Shote
Wophatikiza ana a mbuzi ndi nkhosa
Chiyero cha haibridi
Ovis aries × Capra hircus

Shote - wosakanizidwa wopezeka powoloka nkhosa ndi mbuzi kapena mbuzi yokhala ndi nkhosa. Mbuzi yakunyumba ndi yamtundu wa mbuzi zam'mapiri, nkhosa zapakhomo - kwa amphongo. Mbuzi imakhala ndi ma chromosome 60, ndipo nkhosa 54. Ana obadwa chifukwa cha kuwoloka nthawi zambiri amabadwa.

Milandu Yabwino Yophatikiza

Mu 2000, bambo wosakanizidwa wamwamuna anabadwira ku Botswana - mbadwa za nkhosa yamphongo ndi mbuzi. Wosakanizidwa anali ataponyedwa miyezi isanu, panthawi yolemba, anali ndi zaka 5. Kusanthula kwa karyotype kunawonetsa kuti munthuyo ali ndi ma chromosomes 57 - chiwerengero chapakati pakati pa chiwerengero cha chromosomes cha nkhosa (54) ndi mbuzi (60). Wosakanizidwa wazaka 5 wolemera 93 kg. Kulemera kwa nkhosa zamphongo za msinkhu wofanana ndi 53.73 ± 13.83 kg. Wosakanizidwa anali ndi chovala chonyansa, koma undercoat yofewa, miyendo yayitali ya mbuzi ndi thupi lamwana wankhosa. Ngakhale kuti wosakanizidwa anali wosabala, anali ndi libido yolimba kwambiri. Pomwe zidakhala cholepheretsa, adakhumudwitsidwa.

Ku New Zealand, panali milandu yolandila hybrid yachikazi, kuchokera kwa nkhosa yamphongo ndi mbuzi, komanso ma chromosomes 57. Wophatikiza uyu anali wosabereka.

Ku France, wosakanizidwa wofanana anali wokhoza kubereka ana kuchokera ku nkhosa. Mwana wosabadwa m'modzi anali wobadwa kale, mwana wachiwiri anali wamwamuna ndipo anali ndi ma chromosomu 54.

Ku Russia, mdera la Nizhny Novgorod, Irina Mikhailovna Nemesh m'nyumba mwake adalandira mwana kuchokera mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Anatchulanso ma hybrids dzina lake "mabasiketi" (nkhosa zamphongo +). Zophatikiza zimakula kwambiri kuposa nkhosa. Masamba achikulire amawoneka ngati nkhosa, tsitsi limafanana ndi tsitsi la abusa aku Caucasus, undercoat ndiyocheperako, ndipo yosungunuka mchaka ngati mbuzi. Mwa mitu 12 ya ma bazi, atatu okha ndi amuna. Adakulitsa libido, ngakhale anali osabereka.

Kodi mabasiketi ndi otani?

Mbuzi zoweta ndi mbadwa za mbuzi zam'mapiri, ndipo nkhosa zapakhomo zimachokera m'mbuzi zamphongo. Nkhosa ili ndi ma chromosome 54, ndipo mbuzi zimakhala ndi ma chromosome 60. Chifukwa cha izi, mbewu imabadwa makamaka. Koma wosakanizidwa wamwamuna adatha kupulumuka, ndipo adalandira zizindikiro kuchokera kwa makolo onse awiri.

Pansi ndi lalitali, ngati chovala cha nkhosa, ndipo miyendo imakhala ngati ya mbuzi. Nyama izi zimakhala ndi ma chromosome 57, ndiye kuti theka limachokera kwa makolo onse awiri.

Pa miyezi 10, beseni loyambirira silinatengeko. Wosakanizidwa anali ndi thupi lolemera, ngati nkhosa yamphongo. Ndipo pazaka 5, unyinji wake udaposa 90 kilogalamu. Wosakanizidwa anali wokangalika, ngakhale wamtopola, anaonetsa chidwi ndi akazi, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "wogwiririra".

