Vipera berus, njoka yodziwika ndi njoka yodziwika kwambiri ku Eurasia ya banja la viper. Pang'onopang'ono, adadziwa malo okhala ku Central ndi Northern Europe ndipo ndiye njoka yokha padziko lapansi yomwe imakhala kumpoto kwa Arctic Circle.
Munkhaniyi tikuwonetsa momwe njoka wamba imawonekera, madera omwe imakhala, zomwe nyama zimadya, ndi omwe amadya.
Kodi njoka imawoneka bwanji?
Thupi la zokwawa limatsimikiziridwa ndi mutu wolekanitsidwa bwino. Mamba ang'onoang'ono amaphimba thupi lonse. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa mutu, omwe nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati X kapena V. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nsana wa bulauni, amuna amapaka utoto kwambiri. Koma ndizotheka kuti buluu, ofiira, ofiira komanso obiriwira amathanso kupezeka pa thupi la njoka. Oyimira amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amadutsa mtundu wa zigzag kumbuyo, wopaka utoto wakuda. Koma anthu amapezeka popanda kutchulidwa.
Umu ndi momwe amawonekera pachithunzichi.
Njoka imakhala ndi “nsidze” ndi masikelo otuluka pamwamba pamaso. Chifukwa cha izi, nkhope yake ikuwonekera. Kuyambira khosi mpaka m'maso, "Mzere" umayikidwa womwe umangotsimikizira mawonekedwe owopsa a chimbudzi.
Nyanjayi imafikira masentimita 50 mpaka 70. Muzocitika zapadera, masentimita 90 kutalika amapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, chinjoka chachikulu kwambiri ku Europe chinafika masentimita 87, ndipo chachikazi chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi chinapezeka m'chigawo chapakati cha Sweden ndipo chinali ndi kutalika kwamasentimita 104.
Habitat wa njoka
Katunduyu anatha kudutsa ku Europe kwa zaka zingapo kuchokera ku Asia ndikuzika bwino. Njoka iyi idatchuka chifukwa idatha kuzika kumpoto kwa Arctic Circle, komwe kulibe njoka. Masiku ano amapezeka kumapiri onse a Alps, ku Balkan, kumpoto kwa Russia komanso kum'mawa kwa Asia. Pakadali pano, njoka wamba imayamba kuwoneka ku North Korea, Mongolia ndi China.
Ku Germany, nyanjayi imakonda kwambiri mapiri a North Germany, mapiri akum'mawa ndi madera akulu kum'mwera kwa Germany. Makamaka ku nkhalango yakuda komanso ku Swabian Alb, mutha kupeza anthu ambiri amtunduwu, njoka yapoizoni yokha ku Bavaria. Ngakhale idatha kufalikira ku Europe, mawonekedwe ake ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ndiye chifukwa chake njokayo idatetezedwa kwa zaka zingapo ku Germany. Zambiri zazikulu za njoka wamba zimapezeka ku Rügen ndi Hiddensee. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mphamvu ya anthu komanso ufulu wambiri kwa obwezeretsa.
Ku Austria, zinthu zikuwoneka bwino pang'ono: unyinji wa akamba wamba amakhala makamaka ku Mühlviertel ndi Waldviertel. Switzerland ilinso ndi mabanja akuluakulu a njoka izi, zomwe zimagawidwa kudera lonse la Alpine.
Habitat
Monga chizolowezi chokonda, nyanjayo imathokoza malo omwe amadziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku. Amayamikiranso kwambiri chinyezi. Njokayo imakonda zitsamba kapena mitengo yaying'ono pansi pa miyala, yomwe, ngakhale idatenthedwa, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo imateteza kwambiri ku kutentha kwambiri. Humus, peat kapena udzu wouma ndi malo abwino okhala nyama zanyama zomwe zimakhala nazo kunyumba.
Mawonekedwe
- Mutuwokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono kapena zishango zowoneka mopindika, ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulirazungulira, kumapeto kwamphuno ndi bowo kudula pakati kumakhala kosamveka, ngodya za kanthawi - magawo achitetezo a timinyewa ta sumu tating'ono - tidziwika tokha.
