wachibale wa chinsomba ndi dolphin

• nyama zam'madzi zodyedwa zam'madzi za mtundu wa dolphin

• nyama zazikulu zam'madzi za dolphin zapansi

• nsomba zamalonda zokhala m'madzi oyera a ku Africa, South ndi East Asia

• nsomba zam'madzi am'madzi

• dolphin wokhala ndi utoto wa penguin

• "cannibal" mumsasa wa dolphin

• nyama zam'madzi zothamanga kwambiri

• Ndi mdani wamkulu kwambiri komanso wolemera kuposa wina aliyense?

• chinyama cham'madzi cha banja la dolphin, zilombo

• dolphin wamkulu kwambiri

• ofanana ndi dolphin wokhazikika

• wamkulu kwambiri wa ma dolphin

• Willy kuchokera ku kanema

• Cetacean nyama zoyamwitsa

• dolphin wamkulu kwambiri komanso wankhanza

• Zinyama zam'madzi zokhala ndi ma dolphin

Makolo a Cetacean

Malingaliro azikhalidwe pa kusinthika kwa ma cetaceans anali ndi tanthauzo loti abale awo apamtima komanso mwina makolo awo anali mezzanine - gulu lomwe lidawonongeka lakale lomwe limafanana ndi mimbulu ndi ziboda m'malo mwa zofowoka ndipo linali gulu la artiodactyls. Nyama izi zinali ndi mano a mawonekedwe achilendo achilendo, ofanana ndi mano a cetacean. Makamaka, chifukwa cha izi, asayansi amakhulupirira kalekale kuti ma cetaceans amachokera ku mesonichia ya makolo ena. Komabe, deta yatsopano ya ma genetic ikuwonetsa kuti ma cetaceans ndi abale apamtima a artiodactyls, makamaka ma mvu. Kutengera ndi izi, akuti mwina aphatikiza ma artiodactyl motsatira ma cetaceans, ndipo dzina la Cetartiodactyla likupangidwira taxonic yokhala ndi magulu awiriwa. Komabe, mbadwo wakale kwambiri wa zolengedwa zodziwika bwino za anthracoterium, makolo a mvuu, ndi zaka mamiliyoni angapo kuposa zaka za Pakitset, kholo lakale kwambiri la chinsomba.

Kupezeka kwaposachedwa kwamtunduwu Pacicetus, wamkulu kwambiri ngati protokite, amatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa maselo. Kapangidwe ka mafupa paciteta chikuwonetsa kuti anamgumi sakhala obadwa mwachindunji a mesonichids. M'malo mwake, makolo akale a anamgumi opatulidwa kuchokera ku artiodactyls ndikusintha njira yamadzi m'madzi pambuyo poti artiodactyls okha adzipatukana ndi makolo akale omwe amakhala ndi mesonichids. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya protokite inali mitundu yoyambirira ya artiodactyls, yomwe imasunganso zina mwazomwe zili ndi mesonichids (mawonekedwe amano a mano) otayika ndi artiodactyls amakono. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, makolo akale oyamba a zolengedwa zonse zopanda umuna mwina zinali zangati zokolola kapena zipsera.

Kodi ma dolphin ndi chinsomba chimasiyana bwanji ndi nsomba ndipo chifukwa chiyani zimatengedwa kuti ndi zinyama?

Choyamba, zolengedwa izi zimakhala ndi magazi ofunda. Mu nsomba, kutentha sikokwanira kuposa kutentha kwa madzi, pomwe kumakhala ma chinsomba ndi ma dolphin, matenthedwe awo amakhala okwera, ndipo mafuta osungika, omwe amagawidwa mthupi lonse, amawateteza ku madzi ozizira.

Ma dolphin ndi zinyama zam'madzi.

Kachiwiri, nyama izi zimafunikira mpweya wamoyo. Nsomba zimatha kupuma ndi ma gili ndikutulutsa mpweya kuchokera kumadzi mwachindunji, koma anamgumi amafunika mpweya, kotero nthawi zina amasambira, koma amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda mpweya kuposa nyama zapamtunda.

