Njovu ya ku India, yotchedwanso kuti Asia, ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi ya njovu, yomwe yalembedwa mu Red Book. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri papulaneti lathu, zomwe ndizofanana ndi mayi wakale wakale. Makutu ali ndi mawonekedwe owongoka ndipo amakulikira pansi.
Kutalika kwa nsonga zazimuna zazimuna ku India kumafika mita 1.5, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhudzana ndi kupha. Pali njovu zopanda nsapato. Amakhala makamaka kum'mawa kwa India.
Zochita Njovu zaku India
Kupatula ku India, mitundu ya njovu imeneyi imakhala ku Nepal, Burma, Thailand komanso chilumba cha Sumatra. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo olima mmaiko amenewa, njovu zilibe kwina komwe zimakhalako, chifukwa chomwe chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Malo okhala njovu za ku India ndi nkhalango yopepuka yopanda mitengo. Pafupifupi chilimwe, amakonda kukwera mapiri, ndipo pafupifupi sapita kumisewu, popeza magawo asinthidwa kukhala malo omwe amalimapo kenakake.
Mgwirizano Wamaubwino A Indian Elephant
Mwachilengedwe, njovu zaku India zimakhalamo ndipo zimasungidwa m'magulu a anthu 15-20, pomvera wamkazi wachikulire - ndi amene ndiye mutu wa gulu la ng'ombe. Nyama imakhala ndi magulu amtundu wa akazi okhudzana ndi ana. Pomwe zimachulukirachulukira, magulu amtunduwu amatha kupatukana ndi kupanga gulu lawo.
Njovu zachimuna za ku India zokhala ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zimasiyana ndi ng'ombe ndikupanga magulu awo kwakanthawi. Popeza akula, abambo amatha kukhala okha. Pakukhwima, anyani amphongo a ku India ndi oopsa komanso ankhanza ndipo amatha kuukira anthu.
Kugwirizana kwa njovu kumakhala kolimba. Ngati pali munthu wovulala m'bulu, ena amamuthandiza kuyimirira, kumuthandiza mbali zonse ziwiri.
Njovu zachi India zimapezeka mosiyanasiyana. Amakhala ndi magawo olumikizidwa ndi njira, komanso madera omwe njovu sizilowa. Njovu zimapita kumadera owopsa pokhapokha kukada.
Njovu ya ku India imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutalika kwa moyo wa njovu ya India ndi zaka 60-70. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika zaka 8-12. Yaikazi imanyamula mwana wa ng’ombe kwa miyezi 22, ndipo imakhala ndi pakati zaka 4-5 zilizonse. Pambuyo pobala, abusawo amafika pa kamwana kaja, kum'patsa moni pomugwira.
Amayi amamuthandiza kupeza mauwa. Mwana akangobadwa kumene amayimirira mwamphamvu pamapazi ake ndipo amatha kuyenda payekha. Pofika chaka cha 2-3, amayamba kudya zakudya zamasamba.
Kusaka njovu zaku India
Pofunafuna chakudya, njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo yonse yodzuka. Amadya mitundu yambiri yazomera, koma 85% ndiwo zakudya zomwe amakonda. Masana, njovu yaku India imadya makilogalamu 100-150 patsiku, ndipo munyengo yamvula mpaka 280 makilogalamu, amasankha udzu munyengo yamvula komanso nkhuni zambiri zamitengo ndi mitengo m'nthawi yadzuwa.
Njovu zimamwa malita a madzi okwanira 180 patsiku. Amadyanso dothi, potero amabwezanso zosungira za mchere ndi chitsulo. Pofufuza madzi, amatha kukuta mabedi owuma, omwe, njovu zikachoka, nyama zina zimagwiritsa ntchito kuthirira. Ngati pachakudya pali chinyezi chokwanira, njovu zimatha kukhala popanda madzi kwa masiku angapo.
Chifukwa chiyani ku India njovu yaku India imalemekezedwa kwambiri
Ku India, njovu imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yopatulika, yokhala ndi nzeru, wanzeru komanso mphamvu. Kupatula apo, njovu iyi yokha ndi yomwe imazindikira mwanzeru nkhani yopulumuka - kusamalira njovu zovulala ndi nyama zazing'ono. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njovu ndi chizindikiro cha India.
A njovu amachita nawo maukwati ndi zikondwerero zina.
Onani vidiyo yokhudza njovu ya ku India:
Werengani zambiri za njovu .. Kusaka njovu: Mbiri ndi zenizeni, njovu za Sumatran, njovu yaku India - mthandizi wofunika kwambiri wa munthu.
Mawonekedwe
Njovu zachi India ndizosakwanira kukula njovu za ku savannah zaku Africa, koma kukula kwake ndizodabwitsa - anthu achikulire (amuna) amafika pamtunda wa matani 5.4 ndikukula kwa mamilimita 2.5-3,5. Akazi ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi amuna, amalemera pafupifupi matani 2.7. Chochepetsetsa kwambiri ndizochezera kuchokera ku Kalimantan (zolemera pafupifupi matani awiri). Poyerekeza, njovu ya savannah imalemera kuyambira matani 4 mpaka 7. Kutalika kwa thupi la njovu yaku India ndi 5.5-6.4 m, mchirawo ndi 1.2-11.5 m njovu ku India ndi yayikulu kuposa iyi ya ku Africa. Miyendo ndi yotalikirapo komanso yocheperako, kapangidwe kake kamiyendo ka miyendo kamafanana ndi njovu ya ku Africa - pansi pa khungu pali kakulidwe kapadera. Pali miyendo 5 m'miyendo yakutsogolo, ndi miyendo inayi yam'mbuyo. Thupi lophimbidwa ndi khungu loterera lotumbululuka, khungu limakhala loyera mpaka imvi. Makulidwe amtundu wa njovu yaku India umafika pakati pa 2,5 cm, koma ndi wochepa thupi mkati mwa makutu, kuzungulira pakamwa ndi anus. Khungu louma, lilibe thukuta thukuta, choncho kusamalira ndikofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa njovu. Kusamba matope, njovu zimatetezedwa kuti sizilidwa ndi tizilombo, kuwotcha ndi dzuwa komanso kuchepa kwamadzi. Malo osambira fumbi, kusamba ndi kukwapula pamitengo kumathandizanso pa ukhondo wa pakhungu. Nthawi zambiri pamtembo wa njovu zaku India, makamaka pakati pa nyama zakale, zokhala ndi mapinki opindika (nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa makutu komanso pansi pa thunthu) zimawonekera, zomwe zimawonetsa mawonekedwe. Njovu zatsopano zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi la bulauni, lomwe limapukutira ndi zaka, komabe, njovu zachikulire za ku India ndizovala kwambiri ndi ubweya wolimba kuposa wa ku Africa.
Ma Albinos ndi osowa kwambiri pakati pa njovu ndipo amatumikira ku Siam pamlingo wina monga zinthu zopembedzedwa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka pang'ono chabe komanso amakhala ndi malo owala kwambiri. Malingaliro awo abwino anali ofiira ofiira ngati amtambo wachikasu ndi tsitsi loyera kumusana kwawo.
Mphumi yokulirapo, yopsinjika pakati komanso yolimba kwambiri kuchokera kumbali, ili ndi malo ofukuruka, ma tubercles ake amaimira malo apamwamba kwambiri a thupi (mapewa a njovu yaku Africa). Chikhalidwe chodziwika kwambiri chomwe chimasiyanitsa njovu yaku India ndi ya ku Africa ndi kukula kocheperako kwa auricles. Makutu a njovu yaku India samatulutsa khosi. Amakhala ang'ono kukula, osakhazikika patakhala mawonekedwe, ali ndi kupendekera pang'ono komanso kupweteka kwam'mphepete mwamkati. Tuski (zotalikirapo zotsogola) ndizochulukirapo, 2-3 nthawi yaying'ono kuposa njovu ya ku Africa, mpaka 1.6 m, kulemera mpaka 20-25 kg. Kwa chaka chokula, mankhusu amakula ndi masentimita 17. Amakula okha amuna, osowa mwa akazi. Mwa njovu za ku India pali amuna opanda ziboda, omwe ku India amatchedwa mahna (makhna) Makamaka, nthawi zambiri amphaka amtunduwu amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa njovu zopanda tanthauzo kumakhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Sri Lanka (mpaka 95%). Zovala zazikazi ndizochepa kwambiri kotero kuti zimakhala pafupifupi zosawoneka.