Mabati paulimi

Zophatikiza zofananazi zanenedwapo ku Germany, USA, New Zealand, France, Chile, Ireland, Malta, Jamaica ndi Russia. Mkazi wobadwira ku New Zealand analinso ndi ma chromosome 57. Ku France, beseni linakhoza kubereka ndi kubala ana kuchokera ku nkhosa yamphongo, pomwe mwana wosabadwa mmodzi anamwalira, ndipo wachiwiri anali wamwamuna, yemwe anali ndi ma chromosome 54.

Kunja, beseni lili ngati nkhosa, koma iye ali ndi ubweya ngati mbuzi. Nyama yamasamba imakhala ndi kukoma kwapadera.

Ku California, beseni loyamba lidapezeka mu 2011. Mkazi m'modzi anali ndi ana osakanizidwa kwa zaka zingapo. Katunduyu ankapangira nyama, chifukwa nyama yake ndi yapadera komanso imakoma kwambiri.

Mu 2014, mabasiketi ambiri adabadwa; ma hybrids ambuzi ndi nkhosa amapezeka ku Germany, Ireland ndi USA. Ku Ireland, beseni lidabadwa kuchokera ku nkhosa yokhala ndi ubweya woyera, koma iyenso anali wodera, kuwonjezera apo anali ndi nyanga, ngati mwana. Bazl anali wakhama kwambiri kuposa anaankhosa. Ku Ireland, wosakanizidwa uyu anali wotchuka, mlimi, yemwe pafamu yake panapezeka, mpaka anachita nawo mpikisano wodziwika bwino. Mlimi ndiye mwini wake wa pub, kotero anthu ambiri adaphunzira za m'munsi mwake.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, kuswana mabasiketi kunayamba kutchuka kwambiri.

Kudera la Nizhny Novgorod, mbuye wacirussia adalandira ana kuchokera kwa nkhosa ndi mbuzi. Adatcha mabeseni osakanizidwa - nkhosa zamphongo ndi mbuzi. Mabalamu anali akulu kuposa nkhosa.

Maonekedwe ake, amawoneka ngati nkhosa, ndipo tsitsi lawo limafanana ndi la mbusa wa ku Caucasus, kasupe amayenda ngati mbuzi. Famu idapeza zolinga 12 ndipo atatu okha ndi amuna.

Nkhosa ndi mbuzi zosakanizidwa pamikhalidwe yonse imaposa makolo awo.

Kukula m'misika yonse kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa makolo awo. Nthawi zambiri, hybrids amakhala ndi libido yowonjezereka. Kuphatikiza apo, amalimbana bwino ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Mwina mikhalidwe yotereyi yamasamba idzadzutsa chidwi pakati pa asayansi, ndipo athe kupeza ma hybr omwe adzabereka bwino.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Mbuzi ndi mwanawankhosa

Nkhosa nthawi zambiri imakhala yolusa kwambiri kuposa mbuzi yake, nyanga zake, zikafika, zimasiyanasiyana, zimakhala ndi fungo lakumaso pankhope pake ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, ndipo amuna samakhala ndi ndevu zambuzi.

Nkhosa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi michira yayifupi. Kwa nkhosa iliyonse yamtchire, malaya akunja amawoneka ngati ubweya, ndipo pansi pake pali chovala chamkati chaubweya wabwino womwe wasandulika ubweya wa nkhosa zapakhomo. Amphongo amphongo amatchedwa nkhosa zamphongo, akazi amatchedwa nkhosa, ndipo ana a nkhosa amatchedwa nkhosa.

Mbuzi ndizodziyimira pawokha komanso anzeru, pomwe anaankhosa amakonda kukhala ndi gulu la ng'ombe ndipo amatayika mosavuta, atalekanitsidwa ndi ana a nkhosa ena kapena nkhosa.

Mbuzi

Nthawi zambiri, mbuzi zapakhomo zimatha kulemera pakati pa 15 kg ndi 130 kg, kutengera mtundu. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri mu mbuzi zapakhomo imakhala yakuda, yofiirira, yofiirira, yofiirira komanso yoyera. Mtundu umadalira kwathunthu.

Mbuzi zambiri zapakhomo zimakhala ndi nyanga komanso ndevu. Nthawi zambiri, mbuzi zamphongo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazikazi.