Ma dolphin ndi zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri.

Chachitatu, nsomba zimamera, ndipo ma dolphin ndi anamgumi sachita izi, iwo, monga anyani onse, amabereka ana amoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, amadyetsa ana mkaka wa m'mawere.

Nyama nazonso zilombo.

Chachinayi, mafupa a nyama za m'madzi zam'madzi ndizosiyana ndi nsomba. Komanso njira yozungulira yozungulira nsomba ndi anamgumi ndi yosiyana kotheratu.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Zinyama zoyambirira kuchokera ku cetacean infraorder: pacicetids kapena indochius?

Mapaketi anali osachotsera, nthawi zina amagawidwa ngati mahava oyambilira. Ankakhala m'dera la Pakistan yamakono (potero dzina loti "whale kuchokera ku Pakistan") koyambirira kwa Eocene, zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali nyama yomwe inkawoneka ngati galu, koma yopindika pakati zala zake ndi mchira wautali, woonda. Chipangizo cha khutu chimakhudzana ndi zipi za paciceta: ng'ombe yamphongo ya paciceta, yofanana ndi ya chinkhombemo, idapangidwa kokha kuchokera ku fupa la tympanic. Mapangidwe a khutu la pacicet ndi achilendo kwambiri ndipo amapeza ma analogi okha mu cetaceans. Poyamba, zimaganiziridwa kuti khutu limasinthidwa kuti likhale ndi moyo pansi pamadzi, komabe, kafukufuku wina wawonetsa kuti makutu a pacicet ndi oyenera kokha kutengera malo amlengalenga, ndipo ngati pacicet ilidi kholo la anamgumi, kukhoza kumamva pansi pa madzi kunali kosinthira kwaposachedwa kwamathandizidwe akumva. Malinga ndi a Tevissen, mano a paketiyo amakhalanso ndi mano a zinsomba.

Tevissen anapezanso kuti khutu lofananalo linawonedwa mu mbuto za nyama yaying'ono yonga nyama ya Indochius. Indochius adakhala zaka pafupifupi 48 miliyoni zapitazo ku Kashmir. Chaching'ono - kukula kwa mphaka wapakhomo - herbivore anali ndi zina zomwe zimabweretsa pafupi ndi anamgumi ndikuwonetsa kutengera chilengedwe cham'madzi. Pakati pawo, chipolopolo cholimba komanso cholemera chomwe chimafanana ndi chigoba cha mafupa amakono am'madzi, monga mvuu, zomwe zimathandizira kuchepetsa kuyamwa ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala pansi pa madzi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Indochius, ngati mbawala yamadzi yamakono, idalowa pansi pamadzi kuti ibisike kwa nyama yolusa.

Ambulocetides ndi Remingtonocetides

Chodabwitsa kwambiri cha chinsomba chakale kwambiri ndi ambulocet, omwe amadziwika kuchokera ku Eocene of Pakistan. Kunja, nyamayo inali ngati ng’ona wamamita atatu. Ambulocet inali nyama yamadzi am'madzi: miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndiyoyenera kusambira kuposa kuyenda pamtunda. Mwinanso amasambira, atapinda thupi mu ndege yoyimirira, ngati zotengera zamakono, zisindikizo ndi chinsomba. Amaganiziridwa kuti ma ambulocetides amasaka ngati ming'alu yamakono, kudikirira obisalira nsomba ndi nyama zomwe zimabwera kudzenje loyamwa.

Achibale apafupi a ambulocet anali remingtonocetides. Oimira banja ili anali ochepa kukula, anali ndi nkhope yayitali komanso anali osinthika ndi moyo wamadzi. Amaganiza kuti amafanana ndi zamakono m'masiku awo amoyo, osaka nsomba kuchokera komwe abisalira.

Mwa oimira magulu onse awiriwa, mphuno zake zidali kumapeto kwa muzzle, monga momwe zimayimira nyama zapadziko lapansi.

