalo.
Nthawi yakuswana, kulira kwa mbalame kumamveka pafupifupi nthawi yonse. Ndi kubwera kwa anapiye, amayamba kutsata moyo wamasana, usiku ana amapita pogona. Chakudya chimakololedwa usana ndi usiku. Mu nthawi yophukira, amatha kuwoneka m'bandakucha, akamayang'ana m'mabedi m'mphepete mwake, kuthamangitsidwa ndi matope osaka madzi kufunafuna chakudya. Mbalame imathamanga kwambiri, imasambira bwino. Atakakamizidwira m'mwamba, m'busayo amawonda pansi, ndikutsika miyendo yake, ndikuvutika kuwuluka mtunda waufupi, amathamangira kumtunda ndikusowanso mu udzu wakuda.
Abusa amawulukira kumadera akumwera kwa Belarus chakumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Pamaulendo, mbalame zimawuluka usiku. Kufika koyambira ku Belarussian Lakeland kumayambira pakati pa Epulo ndipo kumapitilira pakati pa Meyi.
Atagawana malo ogawana, anyamatawa amawateteza mosamala, kuthamangitsa alendo osawadziwa. Pakadali pano, madzulo komanso usiku, mumatha kumva kulira kwambiri kwa mbalame. Abusawo amakhala amkhalapakati, mwachitsanzo, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amapanga banja lokhaliratu ndipo limodzi amasamalira chisa ndi ana. Zoweta awiriawiri.
Chidacho chimakonzedwa pafupi ndi madzi omwe, kapena masentimita 10-15 pamwamba pamadzi (sichikwera kwambiri), pamiyala yowuma ya mabango kapena zikatikati, polumikizana ndi nthambi zamtchire, nthawi zina pamtunda wawung'ono pakati pamadzi pachithaphwi, m'mphepete mwa chilumba chaching'ono kapena rafting. Ku Lakeland, chisa chimakonza zojambula kapena kumangika pazitsulo zowuma, nthawi zambiri pamabedi.
Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, malo akuluakulu okhalapo obisika bwino ndi zomera zobiriwira zam'mbuyomu komanso zobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati kuli kotheka, mbalameyi imachita bizinesiyo mosamala kwambiri, ndikukhomera ndi kupeta udzu womata pafupi ndi chisa momwe padenga. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimagwira pamadzi kapena dothi ndi maziko ake. Kuti abwerere mwakachetechete, m'busayo amapondera pansi ubowo, ndipo ngati chisa chija chakwezedwa pamwamba pansi kapena madzi, nthawi zina amakonza pansi mwapadera kuchokera ku udzu wouma.
Chisa chokha chimapangidwa kuti chikhale ngati mbale yotayirira kuchokera ku zomera zam'mbuyomu. Zinthu zomanga nthawi zina zimakhala masamba owuma okha, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowuma, mahatchi, ndi masamba abango. Kutalika kwa chisa ndi masentimita 7,5 mpaka 21, mainchesi ndi 13-25 masentimita, kuya kwa matreti ndi 4-7 masentimita, mulifupi ndi masentimita 11 mpaka 19. Makulidwe apakati pa zisa ku Lakeland ndi: mainchesi 12-24 cm, kutalika 13-15 cm, 10- 18 masentimita, kutalika kwa thireyi 5-7 cm.
Mukamazungulira mazira 6-12 (nthawi zambiri ndimakhala 7-10), mwapadera pakhoza kukhala 16 (mawonekedwe oterewa amadziwika ku Europe). Zitha kufa chisa, mbalame zimatha kumera mobwerezabwereza, koma mazira osaposa 4-7 amayikidwa. Chigoba ndi Sheen pang'ono. Poyerekeza poterera zonona (zotuwa zofiirira kapena zachikasu), maonekedwe ofiira, kapena amaso otuwa, malo owoneka ofiira (makamaka pamalo osakhazikika), komanso mawanga ndi madontho avi. Nthawi zina, mazira agaluwa amafanana kwambiri ndi mazira a chimanga, kumbuyo kwawo komwe kumakhala komwe kumakhala kopepuka, ndipo mawanga ndi ochepa komanso osowa. Kulemera kwa dzira 13 g, kutalika 35 mm (33-37 mm), mainchesi 26 mm (25-27 mm).