Mbuzi zakunyumba ndizachilengedwe komanso zofatsa. Amakhala osavuta kunyamula chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo otupa. Mukamangolera mbuzi zanu zapakhomo kukhala ngati mpanda wopanda zilombo, zimakhala ndi moyo nudzakula mokondwa.

Nkhosa

Awa ndi chingamu cha mtundu wa mammary Ovis. Nkhosa nthawi zambiri imakhala yolusa kwambiri kuposa mbuzi yake, nyanga zake, zikafika, zimasiyanasiyana, zimakhala ndi fungo lakumaso pankhope pake ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, ndipo amuna samakhala ndi ndevu zambuzi. Nkhosa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi michira yayifupi.

Mu nkhosa zonse zakutchire, malaya akunja amatenga ubweya, ndipo pansi pake pali bulangete lalifupi lomwe lasintha kukhala chofunda cha nkhosa zapakhosi.

Nkhosa, inayo, imakhala ndi ubweya - wopindika, tsitsi lopindika - paliponse m'thupi lake kupatula nkhope yake. Mitundu ina ya nkhosa, monga nkhosa za merino, imakhala ndi ubweya wowonda, wandiweyani, wofunda womwe umapangira chovala chochepa thupi.

Ndemanga

Ndemanga zitha kungosiyidwa olembetsa!

Lowani pamalowa kapena kulembetsangati ino ndi nthawi yanu yoyamba kugulitsa Man.

10/05/2018, 17:02 # 7292353 Aneta Politova

04/28/2017, 02:40 # 2973787 Svittiliana

02/23/2017, 08:26 # 2437536 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Ayi, sadzatero)
Awa Mfumu ndiye ulemu wamfumu, amene ali ndi moyo nthawi ino, mwina ang'ono, etc., koma ndi mfumu ndi mfumukazi okha omwe angawatchule iwo.
Wogulitsa makamaka ndi udindo, koma. ndipo apa chisokonezo chikuyamba. kunalibe zochitika zatsopano kwambiri m'mbiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali amayi, achibale a mfumukazi - iwo adasungabe mutu wawo mpaka mfumukazi yatsopanoyi itabwera, ana aamuna, alongo - anali akalonga, Mafumu achifumu (Chifukwa chake Kukwezeka kwanu kudapitilira kuwatcha)
Koma chochita, mwachitsanzo, ngati wolamulira ayambiranso ntchito? Ndipo apa pali chisokonezo. Pamabwalo angapo tikulimbikitsidwa kuyitanitsa wothandizira - Kukweza kwanu, pankhaniyi, zikuwoneka, monga udindo wa wolumikizira wofanana ndi udindo wa kalonga. Kutengera ndi lingaliro, ndizabwinobwino, koma momwe zinaliri, sindinazipeze, ngakhale ndimakondanso lingaliro lokha)

Inde, ndizachisoni bwanji kuti palibe amene angafunse za momwe zinaliri) Apa tikadakhala ndi mafumu. koma pali injini zosakira, eh ..)

02/22/2017, 20:15 # 2434230 Seliverstova Irina

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:

Panthawiyo, ndinali wokonda kwambiri kachitidwe ka apilo kwa anthu odziwika okhaokha, m'maiko osiyanasiyana pali malingaliro. Ndidada nkhawa kwambiri ndi funso loti zomwe zimatchedwa regent? Ndimadandaula.

Funso labwino! Mwinanso pafupifupi wofanana ndi wolamulira yekha. Apezeka penapake: "Anfumu Wanu Wachifumu - pemphani mfumu yayikulu. Pankhaniyi," Mfumu Yanu "ikadandaula kwa wogulitsa"