Monga momwe anthu ali ndi dzanja lamanzere ndi lamanzere, njovu zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito dzanja lamanja kapena lamanzere. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa nthata ndi nsonga yake yozungulira.
Kuphatikiza pa zilonda, njovu imakhala ndi ma molore 4, omwe amasinthidwa kangapo m'moyo akamatopa. Mukamasintha, mano atsopano samakula pansi pa akale, koma kupitirira nsagwada, pang'onopang'ono akukankhira mano ovala patsogolo. Njovu ya ku India, ma molars amasintha kasanu ndi kamodzi pa moyo, kumapeto kumatha pafupifupi zaka 40. Mano omalizira atapera, njovu imalephera kudya bwinobwino komanso kufa ndi njala. Monga lamulo, izi zimachitika pofika zaka 70.
Thunthu la njovu ndi njira yayitali yopangidwa ndi mphuno ndi milomo yapamwamba. Makina ovuta a minyewa ndi minyewa amathandizira kuti asunthike komanso kusunthika, kulola kuti njovu izitha kusintha zinthu zazing'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakupatsani mwayi wokwanira mpaka malita 6 a madzi. Septum, yomwe imalekanitsa m'mphuno, imakhalanso ndi minofu yambiri. Thunthu la njovu lilibe mafupa ndi cartilage, chokhacho chingathe kumapeto kwake, ndikugawana mphuno. Mosiyana ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya njovu za ku Africa, thunthu la ku Asia limatha mozungulira.
Njovu ya ku India ndi yosiyana ndi ya ku Africa mwa mtundu wowoneka bwino, wamtundu wapakatikati, yomwe imangopezeka ndi amuna, makutu ang'ono, chala cholumikizidwa kumbuyo popanda "chishalo", zipolopolo ziwiri pamphumi ndi mawonekedwe amodzi chala chakumapeto kwa thunthu. Kusiyana kwa kapangidwe kamkati kamaphatikizanso nthiti 19 mmalo mwa 21, monga njovu ya ku Africa, komanso mawonekedwe a molars - ma dentine otayika a mano mu dzino lililonse la njovu yaku India kuyambira 6 mpaka 27, omwe amaposa njovu ya ku Africa. Caudal vertebrae ndi 33 mmalo mwa 26. Mtima nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi kawiri. Zachikazi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zazimuna ndi zofunikira ziwiri zazikazi zomwe zimakhala pachifuwa. Ubongo wa njovu ndi waukulu kwambiri pakati pa nyama zapamtunda ndipo umafika pa 5 kg.
Ntchito Zogawa ndi Magulu Aang'ono
Kale, njovu zaku Asia zidapezeka ku Southeast Asia kuchokera ku Tigris ndi Euphrate ku Mesopotamia (45 ° E) kupita ku Mala Peninsula, kumpoto kukafika kumapiri a Himalayas ndi Mtsinje wa Yangtze ku China (30 ° N). pazilumba za Sri Lanka, Sumatra komanso mwina Java. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi kudza khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, njovu ya India idalipobe mu ambiri a Indian subcontinent, ku Sri Lanka, ndi kum'mawa kwa malo ake akale.
Pakadali pano, mndandanda wa njovu zaku India udagawika kwambiri, kuthengo amapezeka m'maiko a Indo-Malayan biogeographic dera: kumwera chakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam , kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, Malaysia (mainland and Kalimantan), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) ndi Brunei.
Masanjidwe
Magulu anayi amakono a njovu yaku Asia amadziwika:
- Njovu ya India (Elephas maximus chizindikiro) amakhala m'malo ogawikana kwambiri ku South India, mapiri a Himalayas komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, amapezekanso ku China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia ndi Mala Peninsula. Amuna ambiri amtunduwu amakhala ndi ma tchuthi.
- Sri Lankan kapena Ceylon njovu (Elephas maximus maximus) amapezeka ku Sri Lanka kokha. Imakhala ndi mutu waukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi khungu losasunthika pamphumi ndi kumunsi kwa thunthu. Monga lamulo, ngakhale abambo alibe lingaliro.
- sumatran njovu (Elephas maximus sumatrensis) amapezeka ku Sumatra kokha. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kocheperako, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "tonde la thumba."
- njovu zonyamula (Elephas maximus borneensis) Mkhalidwe wamsonkho wamtunduwu amaonedwa ngati wotsutsana, popeza adalongosoleredwa mu 1950 ndi katswiri wofufuza za nyama ku Sri Lankan Paulus Deraniagal kuchokera pa chithunzi chomwe chili mu magazini ya National Geographic, ndipo osati kuchokera pamalingaliro amoyo, monga amafunikira malamulo amafotokozera za mitundu . Izi zimakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Kalimantan (East Sabah). Ndiwochepetsetsa kwambiri pakati pa njovu zaku Asia, wokhala ndi makutu akuluakulu, mchira wautali komanso nsonga zolunjika. Kafukufuku wa DNA ya mitochondrial yomwe idachitika ku Kalimantan adawonetsa kuti makolo a malo omwe adasungidwa adasiyanitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri ku Pleistocene, zaka 300,000 zapitazo, ndipo si mbadwa za njovu zomwe zidabweretsedwa pachilumbachi m'zaka za zana la 16 - 18, monga momwe kumaganizira kale. A Njovu a Kalimantan adasiyanitsidwa ndi ena onse zaka 18,000 zapitazo pamene milatho pakati pa Kalimantan ndi Zilumba za Sunda idasowa.
Anthu aku Vietnam ndi Laos amkhulupirira kuti ndiwo anthu asanu. Njovu zocheperako (zosakwana 100) zomwe zimapezeka munkhalango za kumpoto kwa Nepal amati ndi njira zochepa Elephas maximus, popeza ali okwera masentimita 30 kuposa njovu yachilendo ya Asia. Anthu achi China nthawi zina amakhala ngati amtundu wina wosiyanasiyana Elephas maximus rubridens, adamwalira cha m'ma 1400 BC. e. Masanjidwe aku Syria (Elephas maximus asurus), wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa njovu zaku Asia, wamwalira pafupifupi 100 BC. e.
Moyo
Njovu ya ku Asia nthawi zambiri imakhala m'nkhalango. Amakonda nkhalango zowala za malo otentha komanso otentha kwambiri okhala ndi zitsamba zowirira makamaka nsungwi. M'mbuyomu, nthawi yozizira, njovu zimapita kunjako, koma tsopano zitha kukhala m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe zokha, chifukwa kunja kwawo gawo lanyumba lasinthidwa kulikonse. M'chilimwe, m'malo otsetsereka a nkhalango, njovu zimakwera m'mapiri, kumakumana ku Himalaya pafupi ndi malire a njoka zosatha, pamalo okwera mpaka mamitala 3600. Njovu zimayenda mosavuta kudutsa m'malo otsetsereka ndikukwera mapiri.
Mndandanda wathunthu wamalo omwe chilengedwe cha Indian njovu chimapezeka (2005) chikupezeka pano.