Mbusayo amayamba kuyikira mazira kumapeto kwa Epulo - kumayambiriro kwa Meyi (ku Lakeland, kuyikira mazira kumayamba pang'ono pang'ono - mkati mwa Meyi), koma ndere zatsopano ku Belarus zimatha kupezeka ngakhale mu Julayi. Izi sizinafotokozeredwe pokhapokha kutalika kwa nthawi yodyera, koma, mwina, poona kuti mchaka chitha kukhala ndi ana awiri (monga zigawo zoyandikana ndi Europe). Kumaswa kumatenga masiku 19-21, kuyambira ndi kuyikira dzira lotsiriza kapena losapindika. Anthu onse awiriwo amatenga nawo mbali, ngakhale kuti akazi amatanganidwa ndi nthawi yambiri.
Akalulu amasiya mazira awo koyambirira kwa June pafupifupi nthawi imodzi kwa tsiku limodzi. Amaswa kwambiri, atakutidwa ndi utoto wakuda bii, ngakhale mlomo wake uli woyera. Pa tsiku loyamba ali mchisa, makolo awo amawawotha. Kenako, chisamaliro cha anapiye chimapitilira kupitirira chisa, pamabampu, pa nsanja, ndi zisa zapadera. Poyamba, anapiye amalandila chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo - tizilombo tofewa, mphutsi, patatha sabata amatha kupeza ndi kudya zakudya, ndipo patatha sabata amadzidyetsa. Pakati pa mwezi amafikira theka la kukula kwawo. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, nthenga zazing'ono zidakali m'matumba mwa achichepere. Nthawi yodyetsa ndi masiku 20-30. Anathawa kwathunthu ndikutha kutha kuwuluka anapiye ali ndi miyezi iwiri.
Mapeto a chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira asananyamuke, ana amaperekedwa m'malo omwe amakhala. Pakadali pano, onse akulu ndi ana ang'ono akhama amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo amadyetsa kwambiri. Ngati mumangodumphira m'nkhalako m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo, mumatha kumva mawu awo osokosera ndikuwona mbalamezo, zikufuna chakudya.
Pakadulidwa gawo lalikulu la madambo komanso mabedi a mitsinje, abusawo amasamukira kuderalo, akumasonkhana m'mabango pafupi ndi madziwo, komanso m'mitengo yamipesa yomwe ili m'zigwa.
Mbusayo samapanga timagulu tambiri. Mukugwa, kuuluka kwake kumachitika pang'onopang'ono komanso osadziwika. Kunyamuka ndi kudutsa komwe kumadutsidwa mu September - Okutobala. Nthawi yolondola kwambiri yosamukirako yophukira siyinachitike. Ku Lakeland, kuchoka ku malo osungira kumachitika mochedwa - kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Anthu odzipatula amakhala m'malo osungirako mpaka pakati pa Novembala. Pakusamukira, mbalame zimapezeka mokhazikika kapena mwa anthu angapo, nthawi zambiri m'malo opezeka chakudya. Zimawuluka usiku, ndipo masana zimayima m'malo oyandikira madzi ndi madambo. Anthu ena amakhalabe mu Novembala, ndipo nthawi zina (ku Polesie) nthawi yozizira amakhazikika pamitsinje yopanda ayezi.
Mbalame zazikulu zimadyanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala m'madzi ndi padziko lapansi, mphutsi, akangaude, mollusks, nyongolotsi, ndi anyani ang'onoang'ono. Zosafunika kwambiri ndi mbewu zamadzi zamadzi. Amasonkhanitsa chakudya pansi, m'malo otsetsereka, m'madzi osaya komanso pamwamba pa madzi. Nthawi zina zisa za mbalame zazing'ono zimawonongeka chifukwa chodya mazira ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Nkhuku zimadyedwa makamaka ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi zake.
Popeza malo okonzera abusawa sachezeredwa ndi anthu chifukwa chosatheka, chosokoneza sichikhala chofunikira kwa iye. Zisa ndi kumanga kwa abusa, ngakhale ali malo obisika, amawonongeka ndi nyama zomwe amadyetsa, zisa zina zimatha kusefukira pamadzi osefukira ndi mphepo, ndikufa nthawi yamoto yamvula -. Nyengo zozizira kwambiri zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa abusa amadzi, zikafa zochuluka chifukwa cha njala ndi kuzizira, anthu ofooka amakhala osavuta kwa adani awo kuti awagwire kuchokera kumlengalenga kapena kulowetsa matupi amadzi oundana (miyendo inayi). Mbalame zambiri zimafa paulendowu, zimagumuka kukhala ma waya, nyumba zopangira ma TV, ndi zowunikira, zimafa ndi nyama zolusa zikaimitsidwa m'malo opumira.