Ayi, sadzatero)
Awa Mfumu ndiye ulemu wamfumu, amene ali ndi moyo nthawi ino, mwina ang'ono, etc., koma ndi mfumu ndi mfumukazi okha omwe angawatchule iwo.
Wogulitsa makamaka ndi udindo, koma. ndipo apa chisokonezo chikuyamba. kunalibe zochitika zatsopano kwambiri m'mbiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali amayi, achibale a mfumukazi - iwo adasungabe mutu wawo mpaka mfumukazi yatsopanoyi itabwera, ana aamuna, alongo - anali akalonga, Mafumu achifumu (Chifukwa chake Kukwezeka kwanu kudapitilira kuwatcha)
Koma chochita, mwachitsanzo, ngati wolamulira ayambiranso ntchito? Ndipo apa pali chisokonezo. Pamabwalo angapo tikulimbikitsidwa kuyitanitsa wothandizira - Kukweza kwanu, pankhaniyi, zikuwoneka, monga udindo wa wolumikizira wofanana ndi udindo wa kalonga. Kutengera ndi lingaliro, ndizabwinobwino, koma momwe zinaliri, sindinazipeze, ngakhale ndimakondanso lingaliro lokha)

02/22/2017, 18:15 # 2433152 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Sindikukumbukira tsopano, sindinasunge zolemba, koma sizinaphule kanthu

Ndendende, nthawi zina amathandizira kwambiri)

Panthawiyo, ndinali wokonda kwambiri kachitidwe ka apilo kwa anthu odziwika okhaokha, m'maiko osiyanasiyana pali malingaliro. Ndidada nkhawa kwambiri ndi funso loti zomwe zimatchedwa regent? Ndimadandaula.

Funso labwino! Mwinanso pafupifupi wofanana ndi wolamulira yekha. Apezeka penapake: "Anfumu Wanu Wachifumu - pemphani mfumu yayikulu. Pankhaniyi," Mfumu Yanu "ikadandaula kwa wogulitsa"

Ndipo ndinakondanso dzina la "Kalonga" lomwe ndimaganiza kuti limuyandikira. Koma anamira zakutchire za malingaliro aku Russia. tidalidi ndi akalonga ngati dothi. Ndipo adaganiza zobwerera ku icho pambuyo pake ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri.

Inde, ndi akalonga sikophweka)

Ndizovuta, ma injini amakono azomwe zimandibweretsera mantha, nthawi zambiri ndikafuna kumveketsa zambiri, ndiyenera kumakhala ndewu zambiri ku nkhondo mpaka Google itapereka zomwe ndikufuna. Chifukwa chake ndiye muyenera kuyang'ana, kugaya ndi kudziwa zambiri)

Zachidziwikire! Zambiri zomwe ndimayenera kuyang'ana kuti ndipeze nkhaniyi, mwachitsanzo, komabe ndiyofunika) Ndidayamba kulemba bwino ndi intaneti)

02/22/2017, 17:53 # 2432938 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka:
Ndili ndi chilichonse mu mawonekedwe osanjika: mafayilo, maulalo kumasamba. Manja onse safika kuti atole. Nthawi iliyonse ndikachifuna, ndimakumbanso, monga nthawi yoyamba. Ndikofunikanso kusintha mwadongosolo ndikuyika mabulogu. Ndili ndi mauthenga ofananawo komanso zolemba zanga zasayansi.

Izi zitha kupangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta kwa ambiri) Kodi tidikirira kukhala abwenzi?

02.22.2017, 15:37 # 2432014 Seliverstova Irina

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Seliverstova Irina:
Zikomo kwambiri! Nkhani yothandiza kwambiri!

Mwalandilidwa! Zachidziwikire, zimatha kupewetsa zinthu zambiri)

Nawonso posaka zidziwitso zofananizi. Onjezani ku mabhukumaki. zopitilira kamodzi zimabwera

Kodi wapeza zambiri kupatula izi?) Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupeza chimodzi chofunikira)

Sindikukumbukira tsopano, sindinasunge zolemba, koma sizinaphule kanthu
Panthawiyo, ndinali wokonda kwambiri kachitidwe ka apilo kwa anthu odziwika okhaokha, m'maiko osiyanasiyana pali malingaliro. Ndidada nkhawa kwambiri ndi funso loti zomwe zimatchedwa regent? Ndimadandaula.
Ndipo ndinakondanso dzina la "Kalonga" lomwe ndimaganiza kuti limuyandikira. Koma anamira zakutchire za malingaliro aku Russia. tidalidi ndi akalonga ngati dothi. Ndipo adaganiza zobwerera ku icho pambuyo pake ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri.
Ndizovuta, ma injini amakono azomwe zimandibweretsera mantha, nthawi zambiri ndikafuna kumveketsa zambiri, ndiyenera kumakhala ndewu zambiri ku nkhondo mpaka Google itapereka zomwe ndikufuna. Chifukwa chake ndiye muyenera kuyang'ana, kugaya ndi kudziwa zambiri)