Monga nyama zina zazikulu, njovu zimalekerera kuzizira kuposa kutentha. Amakhala tsiku lotentha kwambiri patsikulo, akumagwedeza makutu awo kuti aziziritsa thupi komanso kusintha kutenthetsa. Amakonda kusamba, kumadziphimba ndi madzi ndikukwera mumatope ndi fumbi, njira zotetezazi zimateteza khungu la njovu kuti ziume, kuwotcha ndi dzuwa komanso kulumwa ndi tizilombo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, njovu zimakhala zodala komanso zodala, zimakhala ndi malire moyenera. Ngati ndi kotheka, amayang'ana kudalirika ndi kuuma kwa dothi pansi pa mapazi ndikuwupondaponda thunthu, koma chifukwa cha chipangizocho, mapazi amatha kuyenda ngakhale madambo. Njovu yodzidzimutsa imatha kuthamanga mpaka 48 km / h, pomwe imathamanga njovu ikakweza mchira wake, kuwuza achibale za ngoziyi. Njovu zimathanso kusambira. Njovu imakhala nthawi yake yambiri ikuyang'ana chakudya, koma njovu imafunikira pafupifupi maola 4 patsiku kuti igone. Nthawi yomweyo, sagona pansi, kupatula njovu zodwala ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Njovu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi fungo lakuthwa, kumva ndi kukhudza, koma mawonekedwe awo ndi ofooka - ndiwovuta kuwona patali kuposa mamitala 10, malo abwinopo. Kutchera njovu chifukwa cha makutu akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati ma amplifera ndi kwapamwamba kwambiri kuposa anthu. Zoti njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana pamtunda wautali zidadziwika koyamba ndi wolemba zachilengedwe waku India M. Krishnan. Poyankhulana, njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu ambiri, kutulutsa ndi manja ndi thunthu. Chifukwa chake, kulira kwa lipenga lalitali kumatcha ng'ombe, kuwomba mwachidule, kuwomba kwa lipenga kumatanthauza mantha, kuwomba mwamphamvu kwa thunthu pansi kumatanthauza kukwiya ndi mkwiyo. Njovu zimakonda kulira, kubangula, kubuula, maula, ndi zina zambiri.
Zakudya Zabwino ndi Kusamuka
Njovu za ku India ndizitsamba ndipo zimatha maola 20 patsiku kufunafuna chakudya ndi kudya. Njovu zimangokhala m'mawola otentha kwambiri pomwe njovu zimathawira mumthunzi kuti zisamatenthe kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe amadya tsiku lililonse zimachokera ku 150 mpaka 300 kg zamasamba osiyanasiyana kapena 6-8% ya kulemera kwa njovu. Njovu zimadyanso udzu, zimadyanso khungwa, mizu ndi masamba a mbewu zosiyanasiyana, komanso maluwa ndi zipatso zochuluka. Njovu zimang'amba udzu, masamba ndi mphukira ndi thunthu losunthika, ngati udzu ndi waufupi, zimayamba kumasula ndikugunda pansi ndikugunda. Makungwa ochokera kuma nthambi zikuluzikulu amatungidwa ndi zitsulo, pogwirizira nthambiyo ndi thunthu. Njovu zimawononga mbewu zaulimi mofunitsitsa, nthawi zambiri zimabzala mpunga, nthochi ndi nzimbe, motero zimakhala “tizirombo” chachikulu paulimi.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta njovu ya ku India ndiosavuta, timimba tambiri tomwe timayang'ana mbali imodzi timatha "kusunga" chakudya kwinaku mabakiteriya ofiira akuponya m'matumbo. Kutalika kwathunthu kwamatumbo ang'onoang'ono komanso akuluakulu a njovu yaku India kumafika pa 35 m. Kupukusa chakudya kumatenga pafupifupi maola 24, pomwe 44-45% yokha ya chakudya ndiomwe imalowa. Tsiku lomwe njovu imafunikira madzi okwanira 70-90 (mpaka 200), kotero samachotsedwa konse m'madzi. Monga njovu za ku Africa, nthawi zambiri amakumba pansi pakusaka mchere.
Chifukwa chakudya chochuluka, njovu sizimadyetsa malo amodzi kwa masiku opitilira 2-3 mzere. Simalo okhala malo, koma kutsatira malo omwe amadyera, omwe amafikira 15 km² kwa abambo ndi 30 km² kwa akazi achikazi, omwe amawonjezeka kukula panthawi yachilimwe.M'mbuyomu, njovu zimasuntha nthawi yayitali (nthawi zina zimayenda mozungulira mpaka zaka 10), komanso mayendedwe pakati pa magwero amadzi, koma zochita za anthu zidapangitsa kuti njirazi zisakhalepo, zikuchepetsa kukhalabe kwa njovu m'malo osungira nyama.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Njovu zaku India ndi nyama zachikhalidwe. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala m'magulu okhala ndi mayi wodziwika bwino (wamkazi wazambiri), ana ake aakazi, azilongo, ndi ana amuna, kuphatikiza amuna achichepere. Nthawi zina pafupi ndi gulu la ng'ombe pali nkhalamba imodzi. M'zaka za zana la 19, ng'ombe za njovu, monga lamulo, zinali ndi anthu 30-50, ngakhale panali mitu yoposa 100 kapena kuposerapo. Pakadali pano, ng'ombe zimapezeka zazikazi 2 ndi ana awo. Mtengowo ungagawike kwakanthawi m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu okhala ndi ma frequency angapo. Zinapezeka kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono (azimayi ocheperapo 3) amakhala okhazikika kuposa akulu. Zitsamba zing'onozing'ono zingapo zimatha kupanga zotchedwa. mabanja.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okhaokha, amuna achichepere okha omwe sanathe msinkhu amakhala magulu osakhalitsa omwe samagwirizana ndi magulu achikazi. Amuna achikulire amabwera kwa gulu la akazi pokhapokha ngati wamkazi ali mu estrus. Nthawi yomweyo, amakangana ndewu, nthawi zambiri, abambo amakhala olekerera wina ndi mnzake, malo awo chakudya nthawi zambiri amakhalapo pakati. Pofika zaka 15 - 15, amuna nthawi zambiri amatha kutha msinkhu, pambuyo pake amayamba kukhala ndi vuto lotchedwa ayenera (mu chilankhulo cha Urdu "kuledzera"). Nthawi imeneyi imadziwika ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa testosterone ndipo, chifukwa chake, amakhala mwamakani. Moyenera, chinsinsi chakuda chamaso chokhala ndi ma pheromones chimamasulidwa kuchokera ku chiwalo chapadera cha khungu chomwe chili pakati pa khutu ndi diso. Amuna nawonso amakhala ndi mkodzo wapamwamba. Munthawi imeneyi, amakhala osangalala kwambiri, owopsa komanso amatha kumenya munthu. Nyama imayenera kukhala masiku 60, nthawi yonseyi amuna amasiya kudya ndikuyendayenda pofunafuna akazi otuluka. Ndizachilendo kudziwa kuti ku njovu zaku Africa, njovu sizimatchulidwa koyamba ndipo zimayamba kuchitika pambuyo pake (kuyambira wazaka 25).