Kuchulukitsitsa pang'ono kunawonedwa ndi kutsika kwamadzi m'mazaka zowuma. Kusaka kulibe phindu lililonse ku mbusa wamadzi, popeza palibe kusaka koyenerera, zimapezeka mwamwayi, kwinaku akusaka mbalame zamadzi ndi mbalame zazinkhanira zochuluka. M'mafamu osaka a Vitebsk m'derali mulibe ziwerengero zake. Ngakhale ngati masewera, woweta ng'ombeyo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri.
Chiwerengero ku Belarus chikuyerekezedwa ndi awiriawiri 8-14 zikwi, khola. Kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa mitundu yochuluka ku Lakeland (mu 2011) ndi awiri awiriawiri.
Akuluakulu omwe adalembetsa ku Europe ndi zaka 8 miyezi 11.
M'busa, kapena monga amatchedwanso m'busa wamadzi, ndi mbalame yaying'ono yam'madzi ya abusayo, yomwe imakonda kukhala m'madambo komanso pafupi ndi matupi a madzi. Amalembedwa m'mabuku ofiira a mayiko ena chifukwa cha otsika kwambiri m'maderawa.
Mverani mawu a ng'ombe wogwirizira wamadzi
Mbusa wamadzi amakhala ndi moyo wosiyana, zomwe sizimagwirizanitsa m'magulu a anthu 25-30. Koma chifukwa cha kukwiya kowonjezereka, mayanjano oterowo amasungulumwa. Mwachilengedwe, abusa amakhala ndi zaka 8-9.
Ponena za zakudya, mbalamezi zimadya mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, tizilombo, komanso ma invertebrates am'madzi ndi ma mollusks. Pakalibe chakudya cha nyama, amasangalala kudya mbewu za m'madzi am'madzi, koma samatha kuzidya nthawi zonse. Chofunikira kwambiri kwa mbusayo ndicho zovunda ndi nsomba, zomwe nthawi zina mbalameyo imachita ndi chidwi.
Kusiyana
Kuchokera kwa mbalame zina ndi zina za abusawo, titha kusiyanitsidwa ndi izi:
- Zala, ngakhale ndizitali, ndizifupi kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina.
- Mlomo ndi wautali, wopindika pang'ono kumapeto kwenikweni.
- Amasiyana ndi mafunde akumauluka pamiyendo ya thupi.
- Akamayenda, amakweza miyendo yake, mchira umakwezedwanso.
- Miyendo ndi yofiirira kwambiri, ngakhale yofiira iliponso.
Molting
Kusintha kwa zovala: pansi - chisa - chisanu choyamba - mating oyamba (omaliza) - chisanu (chomaliza).
Chovala chokhacho choyambirira chimapangidwa ndi wandiweyani wakuda pansi. Pazaka 10-30-30, fluff imasinthidwa ndi nthenga zotuluka za hemp. Zovala zodzala bwino bwino zimakula mpaka masiku 35-45. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasinthira zovala zawo zanyengo yoyamba kugwa (yozizira) nthawi isananyamuke, mbalame zina zimamaliza kusungunula nthawi yachisanu. Kusungunuka kwathunthu kumakhala chimodzi pachaka, kumachitika mu Julayi -Masamba tikamaliza kubereka. Flywheel ndi chiwongolero zimagwa nthawi imodzi. Mafuta a contour amasinthiratu. Moult umatha mu Okutobala - Novembala. Tsatanetsatane wa molting mkati mwa USSR sanaphunzire. Amatambasulidwa mosiyanasiyana anthu osiyanasiyana. Kusungunuka pang'ono kwa masamba ndi fluff kumachitika mu February - Epulo nthawi yachisanu (Grekov, 1965a, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Chochititsa chidwi chimaperekedwa ndi Spangenberg (19516): Pa Ogasiti 25 pafupi ndi Olekminsk mzere wamtundu samatha kuthawa, sangathe kuuluka, ntchentche zazikulu zoyambirira zimakula ndi mamilimita 36 kuchokera kwa iye, mwachidziwikire molt adadutsa kumapeto kwa njira yoberekera chifukwa cha kufupika kwa nyengo yabwino. Mwachiwonekere, sizitha pakasamukira, chifukwa cha abusa 200 omwe adamwalira kunyumba yopumira ku Netherlands, ochepa okha ndi omwe anali ndi nthenga zokulirapo (Cramp and Simmons, 1980).