02/22/2017, 11:49 # 2430285 Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka

02/22/2017, 11:22 # 2430129 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka:
Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa chazothandiza. Malembawo nthawi zambiri amafunikira. Chifukwa chake zidzakhala zofunika kupeza nthawi, kukhala pansi, kutolera mulu zonse zomwe zimapezeka kuphatikiza zomwe muli nazo.

Nthawi zonse wokondwa kuthandiza! Ine, ndidakali ndi cholemba pamwambo wapa tchalitchi, lero ndiphatikiza, ngati zingatero
O, ndipo mwasonkhanitsa zochuluka?) Zidziwitso zabwino zitha kukhala zothandiza nthawi zonse!

02/22/2017, 11:17 # 2430097 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Seliverstova Irina:
Zikomo kwambiri! Nkhani yothandiza kwambiri!

Mwalandilidwa! Zachidziwikire, zimatha kupewetsa zinthu zambiri)

Nawonso posaka zidziwitso zofananizi. Onjezani ku mabhukumaki. zopitilira kamodzi zimabwera

Kodi wapeza zambiri kupatula izi?) Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupeza chimodzi chofunikira)

02/22/2017, 10:46 # 2429837 Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka

02.22.2017, 10:15 # 2429554 Seliverstova Irina

02/21/2017, 20:07 # 2425225 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Zhanna Lebedeva:
Zikomo, nkhani yothandiza!

Mwalandilidwa! Wokondwa kugawana zambiri)

02/21/2017, 20:05 # 2425212 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Ndipo mukudziwa, ndikadali ndi cholembedwera pamaudindo akuluakulu ampingo (mwazindikira kuchokera pansi), mwina zingakhale zothandiza? Kupita kuwonjezera

Zachidziwikire, Svetochka. Palibe chidziwitso chapamwamba. Chilichonse chidzakhala chothandiza.

Ndipo izi ndi zowona - sindikuyenera kuwonjezera komanso kuwonjezera mawa, kotero ndikuyembekezera kubwera

02/21/2017, 20:03 # 2425191 Zhanna Lebedeva

02.21.2017, 19:52 # 2425038 Inna Komarova

02/21/2017, 17:14 # 2423604 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Yaroslav Vasiliev:
Pali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu "zolemba" za olemba "- gawo" lothandiza "

Zopatsa chidwi! Ndipo sindimadziwa bwino za iye kuti mumayang'ana pano. Zikomo!

02/21/2017, 16:34 # 2423310 Yaroslav Vasiliev

02/21/2017, 15:56 # 2423051 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Yaroslav Vasiliev:
nkhani yabwino
muyenera kusunga mu msonkhano

Wokondwa ndinakondwera!
Mu msonkhano? Zikumveka bwino)

02.21.2017, 13:23 # 2421843 Yaroslav Vasiliev

02/21/2017, 08:14 # 2419555 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:

Zambiri zabwino zomwe mwasunga! Inenso ndikhala ndekha
Ndipo mukudziwa, ndikadali ndi cholembedwera pamaudindo akuluakulu ampingo (mwazindikira kuchokera pansi), mwina zingakhale zothandiza? Kupita kuwonjezera