Kubalana kumatha kuchitika nthawi ina iliyonse pachaka, kaya ndi nyengo yotani. Akazi amakhala mu estrus kwa masiku 2-4 okha, kuzungulira kwathunthu kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi 4. Amphongo amalowa m'gulu la ng'ombe atamaliza - chifukwa, amuna okhwima kwambiri okhwima ndi omwe amaloledwa kubereka. Kulimbana nthawi zina kumadzetsa kuvulaza kwambiri kwa omwe akukangana nawo ngakhale kufa. Mwana wamwamuna wagonjetsedwa amathamangitsa amuna enawo ndikukhala ndi wamkazi pafupifupi milungu itatu. Popanda akazi, njovu zazimuna zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimawonetsera kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Kubereka njovu ndi yayitali kwambiri pakati pa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, zimatenga miyezi 18 mpaka 21.5, ngakhale kuti mwana wosabadwayo amakula bwino ndi miyezi 19 ndipo zimangokulira kukula. Yaikazi imabweretsa ma cub (1) osakwana 2) kulemera kwa 90-100 kg ndi kutalika (m'mapewa) pafupifupi mita 1. Amakhala ndi ma 5c kutalika, omwe amatsika ndi zaka 2, mano a mkaka amasintha kukhala achikulire. Pakubala, zazikazi zotsala zimazungulira mkaziyo posabereka, ndikupanga bwalo loteteza. Akangobadwa kumene, wamkazi amadzichepetsa kotero kuti mwana amakumbukira kununkhira kwa ndowe zake. Njovu yaikazi imakhazikika patatha maola awiri kuchokera pakubadwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo imayamba kuyamwa mkaka, njirayo mothandizidwa ndi thunthu kuti "imaluka" ndi fumbi lapansi, imayimitsa khungu ndikuphimba kununkhira kwake kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu. Patatha masiku angapo, khandalo likutha kutsatira gulu la ng'ombe, litagwira mchira wa mayi wake kapena mlongo wake wamkulu. Zazikazi zonse zowala mkango zimadyetsa njovu. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi 18 mpaka 18, ngakhale ng'ombe ya njovu imayamba kudya zakudya zam'mimba pambuyo pa miyezi 6 mpaka 7. Njovu za ana zimadyanso ndowe zakumayi - mothandizidwa osati zakudya zopanda pake zomwe zimangosungidwira kwa iwo, komanso mabakiteriya oyimba omwe amathandiza kuyamwa cellulose. Amayi akupitilirabe kusamalira ana kwa zaka zina zingapo. Njovu zazing'ono zimayamba kudzipatula pagulu la banja pofika zaka 6-7 ndipo pamapeto pake zimathamangitsidwa zaka 12-16.
Kuchulukana, kuchuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa njovu zimafanana ndi anthu. Kukhwima pakugonana mwa akazi a njovu zaku India kumachitika pazaka 10 mpaka 12, ngakhale amatha kubereka pofika zaka 16, ndipo amafika msinkhu wokula msinkhu pofika zaka 20 zokha. Amuna amatha kubereka mwa zaka 10 mpaka 17, koma kupikisana ndi amuna okalamba kumawaletsa kuti aziswana. Pakadali pano, anyamata achichepere amasiya zoweta zawo, zazikazi, monga lamulo, kukhalamo moyo wonse. Kuyamba kwa kutha msinkhu, komanso ma oestrus mu akazi okhwima, kumatha kulepheretsedwera ndi zovuta - nthawi za chilala kapena kupsinjika kwambiri. Munthawi zabwino kwambiri, zazikazi zimatha kubereka mwana pakapita zaka 3-4. Mu moyo wonse, wamkazi amapereka ma 4 a malita. Nthawi ya chonde chachikulu ndi pakati pa zaka 25 mpaka 45.
Zotsatira zakugawika kwamtunduwu komanso kudzipatula kwa anthu amtchire kuthengo kwakhala kukuchepa kwa dziwe la gene ndikulowerera pafupipafupi.
Zophatikiza za njovu zaku Asia ndi ku Africa
Njovu za Savannah ndi njovu zaku Asia ndi amitundu yosiyanasiyana, Loxodonta ndi Elephas, okhala ndi magawo osayanjanitsidwa komanso mwachilengedwe, osagwirizana. Komabe, mu 1978, ku zoo yaku England Chester Zoo mwangozi adapeza mtanda pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi. Mwana wakhanda wabadwa, asanakwane, anali ndi masiku 10 okha, atamwalira ndi matumbo. Uwu ndiye cholembedwa chokha cholembedwa chowoneka ngati chosakanizidwa chotere.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Njovu ya India
A genph Elephas adachokera kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa nthawi ya Pliocene ndipo adafalikira ku Africa. Kenako njovu zinafika kumwera chakumwera kwa Asia. Umboni wakale kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito njovu zaku India pomangidwa ndi wolemba pazisindikizo zachitukuko zochokera ku chigwa cha Indus, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 2000 BC.
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachiRussia - njovu yaku Asia (kapena India)
Chizungu - Indian njovu
Dzina lachi Latin - Elephas maximus
Order - Proboscidea (Proboscidea)
Banja - Njovu (Elephantidae)
Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa njovu ya ku Asia ndi njovu ya ku Africa. Mitundu iwiri iyi ya zinyama zamphamvu imawoneka yofanana, koma kusiyana kwake ndikofunika kwambiri kwakuti akatswiri azamanyama amati ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Njovu ndi munthu
Mbiri yakale yogwirizana kwambiri ya njovu ndi anthu zidayamba kale zaka masauzande ambiri ndipo ndizodzutsana. A njovu onse ndi ophatikizidwa ndipo amawopa: ndi mawonekedwe a mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Njovu zimachita nawo zikondwerero za pakachisi, ndipo zimayandikira pafupi kwambiri chifukwa cha njovu. Njovu zapakhomo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podula ndi ulimi, ndipo anthu amtundu wawo wamtchire nthawi zambiri amawononga mbewu. Asitikali, okhala ndi njovu, anali osagonjetseka, ndipo ngakhale tsopano, ngakhale ali ndiukadaulo wamakono wamphamvu, njovu ndizonyamula anthu ambiri kunkhalango.
Kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mauskini m'zaka 150 zapitazi kwapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa njovu. Kuphatikiza apo, pakadali pano, pazambiri zambiri, anthu akupikisana mokwanira ndi njovu kuti zikhale malo, ndipo ndichowona chomwe chikuopseza njovu kwambiri.
Njovu yaku Asia
Ndiwotsika kwambiri kuposa Wachiafrika kukula ndi kulemera kwake, kupeza ndalama zosakwana 5 ndi theka pofika kumapeto kwa moyo wake, pomwe savannah (wa ku Africa) amatha kuponya muvi wamiyala pafupifupi matani 7.
Chiwalo chovuta kwambiri ndi khungu lopanda thukuta.. Ndiamene amapangitsa kuti nyamayo ipangire njira zamatope ndi madzi, kuziteteza kuti isasungunuke, kuwotcha komanso kulumwa ndi tizilombo.
Khungu lozikika (mpaka 2,5 cm) limakutidwa ndi ubweya, lomwe limatsukidwa ndikakanda pamtengo pafupipafupi pamitengo: ndichifukwa chake njovu zimawoneka zowoneka bwino.
Makina akhungu pakhungu amafunikira kuti madzi asungidwe - samalola kuti likhazikike, kuteteza njovu kuti isamatenthe.
Khungu loonda kwambiri limawonedwa pafupi ndi anus, kamwa komanso mkati mwa auricles.
Mtundu wamtundu wa njovu ya India umasiyana ndi imvi kumaso, koma palinso maalubino (osati oyera, koma owala pocheperapo kuposa anzawo m'gulu la ziweto).
Zidadziwika kuti Elephas maximus (njovu yaku Asia), yomwe kutalika kwake kuchoka pa 5.5 mpaka 6.4 m, ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa wa ku Africa ndipo ali ndi miyendo yolimba yokhazikika.
Kusiyana kwina kuchokera ku savannah ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la thupi: mu njovu yaku Asia, ndiye pamphumi, woyamba - mapewa.
Malo ogawa ndi malo okhala
Malo ogawa amakono a njovu ku Asia ndi Hindustan Peninsula, Indochina, Malaysia, Thailand ndi zilumba za Asia. Kalelo m'zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 1700. linapezeka ku Central India, Gujarat komanso pachilumba cha Kalimantan, komwe kulibe njovu zakuthengo.
Njovu zaku Asia ndizochulukirapo kuposa nzika za ku Africa, zomwe zimakhala. Nthawi yomweyo, amakonda nkhalango zowala bwino zomwe zili ndi zitsamba zobiriwira ndipo makamaka bamboo. M'nyengo yotentha, njovu zimakwera m'mapiri atali ndimatondo, ndipo ku Himalaya zimapezeka kufupi ndi malire a njoka zosatha.