- Zochepa maso wokhala ndi ana okhazikika mokhazikika pophatikiza ndi ma infraorbital otsogola odzigudubuza amapatsa njoka maonekedwe oyipa, ngakhale izi sizikugwirizana ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa malingaliro omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kupsa mtima.
- Mafupa owonjezera ndi ofupika, pama foni, okhala ndi tubular yayikulu 1-2 ma sumu ndi mano ang'onoang'ono a 3-4. Mano ang'ono omwewo amapezeka palatine, mafupa a pterygoid.
- Mutu ndi torso olekanitsidwa ndi lakuthwa kulowetsa khosi.
- Wamfupi kwambiri komanso wokulirapo pakati, thupi Njoka zam'mimba zimasenda chakumbuyo, ndikusintha kukhala zazifupi (nthawi zambiri 6-8 zosakwana kutalika kwa thunthu) mchiraokhala ndi mawonekedwe a comma.
Zachilengedwe sizinasinthe mitundu, kupaka utoto. Kuphatikiza pa utoto wamba wamtundu wamphongo ndi bulauni - wachikazi, ma morphs omwe amapezeka:
- zakuda
- chikasu cha beige
- siliva oyera
- ma brown
- ofiira.
Nthawi zambiri, mtundu sufanana, thupi la njoka "limakongoletsedwa" ndi mikwingwirima, mawanga ndi mawonekedwe:
- Mzere wa zigzag othamangira kumbuyo kwake,
- chovala chakuda Ʌ- kapena X chokongoletsera pamutu,
- mikwingwirima yakuda yoyenda m'mphepete mwa mutu kuyambira m'maso mpaka m'makona a pakamwa,
- mawanga amdima okuta mbali za thupi.
Njoka zakuda komanso zofiirira zilibe mawonekedwe pamitu ndi matupi awo. Kaya ndi mtundu wanji, mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndi imvi kapena yakuda ndi malo owoneka bwino, gawo lakumunsi kwa mchirayo ndi loyera-mchenga kapena chikasu cha lalanje.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masamba a Albino sapezeka, osiyana ndi njoka zamtundu wina, momwe mitundu yofananira, kapena, kusakhalapo, imawonedwa nthawi zonse.
Utoto wamtundu uliwonse wa njoka, mosasamala kanthu za mamvekedwe akulu, ikuyendera limodzi, chifukwa zimapangitsa njokayo kukhala yosawoneka motsutsana ndi mawonekedwe akumbuyo.
Moyo
Njoka wamba imagwira ntchito masana. Amakonda dzuwa lowongoka. Koma pali zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pakatentha kwambiri, nthawi yake imagwiranso ntchito.
Nthawi zambiri m'mawa komanso masana, amafufuza malo abwino osungirako dzuwa kuti akwezere kutentha kwa thupi lake (njoka zamagazi ozizira). Izi ndizapakatikati pa madigiri 30 mpaka 33 Celsius.
Zikuwonetsa ntchito yayikulu pamasiku amvula. Mvula ikayamba kugwa, njokayo imalimbika kwambiri.
Siloleza mphepo komanso kuzizira kwambiri. Pawonetsedwe koyamba ka mphepo kapena nyengo yozizira, imabisala m'khola lotentha.
M'nyengo yozizira, iye amabisala, komwe kumatenga miyezi inayi mpaka isanu ndi iwiri. Izi zimachitika m'makola otetezedwa bwino, omwe nthawi zambiri amagawana ndi njoka zina, kapena zambiri ndi zokwawa zina. Nthawi zambiri amapita hibernation kumapeto kwa Epulo, kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Ngati kuzizira kumakhalitsa, nthawi yogona imawonjezeka ndi milungu ingapo. Amuna nthawi zambiri amadzuka masabata awiri m'mbuyomu kuposa akazi.
Kuswana
Pali nyengo ziwiri zokha pachaka zomwe njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito kukhwima. Iyi ndi nyengo pambuyo panjala yachisanu yozizira, komanso nthawi yakudzuka kwamphamvu, yomwe imayamba kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Nthawi yakukhwima, ndewu zimachitika pakati pa amuna. Nthawi yankhondo, abambo amayesa kugonjetsana ndikupeza mwayi wachikazi. Pakukhwima, njoka zimayang'ana chiwongola dzanja chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chigonjetse chachikazi. Kulambula kumatenga nthawi yambiri.