Subspecies taxonomy
Pali ma subspecies a 4 omwe amasiyanasiyana kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake: kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa mzere wa bulauni kudzera m'maso mpaka khutu, digiri ya utoto pamtundu wa mbali ya dorsal ndi mtundu wam'mimba (Glutz, 1973, Stepanyan, 1975, Ripley, 1977). Mapulogalamu atatu amakhala ku USSR (mkuyu. 69, 70).
Chithunzi 69. Wogulitsa madzi akufalikira
a - dera, b - madera ozizira nyengo yachisanu, chizindikiritso cha mafunso - mawonekedwe ake amakhala osamveka. 1 - Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. chizindikiro, 4 - R. a. hibernans.
Chithunzi 70. Mtundu wa abusa am'madzi ku USSR
a - osiyanasiyana, b - malire omveka bwino a malo osungirako, c - nyengo yachisanu, chizindikiritso cha mafunso - kukhalabe sizikudziwika. 1 - Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. chisonyezo.
1. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L., 1758. Makulidwe wamba amakhala amdima. United Kingdom.
2. Rallus aquaticus korejewi Zarudny, 1905. Mtundu wamba ndi wopepuka. Milozo Isanu ndi Iwiri, Bukhara, Tedjen, Murghab ndi kum'mawa kwa Iran.
3. Rallus aquaticus chizindikiro Blyth, 1849. Mzere wa bulauni umadutsa diso kupita khutu, utoto wowala umayamba pamimba, ndikuyera pakhosi. Chachikulu kuposa ziwiri zapitazi. Chotsika Bengal ndi India chonse.
Zolemba za taxonomy
Ngakhale malo omwe amapatikidwako amakhala osiyana, kusiyana kwa maumboni pakati pawo kumawonetsedwa bwino ndipo amasiyana pokhapokha. Zingwe ndi mawonekedwe amtundu zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso zaka. Zomwe zimasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi R. a. chisonyezo. Kukhala wokhala ku Iceland komanso ku Islands Islands Islands R. a. ma hibernans ali ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuposa ma subspecies osankhidwa.
Ubale wapabanja wam'mizinda itatu yomwe ili mkati mwa Asia sichikudziwika. Malinga ndi a Stepanyan (1975), R. a. aquaticus amapita kum'mawa kwa Tuva; kumwera, madera ake amtundu wa Altai kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi Zaysan Depression. Kuchokera kumadera akummaŵa a Tuva, malo ogawikirako a R. a. chisonyezo. Njira zachitatu R. a. korejewi imakhala m'malo a Balkhash ndi Alakul ku Kazakhstan, koma sizikudziwika ngati ikudutsa ku Zaysan. Ngati zidutsa, ndiye kuti magulu a R. a. aquaticus ndi R. a. korejewi imadutsa mu Zaysan kukhumudwa ndi (kapena) mu Altai Territory, ndi mizere ya R. a. aquaticus ndi R. a. chizindikiro - ku Tuva.
Kufalitsa
Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Eurasia: kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku Japan. Mtunduwo ndi wa mawanga, koma m'malo ambiri, mwinanso, amawonera, kumpoto kwa Africa: m'malo a Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco (?), Egypt. Asia: Asia Minor, Afghanistan (?), Iraq (?), Iran, kummawa kwa Arabian Peninsula, zigawo payekha ku China, Korea (?), Northern Japan (Ripley, 1977, Etchecopar, Nye, 1978, Cramp, Simmons, 1980) . Ku India, mosiyana ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mwachidule, sizimakhala chisa (Ali, Ripley, 1969). Amakhala kuzilumba zonse za ku Europe (ku Norway, amati zimafika pa 63 ° N) ndi zilumba: Britain, Iceland, Faroe, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Kupro. Pali ntchentche zomwe zimadziwika kuzilumba za Svalbard, Jan Mayen, Greenland, Azores ndi Canaries (Vaurie, 1965, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Ku USSR: m'malo ochepa mu Moldova, ku Ukraine, kuphatikiza Crimea (Kostin, 1983), ku Baltic States imapezeka m'malo ambiri (Valius et al., 1977, birds of Latvia, 1983).