Vocalization
Kulira kofulumira kwambiri komwe njobvu zimafanana ndi phokoso. Phokoso ili limamveka pamtunda wa 1 km ndipo lingatanthauze chenjezo kapena likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti pakhale kulumikizana pakati pa nyama. Malo omwe njovu zimadyetsa komanso ziweto zimawonana, zimamveka zambiri. Njovu zikasangalala, zimaphulika.
Zimphona zazimphona zimatha kulankhula pamtunda wautali mothandizidwa ndi mawu okokomeza omwe ali ndi gawo lowonjezera. Munthu amene wayimirira pafupi ndi njovu yofuula'yo akumva "kugunda", koma, atasunthira malo pang'ono, sadzamvanso chilichonse, pamene njovu zina zimva mawuwo bwino. Usiku wodekha, mawu ngati amenewa amatha kufalikira mpaka pamtunda wa 300 mita. km
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa
A Njovu amakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nthawi yawo kufunafuna chakudya. Ku njovu zaku Asia, zakudya ndizosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimaphatikizapo mitundu ya mbewu 100, komabe, 85% yama voliyumu yake imagwera mitundu ya chakudya yomwe imakonda kwambiri ya 10-15.
Zitsamba zazikuluzikulu izi zomwe zimakhala ndi metabolism yayikulu zimafunikira chakudya chochuluka: munyengo yamvula, njovu wamkulu imadya makilogalamu 100-150 patsiku, kunyowa - kuyambira 200 mpaka 280 kg.
M'nyengo yamanyengo, njovu zimadya udzu wambiri kuposa mitengo yopanda chopatsa thanzi ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, munyengo yamvula - mosinthanitsa. Amakonda kudya nthaka yokhala ndi mchere wofunikira (mchere, bicarbonate). Njovu imafunikira madzi okwanira malita 180 patsiku. Nthawi zambiri amathetsa ludzu lawo kamodzi patsiku ndipo samalabadira kwenikweni zamadzi. Zakudya zawo zikadzaza ndimadzi, nyama zimatha kukhala popanda madzi kwa masiku angapo. M'malo ena ouma, njovu zimakumba mitsinje yopanda madzi mpaka kukafika pansi pamadzi. Njovu zikachokapo, zitsime zazing'ono zimangokhala malo othirira nyama zina.
Kubalana ndi chitukuko
Kubereka njovu ku Asia kumatha kuchitika nyengo zosiyanasiyana pachaka. Mpikisano wa amuna umayambira molingana ndi mtundu wa aliyense. Akafika zaka 20, njovu zamphongo nthawi zina zimakhala zopanda thupi. Mlingo wa mahomoni ogonana - testosterone - ukuwonjezeka m'magazi maulendo 20, njovu imakalipa kwambiri, chinsinsi chakuda chimayamba kutuluka kuchokera pakhungu lomwe limapezeka pakati pa diso ndi khutu. Kusangalala kwamunayo kumatenga pafupifupi milungu itatu. Njovu nthawi yayitali ikuyenera kuopedwa, itha kuukira munthu. Njovu zotere zimayesetsa kufunafuna zazikazi zotha ntchito, kusuntha gulu limodzi kupita kwina.
Njovu mwa mkazi m'modzi zimabadwa zaka zinayi zilizonse kapena zisanu.
Pali zochepa zomwe zimawonedwa pakubadwa kwa njovu. Kubala mwana kumachitika usiku, kutha mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo wowonera ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi kwambiri kukhala pamalo oyenera panthawi yoyenera. Pambuyo pa miyezi 22 yoyembekezera, njovu imatulutsa njovu imodzi yaying'ono yolemera 90 mpaka 115 kg. Mwambowu umachitika mkati mwa ng'ombe, ndipo posakhalitsa mamembala onse amkhandowo amabwera kwa iye kudzapereka moni ndi khutu. Nthawi zambiri wamkazi wachichepere amathandizira mkazi posabereka kuti asamalire mwana wake, kupeza chidziwitso cha kukhala mayi mtsogolo. Amayi amamuthandiza kutuluka mu ngalande yakubadwa ndikupeza ma nipples omwe ali pachifuwa chake. Ana amayamwa pakamwa, osati thunthu. Amwanso madzi pakamwa, ndipo amangoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito thunthu lawo ali ndi zaka 5-6. Kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga zaka zitatu, koma kuyambira milungu ingapo mwana wa njovu amayamba kudya zakudya zam'mimba, zomwe zazikazi ndi zina zazikulu zimadula, kenako ndikumupatsira mwanayo mkamwa.
Njovu za ana zikukula mofulumira. Kuyambira pobadwa mpaka zaka 4, amakula molingana, akulemera kuyambira 9 mpaka 20 makilogalamu pamwezi. Pazaka pafupifupi 4, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumayamba kuonekera. Atakwanitsa kukhwima (zaka 10-12), akazi akupitiliza kukula, koma pang'onopang'ono, amuna amakula mwachangu kwambiri. Njovu zikamakulira m'miyoyo yawo yonse, nyama zazikuluzonso ndi zachikale, ndipo pakukalamba kusiyana pakati pa zazimuna ndi zazikazi kumatha kukhala matani awiri.
Njovu zaku Asia kumalo osungira nyama ku Moscow
Njovu zaku Asia zakhala zikusungidwa ku malo osungira nyama kuyambira nthawi zakale - chimphona choyamba chidawonekera mu 1898. A Njovu omwe timakhala nafe tidafika ku Zoo yaku Moscow mu 1985.
Nkhaniyi idayamba ndikuti Vietnam idapereka Cuba njovu zinayi. Anadutsa bwinobwino nyanja ziwiri, koma sitimayo yokhala ndi nyama ikafika pachilumbachi, zinaoneka kuti njovu zidalandira katemera wa kumapazi ndi pakamwa, ndipo ku Cuba sikunakhalepo nthendayi. Poopa kuti akhoza kutenga kachilomboka, akuluakulu abomawo anakana mphatsoyo. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, njovu zinali zitasambira kwa miyezi yambiri, ndipo zinali zofunikira kuchita nazo. Zoo yaku Moscow idavomereza kulandira nyamazo, ndipo sitimayo idapita ku Leningrad. Zima zinabwera. Mkazi m'modzi adafera m'njira, wachiwiriyo sanadzuke, ndipo wamphongo ndi wachitatu anali wotopa kwambiri. Mwamwayi, mayendedwe adatumizidwa mosazengereza, njovu zitatu zinapulumuka ndikuchira.
Mu 1995, m'modzi mwa aakazi, a Pipita, adabereka lachitatu m'mbiri ya mwana wang'ombe wampango wa zoo, yemwe tsopano amakhala kumalo osungira nyama ku Yerevan.
Kwa njovu pomanganso nyamayi pofika 2004, njovu yatsopano idamangidwa, yomwe ili m'dera lakale pafupi ndi "Nyumba ya Mbalame". Mu 2009, njovu inanso idabadwa kwa Popita - Cyprid. Amayi ake ndi azakhali ake momuzungulira ndi chisamaliro ndi chikondi. Tsoka ilo, Prima adamwalira mu 2014 - anali ndi thanzi labwino kuyambira ali mwana. Mu Meyi 2017, Papita adabadwa mwana wachitatu wa njovu - Filemoni.
Njovu zathu zimagona chilimwe m'mabwalo am'misewu, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimatha kuwonekera mkati mwa bwalolo. Kiprida pafupifupi adagwidwa ndi amayi ake kukula kwake, Popita amamuthandiza. Aliyense akumva bwino. Popeza njovu ndi zazitali, A Pamirs ndi Pipita ali wamkulu, aliyense ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 30, ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti adzakhala ndi ana.
Njovu iliyonse imadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 150 a chakudya tsiku lililonse. Amadya udzu, kapena udzu, mbatata, kaloti, beets, mkate, ndi msondodzi wa msondodzi. Amakonda nthochi ndi maapulo kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, njovu zimakondwera kuima posambira, zomwe zimakonzedwa mwa njovu, ndipo nthawi yotentha zimakonda kusambira mu dziwe. Nthawi zina amakonda kupusitsana ndi alendo: ponyani mafuta ambiri kapena manyowa madzi kuchokera pamtengo.