Kodi njoka zimabereka motani? Mokulira, monga zinyama zambiri. Chamoyo chobala chimaberekanso thupi. Mazira sangathenso kutentha, pomwe chiberekero chimatentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe njoka zimasamba.
Kukula kwachilengedwe kwa njoka wamba kumabadwa nthawi zambiri kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala. Chamoyo chatsopano kwambiri chofanana ndi pensulo yokhazikika. Wamkazi amatha kubereka ana osaposa khumi ndi asanu nthawi imodzi, m'malo osowa kwambiri mpaka ana 20.
Mwana akangobadwa, amakhala wakhama ndipo amayamba kusaka abuluzi ang'ono ndi achule. Njokayo imakhala munthu wamkulu itatha zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi.
Zakudya
Njoka yodziwika ndi imodzi mwa mlenje wobisalira kwambiri amene sakonda zofuna zake. Nyama iliyonse yomwe yapezeka imakhala yozunzidwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo imagwidwa. Pambuyo poukiridwayo, chokwawa chimaluma munthu amene akuvutikayo ndikuvulaza poizoni. Pambuyo pake, amadikirira mpaka poizoniyo ayambe kuchita, ndipo gululo silifowoka kwambiri asanamwalire. Pambuyo pa izi, nyamayo imatengeredwa kwathunthu ndi njoka.
Osangokhala abuluzi, achule ndi anyani ena, komanso nyama zazing'ono, monga mbewa ndi makoswe, zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zawo. Komanso, nthawi zina, njoka imatha kudya kachiromboka, tizilombo, ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Ndi kuperewera kwakukulu kwa chakudya, cannibalism ingakule kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Monga adani achilengedwe ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama komanso zoweta. Njoka zikuluzanso ndi zina mwa zilombo zomwe zimadyera njoka zodziwika bwino. Cannibalism sichachilendo kwa njoka, chifukwa chakuti njoka wamba zimadya ana amitundu ina ya njoka. Nayi magulu oopsa omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha mtunduwu.
Pakachitika vuto lodzitchinjiriza, limabisala pansi pa miyala kapena kubisala muminda yowirira. Akakodwa pakona, amayankha mokuwa ndi kuthamangira mdaniyo, ndikumuluma ndikumubaya jekeseni wa poizoni (osati nthawi zonse).
Vuto la Viper
Ndi ya njoka zapoizoni ndipo imapanga poizoni wapoizoni, yemwe amapha nyama, ndikuikonzanso. Pakakhala zoopsa, poizoni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuteteza, koma nthawi zambiri njoka imaluma anthu osawabaya jakisoni. Mwachitsanzo, kwa adani akuluakulu, monga nkhandwe kapena nguluwe yakuthengo, poizoniyo alibe vuto.
Akaluma munthu, mutha kuwona zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndikuluma kwa mavu. Patsamba la kulumidwa, mafupa otupa, ofiira. Komanso mseru ndi kusanza. Mtsogolomo, izi zimatha kuyambitsa kupuma pang'ono, magazi pang'ono komanso kukhumudwa. Komabe, pamakhala zochitika zambiri pamene munthu samamvako chilichonse akakuluma.
Kuti mudziteteze, ndikofunikira kuvala nsapato zolimba ndi mathalauza ataliitali, othinikizidwa m'malo amenewo komwe kupezeka kwa zoterezi ndizotheka. Musayesere kuchitapo kanthu kuti musakhutire.
Akakuluma, uyenera kukhala wodekha. Popeza njoka zambiri zomwe zilibe poizoni zimakonda kuluma, tanthauzo la njoka ndilofunikira kwambiri. Ngati izi sizikuyenda bwino, ndikulimbikitsidwa kukaonana ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo. Palibe chifukwa chilichonse ngati mungagwiritse ntchito njira zodziwika bwino zakunyumba, monga kuwotcha, kuyamwa kapena kudula.
Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala opha ziwopsezo samalimbikitsidwa chifukwa magazi ndi amadzimadzi ndipo poizoni amafalikira mthupi lonse m'masekondi. Ndikuluma kwambiri komanso matupi awo sagwirizana, madokotala amapatsa mankhwala. Komabe, pofuna kuvulaza munthu wamkulu, ndikofunikira kuti munthu wamkulu akamulume nthawi 7 (lolingana ndi 75 mg ya poizoni).