Ndizofala kwambiri ku Belarus, ndipo ochulukirapo ku Polesie (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), zidafala kwambiri kumadera a Leningrad ndi Pskov, omwe amapezeka pagombe lakumwera kwa Lake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Imakhala chisa cham'mphepete mwa malire a gawo la Europe mdziko muno: ku Smolensk, Gorky, Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, madera a Kirov ndi Bashkiria (Spangenberg, 19516, Vorontsov, 1967, Popov, 1977, ndi zina). Kumpoto, zopezeka zimadziwika ndi Vesyegonsk m'chigawo cha Yaroslavl. (Lakes Pereslavl ndi Zabolotskoe), kumwera kwa dera la Kirov., Kupitilira kum'mawa, malire amatsikira ku Ufa, Chelyabinsk. Osowa zisa m'malo a chernozem (Barabash-Nikiforov, Semago, 1963).
Ku Western Siberia, imagawidwa m'mbali yopapatiza kumwera, yomwe imapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Altai, m'chigawo cha Omsk ndi Novosibirsk (Kuchin, 1976, Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), kumadera akumwera kwa dera la Tyumen, pafupi ndi Krasnoyarsk ndi Minusinsk (Spangenberg, 19516). Ku Kazakhstan kuli ponseponse, koma pang'onopang'ono: pakamwa pa Urals, mapiri a Volga-Ural, pa Ilek, pamadzi pafupi ndi mzinda wa Irgiz, kumapeto kwa Turgai, ku Naurzum kumpoto kwa dera la Kustanai, ku Zaysan, m'mbali mwa Balkhash-Alakul, Ili Valley , m'mapiri a Dzungarian ndi Zailiysky Alatau, pafupi ndi Alma-Ata, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Chu, Syr Darya, madera otsika a Chir-chik ndi Keles (Dolgushin, 1960). Ku Tajikistan, malo okhala, osunthira pang'ono, zisa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kupatula a Pamirs (Abdusalyamov, 1971). Ku Kyrgyzstan, ndizofala kumalo omwe kuli chisa chachigwa cha Chuy, pa Issyk-Kul, komanso ma hibernates pano (Yanushevich et al., 1959). Ku Uzbekistan, imakhala m'madzi a m'zigwa za Syr Darya ndi Amu Darya, m'malo omwera komanso malo okumbiramo zinthu, ku Turkmenistan imapezeka ku Tashauz. (Spangenberg, 19516).
Zikuwoneka kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu omwe adadziwika kuti ndi a East Asia, popeza onsewa adapezeka ku Tuva (Stepanyan, 1975). Ku Transbaikalia, m'busa amapezeka m'malo ambiri, pamtunda wa Vitim m'mapiri a Chary ndi Barguzin (Izmailov, 1967), pafupi ndi Kyakhta komanso m'chigwa cha Tunkinsky (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), pa mtsinje. Arguni (Spangenberg, 19516). Imapezeka kumwera kwa dera la Irkutsk, pa Vilyui pafupi ndi Kirensky, pa mtsinje wa Lena pafupi ndi Olekminsky (61 ° N) ndi Yakutsky (62 ° N), mwina imadzala ku Middle Amur (Spangenberg, 19516). Adagawidwa ku Primorye pamtsinje. Ussuri, kumpoto kufikira pakamwa pa Amur, koma m'chigwa cha Khanka, mwachitsanzo, mdera lamudzi. Kupulumutsaku sikumakhala chisa, koma kumachitika pakasamukira kusamba (Glushchenko, 1979). Sichitika kawirikawiri ku Southern Primorye, yomwe imapezeka patsamba la nesting pa B. Pelis Island komanso pafupi ndi Nyanja. Hassan (Vorobiev, 1954, Nechaev, 1971, Panov, 1973).