02/20/2017, 9:17 PM # 2416522 Inna Komarova

Svetochka, ndinapeza izi:
Thanani ndi olemekezeka
1. Middle Ages anali ndi mtundu wapadera wazikhalidwe ziwiri: chilankhulo chachipembedzo cha zipembedzo ndi zolembalemba (zosagwirizana ndi zipembedzo) motsutsana ndi chilankhulo chakomweko, chomwe chimathandizira kulankhulana kwatsiku ndi tsiku.
2. Kwa Mibadwo Yapakati, chidwi kwambiri ndi mawu ndi chofunikira, chifukwa mipingu ya m'Malemba (osati mu Chikhristu chokha - timakumbukira zonse za Korani ndi ma Vedas) zomwe zidabweretsa chikhalidwe chathu. Anthu amabukhu a Middle Ages adawona m'mawuwo chinsinsi chidziwitso cha zinsinsi zolembedwa m'malemba opatulika. Mu chilankhulo chachikhalidwe, izi zakhudza kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mawu osasunthika, omwe ambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro achipembedzo.
3. Feudalism inali yodziwika ndi kulumikizana kwa mabuku komanso miyambo. Khalidwe lofananalo limalumikizidwa ndi magawano omveka bwino am'gulu logawika m'magulu ndi kusungitsa gawo logawika. Mwachitsanzo, kugawanitsa anthu kukhala atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi mtendere, mpingo wovuta ndi maulamuliro akudziko, misonkhano ndi magulu a amisiri ndi ochita malonda, kuphatikizidwa kwa alimi kumtunda. Mitundu yozizira yamaubwenzi, dongosolo lamisonkhano, malamulo, malingaliro ndizofunikanso. Makhalidwe abwino ndi ulemu pamakhalidwe, dongosolo la dziko, komanso mawu. Awo. Zowonetsa momwe zochitika zikuyenera kuchitika, wochita seweroli ayenera kuchita, ndi momwe wolemba akuyenera kufotokozera zomwe zikuchitikazo. Zolemba zamabuku zimayambitsa chikhalidwe, kutuluka kwa njira zokhazikika, kusamutsa zidutswa za ntchito imodzi kupita ku imzake, kukhazikika kwa zithunzi, zifaniziro, fanizo, kuyerekezera, ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, kuyerekezera kosasunthika kwa mapiko a ku Iceland kudasinthika kukhala maupangiri (malonje ngati "kuwala kwa nkhondo", "dzuwa lankhondo" ngati lupanga, "kavalo wam'malo", "surf" pafupi sitima, "bokosi la Fafnir", "Tsitsi la Siv" la golide ndi etc.).

Monga tanena kale, Middle Ages adasiyanitsidwa ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri ndi malamulo otsogola, omwe adakhala ovuta kwambiri mzaka za 12-16. Ndikufuna kukhazikika pa zilembo zoyambitsidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Koyamba ku Middle Ages, anthu odziwika bwino adatchulidwa mayina, pomwe udindo kapena ulemu womwe munthu adatchulidwa: mwachitsanzo, Count Edmon wa ku Liege. Pokambirana mofananamo, dzina la dera la mbuye wachipembedzo lidasiyidwa. Anthu achikhalidwe chosasamala ndi mayina, monga lamulo, sanalembedwe, amangotchulira ulemu wapagulu chabe.
Choyamba, ndikufuna kupereka ulemu wofala kwambiri m'Mayiko ambiri, chifukwa osankhika olamulira sanali osiyana kwambiri.
Thirani Mfumu / Mfumukazi - Ukulu wanu,
Kwa kalonga / mwana wamkazi wamfumu kapena wolamulira wa magazi achifumu - Ukulu wanu,
kwa oyang'anira / ma duchess ndi kalonga / mwana wamkazi wamkulu - Chisomo chanu,
Kuwerengera / Kuwerengetsa kapena Kukweza / Kukweza - Bwino Wanu
kwa ena - chifundo chanu.
Nobles atha kupatsidwanso dzina:
wolamulira ndiye woonekera kwambiri kuposa onse wamphamvu,
marquise kapena kuwerengetsa - wolamulira wamkulu komanso wamphamvu, wowerengeka wolemekezeka / marquis,
viscount - mbuye wabwino komanso wamphamvu,
baron ndi mbuye wowona.
Apanire aphunzitsi:
kwa papa / kholo lakale - Chiyero chanu,
kwa archbishop / makadinala - Kukonda kwanu
Anglican - Archbishop Wanu Wachifundo / Milord,
Katolika - Archbishop wa Milord,
kwa bishopu - Chisomo chanu
Anglican - mbuyanga,
Katolika - Bishop wa Milord / Rev. Sir,
kupita ku Ireland - Reverend Sir / Amayi Anu,
kwa wansembe / mmonke - kholo loyera.
Kupitilira apo ndikufuna kukhazikika pamalingaliro ena enieni kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Mayina m'malo mopempha apilo amapereka, koma amathanso kukhala othandiza ngati pakufunika kutero. Popanda kuyeserera kupereka chidziwitso chonse, ndipereka zofunikira, mwa lingaliro langa, chidziwitso chowonjezera pamwambapa.