Ntchito ndi mano
Ntchito zikufanana ndi nyanga zazikulu, zomwe zimachokera mkamwa. M'malo mwake, awa ndi mautali apamwamba achimuna, omwe amakula mpaka 20 cm pachaka.
Chingwe cha njovu yaku India sichichulukirapo (nthawi 2-3) kuposa phokoso la msuweni wake waku Africa, ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 25 kg kutalika kwa 160 cm.
Ntchito zimasiyana osati kukula kwake, komanso mawonekedwe ndi kutsogola kwa kukula (osati kutsogolo, koma chammbali).
Makhna ndi dzina lapadera lopangidwa ndi njovu zaku Asia zopanda mbambozomwe zikuchuluka ku Sri Lanka.
Kuphatikiza pazinyumba zokulirapo, njovu imakhala ndi ma moloti 4, iliyonse imakula mpaka theka. Amasintha pamene akupera, ndipo atsopano kudulira kumbuyo, osati pansi pa mano akale, kuwakankhira kutsogolo.
Njovu ya ku Asia, mano amasintha kasanu ndi kamodzi pamoyo wawo wonse, ndipo omaliza amapezeka zaka makumi anayi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mano m'chilengedwe amakhala ndi gawo labwino m'tsogolo mwa njobvu: zikamaliza zomalizira, nyama sizitha kutafuna masamba olimba ndikufa chifukwa chotopa. Mwachilengedwe, izi zimachitika kwa zaka 70 za njovu.
Kodi njovu yaku India imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njovu zaku India
Njovu za ku India zimachokera ku Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia Peninsula, Laos, China, Cambodia ndi Vietnam. Kutha kwathunthu ngati nyama ku Pakistan. Imakhala m'malo a mitengo, komanso nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse.
M'zaka zoyambirira za 1990s, kuchuluka kwa nyama zakutchire:
- 27,700–31,300 ku India, komwe chiwerengerocho chimakhala ndi madera anayi: kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Himalayas ku Uttarakhand ndi Uttar Pradesh, kumpoto chakum'mawa - kuchokera kumalire akummawa a Nepal mpaka Assam chakumadzulo. Pakati penipeni - ku Odish, Jharkhand komanso kumwera kwa West Bengal, komwe nyama zina zimayendayenda. Kummwera, anthu asanu ndi atatu apatukana ndi wina ndi mzake kumpoto kwa Karnataka,
- Anthu 100 mpaka 125 adalembedwa ku Nepal, komwe mndandanda wawo umangokhala madera angapo otetezedwa. Mu 2002, kuwerengetsa kunachokera ku njovu za 106 mpaka 172, zambiri mwa izo zili ku Bardia National Park.
- Njovu zokwana 150-250 ku Bangladesh, komwe kumakhala anthu ochepa,
- 250-500 ku Bhutan, komwe mndandanda wawo umakhala malo otetezedwa kumwera m'mphepete ndi India,
- Kwina pafupifupi 4000-5000 ku Myanmar, komwe manambala ndi ogawika kwambiri (akazi amapambana),
- Anthu 2,500-3,200 ku Thailand, makamaka kumapiri komwe kumalire ndi dziko la Myanmar, komwe kuli timagulu tating'ono tambiri tomwe timapezeka kum'mwera kwa chilumbacho.
- 2100-10000 ku Malaysia,
- 500-1000 Laos, komwe amabalalika m'malo a nkhalango, m'malo okwera komanso m'malo otsika,
- 200-250 ku China, pomwe njovu zaku Asia zidatha kukhala m'madambo a Xishuangbanna, Simao ndi Lintsang kumwera kwa Yunnan,
- 250-600 ku Cambodia, komwe amakhala kumapiri akummwera chakumadzulo ndi zigawo za Mondulkiri ndi Ratanakiri,
- 70-150 kum'mwera kwa Vietnam.
Izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa anthu wamba.
Kodi njovu ya India imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Tembo ku India
Njovu zimagawidwa ngati herbivores ndipo zimadya masamba mpaka makilogalamu 150 patsiku. M'dera lomwe lili pamtunda wa makilomita 1,130 kumwera chakum'mwera kwa India, njovu zidalembedwa zomwe zidadyetsa mitundu 112 yazomera zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku mbewu za kanjedza, kanjedza, udzu komanso udzu. Kudya kwawo amadyera kumadalira nyengo. Zomera zatsopano zikaonekera mu Epulo, zimadya mphukira zanthete.
Pambuyo pake, zitsamba zikayamba kupitirira 0,5 m, njovu zaku India zimazula ndi ziphuphu zamtunda, zimasiyanitsa dothi lapansi ndikutenga masamba atsopano, koma kusiya mizu. Pakugwa, njovu zimatsuka ndikudyera zipatso zabwino. Mu bamboo, mbande zazing'ono, zimayambira ndi mphukira zam'mbali zimakonda kudya.
M'nyengo yachilimwe kuyambira Januware mpaka Epulo, njovu zaku India zimayang'ana masamba ndi nthambi, zimasankha masamba atsopano, ndikukula mphukira zopanda zipatso popanda vuto lililonse. Amadyetsa khungwa loyera la mtengo wa mthethe ndi mbewu zina zamaluwa ndikuyesa zipatso za mtengo wa apulo (feronium), tamarind (tsiku la India) ndi kanjedza.
Ndikofunikira! Kuchepa kwa malo okhala kumapangitsa kuti njovu zizifunafuna zakudya zina zamafamu, malo okhala ndi minda yomwe idamera m'nkhalango zawo zakale.
Ku Nepalese Bardia National Park, njovu zaku India zimadya udzu wambiri wozizira, makamaka nyengo yamvula. M'nyengo yamvula, amayang'ana kwambiri khungwa, lomwe limapanga chakudya chochuluka kwambiri m'chigawo chazizira.
Pakufufuza pamtunda wa makilomita 160 kumtunda kotentha ku Assam, zidadziwika kuti njovu zimadya mitundu pafupifupi 20 ya udzu, zomela, ndi mitengo. Zitsamba zotere, monga leersia, sizotalikirana ndi zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri pakudya kwawo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Chinyama cha njovu cha India
Nyama zoyamwitsa ku India zimatsatira njira zosamukasamuka zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo yamvula. Woyambayo wamkulu pakati pa gulu la ziweto ndi amene amakumbukira njira zoyendetsera banja lake. Kusamukira kwa njovu ku India kumachitika nthawi yamvula komanso youma. Mavuto amabuka pamene minda ikumangidwa munjira zodutsa zazikazi. Mwanjira imeneyi, njovu zaku India zimawononga kwambiri malo omwe angokhala kumene.
Njovu zimanyamula kuzizira mosavuta kuposa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri masana amakhala pamthunzi ndikuweyula makutu awo, kuyesera kuziziritsa thupi. Njovu za ku India zimayikidwa ndimadzi, zimagudubuzika m'matope, poteteza khungu kuti lisaluma tizilombo, likuuma ndikuwotcha. Ndi mafoni kwambiri, amakhala ndi malingaliro abwino. Chipangizo chamapazi chimawalola kuyenda ngakhale kudutsa madambo.
Njovu yovuta ya ku India imayenda mothamanga mpaka 48 km / h. Amakweza mchira wake, ndikuchenjeza zoopsa. Njovu ndizosambira zabwino. Amafuna maola 4 patsiku kuti agone, osagona pansi, kupatula anthu odwala ndi nyama zazing'ono. Njovu ya ku India imakhala ndi fungo labwino, kumva kosangalatsa, koma mawonekedwe operewera.
Izi ndizodabwitsa! Makutu akuluakulu amakhala ngati njovu kuti ikulitse khutu, motero makutu ake ndi apamwamba kuposa anthu. Amagwiritsa ntchito infrasound kuyankhulana pamtunda wautali.