Mwakutero, titha kunena kuti kuopa kulumidwa ndi njoka zamtunduwu kulibe chifukwa: ngakhale pang'ono pokha, nyama zimangodzichitira zokha. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa mukamatola bowa ndi / kapena zipatso, popeza panthawiyi munthu atanyamula chida chomwe njoka imatha kuwunikira ngati chowopseza.
Makina a njoka amafanana ndi singano zobayira, zomwe timazigwiritsa ntchito pazachipatala. Kukuluma, mano amawongoka. Akasowa mano, amatha m'mazira amkamwa.
Chifukwa chiyani njoka ili pafupi kutha kwa Europe?
Ku Russia, mikhalidwe yopulumuka ndiyabwino kwambiri pamtunduwu. Koma ku Europe, sikuti zonse zimakhala zosalala. M'mayiko ambiri ku Europe pamndandanda wofiira. M'mayiko ena, njoka imadziwika kuti ili pangozi, mwa ena - mtundu womwe uli pangozi.
Chifukwa chachikulu chakutha kwawo ndi "mdulidwe" wa malo okhala. Anthu akukulitsa malo awo owoneka bwino, malo okhala ndi njoka akusowa. Malo otseguka komanso nkhalango zimatha m'malo mwa mafakitale, misewu ndi mizinda. Ngakhale m'malo omwe muli nkhalango zomwe zilipo kale, malo omwe anthu akukondetsa ziweto akuchulukirachulukira, mwachitsanzo, mwa kudula mitengo. Chifukwa chake, pali kusinthika kosadukizika kwina komwe kuli njoka. Pachifukwa ichi, munthu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa njoka.
Nkhani zina zakutha
Osati kuwononga kwachilengedwe kokha, komanso zoyipa zenizeni za munthu ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitunduyi itheretu pang'onopang'ono. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kupha nkhuku zonse ndi njoka zina ndikosangalatsa.
Nguluwe zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana chakudya pansi pa nthambi, pomwe zimakumana ndi njoka ndikupha.
Kuphatikiza apo, zimatumizira nyama zokulirapo, monga mbalame za nyama ndi zoweta, monga gwero lachilengedwe la chakudya. Nthawi zina, ngakhale amphaka am'nyumba amakhala chiopsezo cha njoka.
Vuto lina ndikugawika kwa nkhalango chifukwa chomanga ndi misewu yayikulu yomwe imazungulira malo otsalawo motero kuperewera kwa majini.
Kodi akuchitanji kuti awateteze?
Mtunduwu umatetezedwa mwamphamvu ku European Union. Sizoletsedwa kuzigwira kapena kuwapha. Zabwinobwino chilichonse chomwe chili ndi njoka ndi ana chiyenera kutsimikizira kuti mbewuyi idaleredwa muukapolo osati kutengedwako kumalo okhala.
Palinso njira zapadera zakukonzera ma biotopu m'nkhalango zambiri omwe amapangidwira mtunduwu. M'nkhalangoyi, malo omwe amakhala ndi dzuwa amapangidwapo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo oswana komanso zochotsa dzuwa, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri chonde chawo. Komabe, zochitika zazikulu ngati izi sizokwanira kutsimikizira kuti nyamazo zipulumuka nthawi zonse.
Ngati ndinu aulesi kwambiri kuti muwerenge, ingoyang'anani vidiyoyo.
Utali wamoyo
Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhala ngati njoka wamba kuthengo ndi zaka 12-15. Izi ndizambiri kuti zikhalepo nthawi yomwe pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimafupikitsa nthawi yamoyo. M'malo odziwa kulera ana, njoka, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba, njoka zimakhala nthawi yayitali, zimafika 20, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zaka 30 zakubadwa. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti njoka za akapolo, mosiyana ndi achibale omasuka, zimapatsidwa chakudya chapanthawi yake, kukonza mosalekeza mosavomerezeka, kusakhala kwathunthu kwa adani kapenanso chisamaliro chanyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akatswiri a herteryologists amakhulupirira kuti moyo wa Vipera berus ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa matingidwe, motero amafika zaka 30 kwa anthu akumwera.