Zoweta ku Sakhalin, Shantar Islands ndi South Kuril Islands (Nechaev, 1969). Kusintha kwa mbiri ya mbusa wamadzi sikuyenda bwino. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwake ku Latvia (birds of Latvia, 1983) ndi madera a Leningrad ndi Pskov (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), zikuoneka kuti adayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, akuti. Ku Western Europe, nthawi yomweyi, gulu lakumpoto linaonedwa ku Sweden ndi mawonekedwe aku Finland (Cramp, Simmons, 1980), koma ku Bavaria (Germany) kwa 1961 - 1981. kuchuluka kwa abusa kutsika ndi 20 (Reicholf, 1982).
Zisanu
Imapezeka ku Western Europe konsekonse. Ku France ndi Great Britain, abusa amapatsa nthawi yozizira ku Netherlands, komanso ku Netherlands kubereka ku Germany ndi maiko aku Scandinavia (Kroon, 1984). Malire akum'mawa kwa malo ozizira amayenda kuno motsatira zero ya Januware. Nyengo kum'mwera ku Italy, Greece, kuzilumba za Mediterranean Ocean (Corsica, Kupro, Krete, Malta), ku Arabian ndi Sinai Peninsulas, ku Morocco, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, kumpoto India, pa zilumba za Ryukyu (Japan), Kumwera -M'mawa aku Asia. Zambiri nthawi zambiri m'chigawo chakum'mwera kwa USSR: kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Black Sea, ku Caucasus, kuphatikiza Nyanja ya Sevan, m'chigawo cha Crimea (Spangenberg, 19516, Kostin, 1983, zomwe tidawona pafupi ndi Odessa mu 1981-1993). Osakwatira yozizira ku Belarus (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Ku Kazakhstan, ndizofala pamitsinje yopanda madzi oundana kumapiri a Zailiysky ndi Dzhungarsky Alatau, madera otsika a Charyn, pafupi ndi Dzharkent, Chimkent, anthu amodzi adawonedwa pafupi ndi Kustanai (Dolgushin, 1960). Masamba nthawi zambiri ku Tajikistan, ku Kyrgyzstan ku Issyk-Kul, ku Turkmenistan m'mphepete mwa Murgab, Tejen, Atrek, Amudarya mitsinje, kudutsa mtunda wonse wa kumwera kwa Tashkent kupita ku Samarkand ku Uzbekistan.
Kutalika kwa mbusa wamadzi ndikokulira ndipo kukuphatikiza gawo lonse kumwera kwa chisa. Pothawa, abusa amapezeka pamadzi onse ndipo m'malo osayenera kwambiri, kuphatikizanso malo okhala m'mapiri ndi zipululu, amayang'ana kwambiri nyanja zazikulu, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu yakum'mwera.
Kusamukira
Osaphunzira mosakwanira, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi moyo wachinsinsi komanso kuthawa kwa usiku kwa galu wamadzi. Madeti ndi masiku onyamuka okha ndi omwe adadziwika. Zikuoneka kuti abusa amadzimadzi amawuluka patsogolo popanda njira zosiyanasiyana. Mayendedwe akulu: kugwa kuchokera kumwera-kumadzulo mpaka kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa, kumapeto kwa kasupe. Pakadutsa, abusawo amangodzidutsa kamodzi, osapanga magulu otakasuka m'masiku opezeka mwa anthu 520. Kuuluka kumachitika usiku. Zikuwoneka kuti zimawuluka zonse ndi kutalika kwambiri pansi, pansi, monga zimawonekera ndi zomwe abusa omwe adafa adazipeza pamalo opanga ma nyali, ma TV ndi ma wailesi a kanema, komanso pansi pa waya wamagetsi ndi ma waya.
Kuyamba kwa kusamuka kwa kasupe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi ya kuphukira, kufika kumangokhala pa kusintha kwa kutentha kwapakati pa mpweya tsiku lililonse kudzera pa 0 ° С, kusungunuka kwa ayezi ndi matalala m'mitunda yam'mbali. Imafika ku Moldova mkatikati mwa Epulo (Averin, Ganya, 1971), imakondwerera ku Belarus nthawi yomweyo (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967), mayiko a Baltic. Kudera la Leningrad imawonekera theka loyamba la Meyi, imayambira mpaka kumapeto kwa June (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ku Crimea, imawuluka kasupe mu Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo, ndipo idakumana ndi Alushta pa Marichi 12 ndi 28 (Kostin, 1983). Pansi pa Kherson limapezeka kumapeto kwa Marichi, m'dera la Kharkov. - Marichi 28 - Epulo 29 (Spangenberg, 19516). Dera la Volga-Kama, limawonedwa kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi (Popov, 1977), pafupi ndi Chkalov koyambirira kwa Meyi, ku Ulyanovsk Region. - Mwezi wa 21 Epulo. Amawonekera ku Western Siberia koyambirira kwa Meyi (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), ku Altai - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Zimafika mochedwa ku Kazakhstan, mbalame yoyamba kulembedwa pa Syr Darya koyambirira kwa Epulo, zochuluka kumapeto kwa Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi. Akuwuluka ku Ili delta kuyambira pa Marichi 15, kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Ilek pa Meyi 1-5, komanso pafupi ndi mzinda wa Irgiz kuyambira Epulo 23 (Dolgushin, 1960). Ku Pamir-Alai akuuluka kuyambira pa Marichi 22 mpaka Epulo 15 (Ivanov, 1969). Kumwera kwa Central Asia kumawonekera kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo. Ku Primorye, abusa amadzi amawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi.