Mapuloteni

Protocetides amapanga gulu lalikulu komanso losiyanasiyana, lodziwika bwino lomwe limapezeka ku Asia, Europe, Africa ndi North America. Banja ili ndi ambiri a genera, ena a iwo amaphunziridwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, Rhodocet, yemwe amadziwika kuchokera kumalo apamwamba a Baluchistan). Ma protocol onse odziwika anali ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yomwe imatha kulimbikitsa thupi lapansi, mwina anali ndi moyo wokhala ndi moyo, wokhala m'malo am'madzi komanso pamtunda. Sizikudziwika pano ngati protocetid anali ndi ndalama zowoneka bwino, ngati ma cetaceans amakono, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti adasinthika kukhala moyo wam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, sacrum - gawo la msana komwe pelvis imalumikizidwa - mu Rhodocetus imakhala ndi ma vertebrae asanu olekanitsidwa, pomwe vertebrae mu oblium yam'mimba yapadziko lapansi imaphatikizidwa. Pa protoketids, kutseguka kwammphuno kunasunthira kumtunda - iyi ndi gawo loyamba kwa opanga pano omwe ali pa korona wammphuno. Mtundu wokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe apochibetide wa amphibian amathandizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mayi wapakati wa Mayatzet wokhala ndi chipatso chowoneka bwino, mutu wake utatembenukira ku malo ogulitsira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kubadwa kwa Mayatset kunachitika pamtunda - apo ayi kambukuyo anali ndi mwayi wotsamwitsa.

Zolemba monga, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa ziboda kumapeto kwa zala za Rhodocete kumayambira za zinzake za maula oyambira kuchokera kwa osafera.

Ma Basilosaurids ndi ma Dorudontids: ma cetaceans am'madzi kwathunthu

Basilosaurus (wopezeka mu 1840 ndipo poyambilira adalakwitsa kukhala ndi nyama zapakhomo, zomwe zimafotokoza dzina la "wobwerezabwereza") ndi a Dorodon adakhala zaka pafupifupi 38 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo anali nyama zoyenda panyanja. Basilosaurus inali yokulirapo ngati nkhono zazikulu zamakono, nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 18 mita. Ma Dorudontids anali ochepa pang'ono, mpaka 5 metres.

Ngakhale zofananira zonse ndi nkhono zamakono, basilosaurids ndi dorudontids adasowa chiwonetsero chamaso cham'maso, chomwe chimatchedwa melon, chomwe chimalola kuti ma cetaceans omwe adalipo agwiritse ntchito mwaluso. Ubongo wa basilosaurids unali wocheperako, momwe tingaganizire kuti iwo amakhala moyo wokhawokha ndipo analibe gulu lovuta monga gulu lamakono la ma cetaceans. Pokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa moyo wamadzi wangwiro, ma basilosaurids amawonetsa kuchepa kwa miyendo yakumbuyo - ngakhale atapangidwa bwino, ndi ang'ono ndipo sangathenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Komabe, mwina adathandizira pakukhwima. Mafupa a pelvic a basilosaurids samalumikizananso ndi msana, monganso momwe zimakhalira ndi protocetid.

Maonekedwe a echolocation

Ma whales ofanana (Odontocetes) amagwira mawu, amapanga mabatani angapo pafupipafupi. Zida zomveka zimaperekedwa ndi kutsogolo kwamafuta ("frontal melon"), zomwe zimawonetsedwa kuchokera pachinthucho ndikujambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsagwada yamunsi. Kafukufuku wa squalodon skulls (squalodon) akuwonetsa kupezeka koyamba kwa zolengedwa zamtunduwu. Squalodon adakhala moyo kuyambira pachiyambire ku Middle Oligocene mpaka pakati pa Miocene, zaka pafupifupi 33 mpaka 37 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo anali ndi zizindikilo zingapo zofanana ndi anamgumi apano amino. Mwachitsanzo, chigaza cholimba cholimba komanso zibwano zazitali zamtambo ndizodziwika bwino ku Odontoceti amakono. Ngakhale izi, kuthekera kwa chiyambi cha ma dolphin amakono kuchokera ku squalodon kumawoneka ngati kosatheka.