Vuto la njoka wamba
Ululu wa njoka ndi chisakanizo cha ma protein ambiri olemera omwe amakhala ndi hemolytic komanso ochititsa chidwi pamagawo a magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kupangidwako kwa poizoni kumakhala ndi neurotoxin yomwe imakhudza dongosolo lamtima. Komabe, kuluma kwa njoka wamba sikomwe kumayambitsa imfa: ziwalo zowonongeka ndizotsika kwambiri kuti zisaike moyo wa munthu wamkulu. Zotsatira zakuluma kwa njoka ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ana ndi ziweto, kusokoneza njoka mwangozi, kukakamizidwa kuteteza. Zonenedweratu zitha kuchitika:
- kugwedezeka kwapang'onopang'ono
- intravascular coagulation
- kuchepa magazi m'thupi.
Mulimonsemo, wozunzidwayo, ngakhale atamuthandiza koyamba, ayenera kulumikizana ndi kuchipatala.
Kumbali inayi, poizoni wa poizoniyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchipatala, popanga ma analgesic angapo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, odana ndi kutupa, zodzikongoletsera, zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti tiziganizira zofunikira za sayansi ndi sayansi.
Habitat, malo okhala
Mitundu Vipera berus ndiyofalikira. Oimira ake amapezeka paliponse kumpoto kwa Eurasia, kuchokera ku Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa Korea, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China kupita ku Spain komanso kumpoto kwa Portugal. Ku Russia, kufalikira kwa njoka wamba kumazungulira Mzere wonse kuchokera ku Arctic kupita ku mzere wakumwera. Koma kufalikira kwa anthu kudera lonseli sikofanana:
- avareji ya anthu osapitilira 0,15 anthu / 1 km njira yokhala m'malo opanda vuto,
- komwe njoka ndizoyenera kwambiri, "foci" imapangidwa ndi anthu a 3.5 / 1 km njira.
M'madera oterowo, njoka zimasankhidwa monga malo osungirako anthu kunja kwa madambo, kugwa kwa nkhalango, kuwotcha kwadzaoneni, malo osakanikirana ndi mitundu yambiri, magombe a mitsinje ndi malo osungira. Pamwamba pamadzi, zowonjezera ndizofala mpaka 3000 m.
Nthawi zambiri, Vipera berus imakhala moyo wongokhala, nthumwi za mitunduyo sizimayenda mopitilira 100 m, ndipo pokhapokha zikafika nthawi yachilimwe komanso yophukira zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali makilomita asanu, nthawi zina zimadutsa matupi a madzi. Vipers ikhoza kupezekanso m'malo otetezedwa: mapaki a nkhalango, zipinda zamtunda ndi nyumba zakumidzi, nyumba zosiyidwa, m'minda yamasamba ndi minda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chiwerengero cha njoka wamba chimachepetsedwa makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthundi. Kutaya kwa ma swamp, kusefukira kwamadzi osefukira, kumangidwa kwa misewu yambiri yambiri, chitukuko chokhazikika cha madera akunja kumapangitsa kuti malo asinthidwe ndikugawika magawo ang'onoang'ono omwe malo okhala a Vipera berus, komanso chakudya chama repitala chikuipiraipira. Izi zimayambitsa kugawikana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, njoka zimayamba kusowa m'malo omwe anthu amapanga. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino kwambiri m'malo omwe nkhalango zimasungidwa bwino, ku Russia njoka wamba zidaphatikizidwa ku CC yamadera ambiri (Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg) ndi republic (Komi, Mordovia, Tatarstan) "Zikuwonjezeka kukula kwake, mitundu yosatetezeka." Vutoli likuipiraipira kwambiri m'maiko otukuka a ku Europe, komwe kuchuluka kwanjoka kukucheperachepera.
Poganizira zofunikira za kukhalapo kwa chilengedwe cha njoka wamba, monga:
- kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha makoswe okhala ndi matenda oopsa a tularemia,
- kupanga chinsinsi, chomwe chimagwira ngati zinthu zofunika popanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi seramu "Anti Viper",
mabungwe azachilengedwe akhazikitsa ntchito yosintha mtundu wa Vipera berus kuti ukhale wabwino.