Kuchoka kolowera ndi kusamuka kumayambira molawirira ndipo kumatambasulidwa kwambiri, anthu omalizira anapezeka ponseponse atatha kuzizira kwathunthu kwamadzi. Kudera la Leningrad kuuluka mpaka Okutobala 27, ku Baltic States - mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Ziwuluka kuchokera ku Belarus pakati pa Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Novembala, ku Moldova - mu Ogasiti ndi theka loyamba la Seputembala, mpaka Seputembara 17. Ku Crimea amawuluka theka lachiwiri la Seputembala ndi Okutobala; mbalame zozizira zimapezeka mu Disembala ndi Januwale. Ziwuluka kudera la Volga-Kama mu Seputembala, zikuuluka pafupi ndi Kharkov pofika Novembara 15, pafupi ndi Kherson mu Novembala, pafupi ndi Kuibyshev - mpaka Seputembara 28, pafupi ndi Ryazan - mpaka Okutobala 9, ku Moscow Region. - mpaka Seputembara 28 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Kumwera kwa Western Siberia, kuthawa kuli m'mbali mwa Nyanja. Katemera anali asanachitike pa Seputembara 26 - Okutobala 20, pafupi ndi Tomsk - mpaka Seputembara 13 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), ku Altai steppe - mpaka Okutobala 5.Ku Kazakhstan, nawonso amawuluka molawirira, akuuluka kuyambira koyambirira kwa Seputembala mpaka theka loyamba la Okutobala, kumtsinje. Kapena - mpaka Novembala 6, mbalame zina kumwera yozizira. Ku Turkmenistan, kuthawa kumakhalapo kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala mpaka theka loyamba la Novembala; mbalame yoyamba kusuntha ndiyofika pa Julayi 29. M'mapiri a Pamir-Alai amawuluka Seputembara 17-Novemba 30 (Ivanov, 1969). Ku Primorye, kuthawa kumachokera kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala.
Amaganiziridwa kuti kumapeto kwa abusa am'madzi akuwuluka awiriawiri pomwe nthawi yozizira imakhala (Spangenberg, 19516), ndikukhalabe komweko m'malo ochepa, kuthamangitsa mbalame zina. M'malo osungiramo kwambiri (nyanja, zigumula), abusa nthawi zambiri amayenda ulendo wapansi popita kukasamukirako, komanso kumadzulo. Kwa tsiku limodzi, mbalame nthawi zina zimayima m'malo osayembekezereka, komwe zimagwira mbandakucha. Ku Central Asia, amabisala m'matumba a nyama zomwe zimayamwa, milu yosungidwa ya saxaul, zomangidwa ndi anthu, m'nkhalango za tamarisk ndi saxaul (Spangenberg, 1951b).
Habitat
Mu nthawi ya nesting, imakhala m'malo opezeka m'chipululu, mapiri owuma, malo oponderezedwa, nkhalango zamapiri ndi nkhalango komanso m'mapiri, mpaka pamtunda wamtunda wa 2000-2,300 m pamtunda wa nyanja. m Nthawi zambiri zisa m'zipululu. Choyimira chachikulu ndicho kupezeka kwa misinga yayitali yokwanira ndi mabanki amatope, pomwe pali nyama zodyetsa zambirimbiri m'malo osungira mitundu yambiri: malo am'mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri amadzi, mu mitsinje ya m'mphepete, mayiwe ndi malo osungira, ngongole za mabango, madambo oyenda, madambo oyandama ndi nyanja , m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, makiyi ndi mitsinje. Muli bango, katatilo, bango, malo okumbika ndi zitsamba, osavuta kufikira madambo osunthika omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zowuma za msondodzi, zopindika, zing'onozing'ono zazing'ono ndi bango, zimbudzi zazingwe.