Njovu zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolira, kubangula, ma screeches, mapokoso, ndi zina zotere, zimagawana ndi abale pachiwopsezo, kupsinjika, kupsa mtima komanso kuwonetsana.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe A Njovu Zachilengedwe
Chithunzi: Big Indian Elephant
Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, njovu zaku India sizimadya zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa nsungu, agalu ndi omwe amadyera kwambiri, ngakhale amakonda kusaka njovu kapena nyama zofooka, osati anthu akuluakulu komanso amphamvu.
Njovu zaku India zimapanga ng'ombe, motero nkovuta kuti zilombo zizitha kuzithana zokha. Njovu zamphongo zazimuna zokha zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino, motero sizimakhala zochedwa. Tizilombo tambiri timadyera njovu pagulu. Njovu ikulu ikhoza kupha akambuku osasamala, koma ngati nyamazo zili ndi njala yokwanira, zimapezanso mwayi.
Njovu zimatha nthawi yambiri m'madzi, motero njovu zazing'ono zimatha kudwala mamba. Komabe, izi sizichitika nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zimakhala zotetezeka. Ma hyenas nthawi zambiri amakangamira kholingo atamva kuti wina akudwala.
Zachidziwikire! Njovu zimakonda kufa pamalo ena ake. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo samakhala mkati mwanjira yakumwalira ndipo akudziwa nthawi yake. Malo omwe njovu zakale zimapita amatchedwa manda a njovu.
Komabe, vuto lalikulu kwambiri la njovu limachokera kwa anthu. Si chinsinsi kuti anthu akhala akusaka kwazaka zambiri. Ndi zida zomwe anthu ali nazo, nyama sizikhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka.
Njovu zaku India ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zowononga, ndipo alimi ang'onoang'ono atha kutaya katundu wawo wonse mosachedwa nthawi yomwe akuwombera. Nyama izi zimawononganso mabungwe akuluakulu azolimo. Ziwopsezo zowononga zimayambitsa kubwezera ndipo anthu amapha njovu pofuna kubwezera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Njovu ya India
Kuchuluka kwa mayiko a Asia kukufunafuna malo atsopano amoyo. Izi zinakhudzanso malo okhala njovu za ku India. Kulowerera kosaloledwa m'malo otetezedwa, kuyeretsa nkhalango misewu ndi ntchito zina zachitukuko - zimapangitsa kuti malo atheretu, kusiya malo ochepa okhala nyama zazikulu.
Kuchepa kwa malo komwe kumangochotsa njovu zaku India popanda magwero abwino azakudya ndi pogona, komanso kumawapangitsa kukhala ochepa ndipo sangathe kuyenda ndi njira zawo zakale zosamukira komanso kusakanikirana ndi gulu lina.
Komanso kuchuluka kwa njovu zaku Asia zikucheperachepera chifukwa chosaka nyama zaumbodzi zomwe zimakonda chidwi chawo. Koma mosiyana ndi anzawo aku Africa, amuna okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi ma India. Chiwopsezo chimafafaniza chiwerewere, zomwe zimasemphana ndi kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Ziwawa zikukwera chifukwa chakufunidwa kwa njovu zapakatikati ku Asia, ngakhale kuli kwoletsa malonda a minyanga mdziko lotukuka.
Zindikirani! Njovu zachichepere zimatengedwa kuthengo kuchokera kwa amayi awo kukazigulitsa ku Thailand. Amayi nthawi zambiri amaphedwa, ndipo njovu zimayikidwa pafupi ndi zazikazi zomwe sizabadwa kuti zibise chowonadi chobedwa. Njovu za ana nthawi zambiri zimaphunzitsidwa “kuphunzitsidwa,” zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyenda pang'ono komanso kusala kudya.
Woyang'anira njovu ku India
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiirira la India
Chiwerengero cha njovu zaku India chikucheperachepera. Izi zimawonjezera chiwopsezo cha kuzimiririka kwawo. Kuyambira mu 1986, njovu yaku Asia idalembedwa kuti ndiyopezeka ndi Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN, popeza kuchuluka kwawo kuthengo kwatsika ndi 50%. Lero, chiwopsezo cha kutayika kwakhazikika, kuwonongeka ndi kugawikana kukuyandikira njovu yaku Asia.
Ndikofunikira! Njovu ya ku India idalembedwa mu zowonjezera za CITES I. Mu 1992, ntchito ya a Njobvu idakhazikitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi nkhalango za Boma la India kuti zithandizire pandalama komanso njirayi pogawa kwaulere njovu zaku Asia.
Ntchitoyi ikufuna kuonetsetsa kuti njovu zitha kukhalapobe mpaka kalekale m'malo otetezedwa mwa kuteteza malo okhala ndi mayendedwe osamukasamuka. Zolinga zina za polojekiti ya Njovu ndikuthandizira kufufuza kwachilengedwe ndi kuyang'anira njovu, kudziwitsa anthu amderali, ndikusamalira chisamaliro chazinyama kwa njovu zakapolo.
M'mapiri akumwera chakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, pamtunda wa pafupifupi 1,160 km², malo otetezedwa ndi njovu zazikulu kwambiri m'dzikoli. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) ikugwira ntchito yoteteza anthu opanga njovuyi nthawi yayitali posamalira malo okhala, kuchepetsa kwambiri zoopsa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, komanso pothandizira kuteteza anthu ndi malo omwe amakhala.
Makamaka kumadzulo kwa Nepal komanso kum'mawa India, WWF ndi othandizira ake akumanganso mayendedwe achilengedwe kuti njovu zitha kufikira njira zawo zosamukira popanda kusokoneza nyumba za anthu. Cholinga chautali ndikugwirizanitsanso madera 12 otetezedwa ndikupititsa patsogolo ntchito zothandiza pagulu kuti muchepetse kusamvana kwa njovu. WWF imathandizira kuteteza zachilengedwe komanso kudziwitsa anthu malo okhala njovu.
Ziwalo zina ndi ziwalo za thupi
Mtima waukulu (nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi wapamwamba kawiri) umalemera pafupifupi 30 makilogalamu, kugwira pafupipafupi ma 30 pamphindi. 10% yakulemera kwa thupi ili m'magazi.
Ubongo wa imodzi mwa zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri zapadziko lapansi zimawerengedwa (mwachilengedwe kwambiri) cholemetsa kwambiri, chotalika makilogalamu asanu.
Zachikazi, mosiyana ndi amuna, zimakhala ndi zofunikira ziwiri za m'mimba.
Njovu imafunikira makutu osati kuti imve kulira, komanso kuti izigwiritsa ntchito ngati fan, ikudziwotcha pakatentha.
Kwambiri chiwalo cha njovu chaponseponse - thunthumothandizidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimazindikira fungo, kupumira, kuthira madzi, kumva ndikulanda zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chakudya.
Thunthu, pafupifupi lopanda mafupa ndi cartilage, limapangidwa ndi milomo yapamwamba ndi mphuno. Kusunthika kwapadera kwa thunthu kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa minofu 40,000 (tendons ndi minofu). Cartilage yokhayo (kugawa mphuno) imapezeka kumapeto kwa thunthu.
Mwa njira, thunthu limatha ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yomwe imatha kuwona singano mu haystack.
Ndipo thunthu la njovu yaku India limatenga malita 6 amadzi. Atatenga madzi, nyamayo imaponyera thunthu mkamwa mwake ndikuwuzira kotero kuti chinyezi chimalowa pakhosi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati akufuna kukutsimikizirani kuti njovu ili ndi mawondo anayi, musakhulupirire: alipo awiri okha. Maulalo ena amenewo siwondo, koma Elowel.
Zosiyanasiyana ndi ma subspecies
A Elephas maximus nthawi ina amakhala ku Southeast Asia kuchokera ku Mesopotamia kupita ku Peninsula ya Malaysia, amakhala (kumpoto) kumapiri a Himalayas, zisumbu za Indonesia ndi Chigwa cha Yangtze ku China.