Iceland (7-12th c.): Konung - wolamulira wamkulu, mfumu,
wa chaka - mkulu wa County, wansembe kapena woweruza,
Khers - mtsogoleri wa fuko,
jarl - kazembe wa mfumu, mwini wake wa madera akulu,
chomangira (Karl) - munthu wamba waulere,
troll ndi kapolo.

Ireland (7-10 c.): Mfumu,
Druid ndi wansembe
Bregon - wotanthauzira malamulo,
filid - wofotokoza miyambo ya makolo, (atatu omalizira amatha kutchedwa "dazi" la tsitsi lalifupi)
bard ndi ndakatulo yanyimbo
fennius wankhondo, nthawi zina: membala wathunthu wa fuko,
Goidel (Ulad) - apilo yopita kwa munthu waku Ireland mwapadera.

England (zaka za m'ma 700): mfumu
glaford - eni malo
Earl - wolemekezeka komanso wokhala ndi malo ambiri,
gesit - wankhondo wachifumu
wamkulu - nthumwi ya fuko lotchuka,
tan - woimira gulu lankhondo olemekezeka.

Spain (zaka 9 mpaka 9): mfumu,
khanda / khanda - mwana wamwamuna kapena wamkazi wa mfumu,
rikos ombres - wolemekezeka kwambiri (olamulira, owerengera ndi oweta),
Infanson - mbuye wazocheperako,
cavaliero / hidalgo - knight,
consejo - mdindo, membala wa khonsolo yamzindawo.

France (9-13th c.): Amfumu ndi enawo akudziwa
anzanga - m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika kwambiri m'boma,
nyini / truvor - wandakatulo woyimbira komanso woyimba,
Villan ndiwe mfulu waulere,
Wantchito - serf
lit ndi kapolo womasulidwa.

Italy (11-13th c.): Duke,
woyang'anira ndi wamkulu lander
valvassor - mwininyumba yaying'ono,

02.20.2017, 20:35 # 2416098 Inna Komarova

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Inna Komarova:
Svetochka!
Posachedwa adakumana ndi nkhaniyi. Zothandiza kwambiri komanso zofunikira. Zikomo kwambiri.

Ndimangodziwa! Chilichonse kwa inu. Chonde, nthawi zonse, mukhale okondwa kukhala tikugwira ntchito!
Zikomo kwambiri okondedwa

Kodi mumatenga zinthu ngatizi? Zosangalatsa kwambiri!
Inde, chidule chatsopano.

Gawani chinsinsi, mwina nchothandizanso?)
Mukudziwa, ndimasonkhanitsa pang'ono pang'ono. Ndikuyang'ana kusungidwa. THANDA.

02/20/2017, 19:45 # 2415615 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetochka!
Posachedwa adakumana ndi nkhaniyi. Zothandiza kwambiri komanso zofunikira. Zikomo kwambiri.

Ndimangodziwa! Chilichonse kwa inu. Chonde, nthawi zonse, mukhale okondwa kukhala tikugwira ntchito!
Kodi mumatenga zinthu ngatizi? Zosangalatsa kwambiri! Gawani chinsinsi, mwina nchothandizanso?)

02/20/2017, 19:27 # 2415448 Inna Komarova

02/20/2017, 15:13 # 2413229 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Wustolpej Amoreemmh Rosalind:
Zabwino kwambiri. Zikomo chifukwa cha nkhaniyo)

Ndizachidziwikire.

02/20/2017, 14:44 # 2412945 Wustolpe Amoremmh Rosalind