Ku Western Siberia ndi kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, imalowa mkatikati mwa nyanja ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kudera la ku Europe lathanzi silimayandikira kuyandikira kwa anthu, limasowa ngakhale m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono ndi m'mphepete mwa mizere pafupi ndi midzi. Malo omwe ali ndi malo abwino osungirako malo okongola ndi malo osanja bwino, malo osefukira kwambiri a Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Tubek marshes ku Belarus, ndi nyanja za stepp zone. Pakusamukira komanso kukazizira nyengo yachisanu, imatsatira malo ofananirako, nthawi yachisanu ikumadzala yambiri m'magulu azithandizo zamamadzi oyipa (mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi Odessa), m'minda ya mpunga ku Danube madzi osefukira, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje yamadzi.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe
Gulu lankhondo lamadzi limagwira ntchito kwambiri m'bandakucha, kumapeto kwa madzulo komanso m'mawa. Kulira kwaukwati kumachitika nthawi zambiri kuyambira maola 18 mpaka 22, ngakhale kuti kumamveka pafupifupi nthawi yonse. Kudyetsa kumawonedwa masana komanso mumdima. Mwa kubwera kwa anapiye, abusa amasintha kukhala ndi moyo wamasana, usiku ana amasala tulo. Pamene anapiyewo akukula, ntchito zambiri zimasinthira kukulira m'mawa kwambiri, ndipo masana mbalame zikapuma, limodzi ndi izi mutha kuwona anapiye nthawi ina iliyonse masana. Kusuntha kumachitika kokha mumdima.
Panthawi yopanda kubereka, amasungidwa moyenerera komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono otetezedwa, osonkhanitsa 3-5 m'malo opangira zakudya, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala magulu a anthu 30 kapena kuposerapo. Nthawi zambiri mashopu osakanizira abusa amadzi, ma moorhen, chipper-crumb amapangidwa, ubale pakati pawo ndi wandale (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980).
Kugona pamiyala yodontha m'nkhwawa zowirira, nthawi zambiri kumawuka pamitengo yamitengo ndi mitengo. Mu nthawi yodyera, ana amapeza zisa, anapiye pansi pa makolo awo, pagulu lowuma. Amaika mitu yawo pamwamba pa abale awo kapena kumawaphatika pakati pawo. Pakupumula kwakanthawi, abusa amayimirira miyendo iwiri kapena imodzi, yopunthira, ndikukoka mutuwo mapewa, nthawi zambiri mutuwo umayikidwa kumbuyo, ndipo mulomo umabisidwa nthenga za mapiko. Usiku ndi usana masana amagwirizananso ndi zochitika ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi.
Adani, zovuta
Nyengo zozizira kwambiri zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa abusa amadzi, zikafa zochuluka chifukwa cha njala ndi kuzizira, anthu ofooka amakhala osavuta kwa adani awo kuwagwira kuchokera kumlengalenga kapena kulowa m'matumbo amadzi oundana (miyendo inayi). Mbalame zambiri zimafa nthawi yonseyi, zimasweka kukhala mawaya, nyumba zopangira TV, komanso zowunikira, zimafa ndi nyama zolusa m'malo okakamiza m'malo opumira. Zisa ndi kuwamanga kwa abusa, ngakhale ali malo obisika, zimawonongekanso ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera, zikuwoneka kuti, zisa zina zimasefukira pamadzi osefukira modzidzimutsa ndimphepo yamkuntho, ndikufa nthawi yamoto yamvula - "ma bollards". Popeza malo okhala abusa samachezeredwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha kuthekera, chodetsa nkhawa sichimamuthandiza. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoyembekezeka kulingana ndi banding ndi zaka 5 miyezi 6 (Rydzewski, 1974).
Wogulitsa madzi ku USSR amadzadza ndi helminths poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya banjali; ku Ukraine, mitundu 9 ya majeremusi adapezeka - 7 trematode ndi 2 nematode (Sergienko, 1969; Smogorzhevskaya, 1976).