Popita nthawi, mtunduwo wasintha kwambiri, kupeza mawonekedwe ogawika. Njovu zaku Asia tsopano zikukhala ku India (South ndi North-East), Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Southwest China, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam ndi Brunei.
Akatswiri azomera amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu yamakono ya Elephas maximus:
- chizindikiro (Njovu ya ku India) - Amuna a masapota awa asunga zidole. Nyama zimapezeka kumadera akumwera kwa South ndi North-East India, Himalayas, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia ndi Mala Peninsula,
- maximus (Sri Lankan njovu) - amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda mauna. Mbali yokhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri (kumbuyo kwa thupi) mutu wokhala ndi malo osungunuka kumapeto kwa thunthu ndi pamphumi. Khalani ku Sri Lanka
- subspecies apadera Elephas maximus, omwe amapezekanso ku Sri Lanka. Anthuwo ndi ochepera 100 njovu, zomwe zimachulukitsa kukula kwa anzawo. Zimphona izi zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango za kumpoto kwa Nepal ndizitali 30 cm kuposa njovu wamba za India,
- borneensis (Njovu ya Bornean) - masamba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mauricles akuluakulu, owongoka kwambiri komanso mchira wautali. Njovu izi zimapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Borneo,
- sumatrensis (totatran njovu) - chifukwa cha kukula kwake kophatikizana amatchedwanso "njovu thumba". Osachoka ku Sumatra.
Kusanja komanso kugawa
Ubale mu gulu la njovu wakhazikitsidwa potsatira izi: pali mmodzi, wachikulire kwambiri, yemwe amamutsogolera achemwali ake, asungwana, ana, komanso amuna omwe sanathe msinkhu.
Njovu zokhwima zimakonda kukhala zokha, ndipo okalamba okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kupita ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi abusawo.
Pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo, ng'ombe zoterezi zinali za 30, 50 ngakhale 100, m'nthawi yathu ino, gulu la ng'ombe limaphatikizapo azimayi awiri mpaka khumi olemedwa ndi ana awo.
Pofika zaka zapakati pa 10-12, njovu zimafika pa kutha msinkhu, koma pofika zaka 16 zokha zimatha kubereka, ndipo pambuyo pa zaka 4 zimawerengedwa kuti ndi akulu. Kubala chonde kwambiri kumachitika pakati pa zaka 25 mpaka 45: munthawi imeneyi, njovu imapatsa ma 4 litre, kukhala ndi pakati pafupifupi zaka 4 zilizonse.
Amuna okula, ndikupeza mphamvu yothira feteleza, amasiya abambo awo ali ndi zaka 10 mpaka 17 ndikuyendayenda payekhapayekha mpaka zofuna zawo zaukwati zikasemphana.
Chomwe chimapangitsa mndandandandawo pakati pa amuna otchuka ndi mnzake mu estrus (masiku 2-4). Pankhondo, otsutsa amakhala pachiwopsezo osati thanzi lawo lokha, komanso moyo wawo, popeza ali mkhalidwe wapadera wotchedwa ayenera (kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Urdu - "kuledzera").
Wopambana amathamangitsa maimpuwo osasiya osankhidwa kwa masabata atatu.
Zoyenera kuchita, pomwe testosterone imachoka, imakhala mpaka miyezi iwiri: njovu zimayiwala za chakudya ndipo zimatanganidwa ndikupeza zazikazi mu estrus. Mitundu iwiri ya zotupa imadziwika kuti iyenera kukhala: mkodzo wambiri ndi madzi okhala ndi mafungo onunkhira, omwe amapangidwa ndi kutulutsa timitseko pakati pa diso ndi khutu.
Njovu zoyamwa sizowopsa kwa abale awo. Ndi "kuledzera" amatsutsana ndi anthu.
Progeny
Kuswana kwa njovu zaku India sizimadalira nthawi yayitali, ngakhale chilala kapena kukakamizidwa kwa nyama zambiri zimachedwetsa kuyambuka kwa estrus komanso ngakhale kutha.
Mwana wosabadwayo amakhala m'mimba mwa amayi kwa miyezi 22, wopangidwa mokwanira ndi miyezi 19: nthawi yotsala, imangokhala kulemera.
Pakubadwa, zazikazi zimaphimba mkazi pakubala, ataimirira mozungulira.Njovu imabereka ana amodzi (osowa) awiri kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi kulemera kwa 100 kg. Adayamba kale kukongoletsa zinthu zomwe zimayamba kulowa ndikusintha mano a mkaka ndi okhazikika.
Maola angapo atabadwa mwana wa njovu wayimirira kale ndipo akuyamwa mkaka wa mayiyo, ndipo mayiyo akufafaniza mwana ndi fumbi ndi nthaka, kotero kuti kununkhira kwake kosakomera sikumanyengerera olusa.
Masiku adzafika, ndipo akhandayo adzayendayenda limodzi ndi aliyense, akumamatirira mchira wa amayi ake ndi maluwa ake.
Njovu ya mwana imaloledwa kuyamwa mkaka pa njovu zonse zowala. Amang'amba bere la mwana wa ng'ombe m'zaka 1.5-2, kusamutsira kudyera chomera. Pakadali pano, ng'ombe ya njovu imayamba kuthira mkaka kudyetsa udzu ndi masamba ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Njovu itabereka, imafooka kotero kuti yatsopano imakumbukira kununkhira kwake. Mtsogolomo, ng'ombe ya njovu imadzadya kotero kuti michere yonse yosaipitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa kuti mapangidwe a cellulose alowe m'thupi.
Zomwe mukufunanso kudziwa za njovu ya ku Asia
Ichi ndi herbivore chomwe chimadya udzu kuchokera pa 150 mpaka 300 kg wa udzu, makungwa, masamba, maluwa, zipatso ndi mphukira patsiku.
Njovu ndi imodzi mwazilombo zazikuluzikulu (poganizira magawo) azilimo, chifukwa ng'ombe zawo zimawononga kwambiri nzimbe, nthochi ndi mpunga.
Kutemera kwathunthu kumatenga njovu maola 24ndipo zosakwana theka la chakudya zimamwetsa. Masana, chimphona chimamwa madzi okwanira 70 mpaka 200 malita, ndichifukwa chake sichingapite kutali ndi komwe kunachokera.
Njovu zimatha kuwonetsa zakukhosi. Amakhala achisoni ngati njovu zatsopano kapena anthu ena am'deralo afa. Zochitika zosangalatsa zimapatsa njovu chifukwa chosangalalira komanso kuseka. Poona njovu itagwa m'matope, wachikulire adzatulutsa thunthu kuti athandizire. Njovu zimatha kulumikizana uku ndi uku ndi uku.
Mu 1986, nyamazo (pafupi ndi kutha) zinafika pamapeji a International Red Book.
Zomwe zakuchepera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa njovu zaku India (mpaka 2-5% pachaka) zimatchedwa:
- kupha minyanga ya njovu ndi nyama
- kufunafuna chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minda,
- kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumayenderana ndi zochitika za anthu,
- kufa pansi pa matayala a magalimoto.
Mwachilengedwe, akuluakulu sakhala ndi adani achilengedwe, kupatula anthu: koma njovu zimakonda kufa pomenyedwa ndi mikango ndi akambuku a ku India.
Njovu zaku Asia zimakhala zaka 60-70 kuthengo, zaka 10 zochulukirapo ku malo osungira nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Yemwe ali ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino ya njovu ndi a Lin Wang ochokera ku Taiwan, omwe adapita kwa makolo mu 2003. Inali njovu yoyenera kumenyedwa, "idamenya nkhondo" kumbali ya gulu lankhondo lachi China ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Sino-Japan (1937-1954). Panthawi ya kumwalira, a Lin Wang anali ndi zaka 86.