Kufufuza mozama za malo anu kukuthandizani kuti mudziteteze komanso kuteteza okondedwa anu ku zinthu zovulaza.
Musanayambe kumanga nyumba, samalani pakusankha malo abwino kukhalamo.
Kusanthula kwachilengedwe komwe kudzawonetse komwe kungakhale kuyipitsidwa kwamankhwala ndi microbiological.
Kuyeza kwa zinthu zakuthupi kumazindikiritsa zoopsa zomwe zimayambira komanso zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa.
Mukufuna kuyitanitsa kuyesa kwokhudza chilengedwe? Lumikizanani ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi odziwa zambiri, labotale yawo komanso pulogalamu yoyeserera.
Masiku ano, padziko lonse lapansi, chidwi chachikulu chimaperekedwa kwa chilengedwe ndi miyezo yachilengedwe. Zochita za anthu zilizonse ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsa chilengedwe, ndipo sizikukayikira. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa zomwe zakhudzidwazo, pali kuwunikira kwakukhudzana ndi chilengedwe - magawo omwe amapangidwa kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha malo ndi njira zopangira.
Malingaliro, zolinga ndi mitundu ya zowunika zakukhudza chilengedwe
Lamulo la Federal Law “on Zachilengedwe” limalongosola lingaliro motere: "Kuyesa kwachilengedwe - kukhazikitsa kufanana kwa zolembedwa komanso (kapena) zolembedwa zomwe zikuthandizira bizinesiyo ndi zinthu zina zomwe zakonzedwa mogwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinthu chomwe chikuwunikira chilengedwe, pazofunikira zachilengedwe zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo aukadaulo ndi malamulo pazoteteza zachilengedwe, kuti tipewe kuyipa kwa zinthu ngati izi zachilengedwe. "
M'dziko lathu, boma, anthu, mabungwe, zasayansi ndi malonda amayesa kuchitidwa.
Kukhazikitsa kwake ndikofunikira pa ntchito zonse zomanga. Zimachitika ndi katswiri wa bungwe, lomwe limapangidwa ndi bungwe lotsogolera bungwe loyendetsa zochitika zachilengedwe (Rosprirodnadzor) monga momwe lamulo likuyimira.
Kufufuza pagulu kumaphatikizapo onse omwe ali ndi chidwi pakupanga zisankho zofunikira mwachilengedwe. Zimachitika chifukwa cha nzika ndi mabungwe aboma, komanso akuluakulu aboma. Kuunikako kumachitika pokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe boma likuwunika poyang'anira chilengedwe, kupatula okhawo omwe chidziwitso chake ndichopanga boma, malonda ndi chinsinsi china chotetezedwa ndi lamulo.
Kuwunika kwazipatala nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi malingaliro aukadaulo, kumatsimikizira chitetezo cha polojekiti yomwe bungwe lililonse likufuna. Mwa zina, kutsiriza kwa ukadaulo wa dipatimenti imaperekedwa kukawunikiranso chilengedwe.
Kuwunikira kwazomwe sayansi ikuchitika kuti zitsimikizire zowona zina zasayansi. Mulibe malamulo operekedwa motsatira malamulo.
Ukadaulo wazamalonda, monga wasayansi, suyendetsedwa ndi malamulo ndipo umachitika mwaufulu kuti mudziwe momwe izi kapena chinthuchi ndichotetezeka kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Ukadaulo wazamalonda ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri yoperekedwa ndi makampani apadera. Tikhala pamndandanda wamtunduwu mwatsatanetsatane.
Zida ndi makasitomala a kuyeserera kwawomwe angakhudze chilengedwe
Ndani, liti ndipo chifukwa chani angafunike kuwunikira zachilengedwe? Pochita, makasitomala ambiri ndi eni nyumba omwe akufuna kutsimikiza kuti ndikotetezeka kukhala ndi moyo ndikugwira ntchito munyumbayo. Uku si chidwi chopanda pake - zoterezi pakakumana ndi mankhwala owopsa, mabakiteriya okhala ndi vuto lakuwonjezereka, ma radiation owonjezera ndi ma radiation a electromagnetic amapezeka mzipinda, maofesi, nyumba za anthu kapena nyumba zanyengo yachilimwe sizachilendo.
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zitha kuyesedwa zaukhondo ndi chitetezo?
- zipinda
- nyumba zadzikoli
- dziko,
- zipinda zamaofesi,
- zida zopangira ndi mizere,
- magalimoto.
Pali nthawi zambiri pamene kuyezetsa kokhudza chilengedwe kungakhale koyenera. Mwachitsanzo, musanagule kapena kugulitsa nyumba kapena malo. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa iwo omwe amagula nyumba zogona. Chifukwa chake, pali zochitika pamene, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zomangira zotsika mtengo komanso zomaliza, mulingo wa poizoni m'nyumba zatsopano umaposa zomwe zimachitika, nyumba mumsika wachiwiri zimadwala nkhungu, ndipo ziwembu zamtunda zimakhala ndi maziko okula. Eni malo okhala ndi nyumba, makamaka okhala, amalamula kuyeserera ngati pali fungo losasangalatsa m'chipinda kapena nyumba, ndikuwonjezereka kwa zovuta zoyipa, komanso asanakonzekere nyumbayo kuti awonekere ana.
Kuchita maphunziro azachilengedwe ndikulimbikitsidwanso kwa omwe akupanga nyumba asanamangire nyumba (kuyesa malo olima), eni mafakitale azamankhwala ndi zamankhwala, makampani omwe akukonzekera kupanga gombe, malo ophunzitsira, malo othandizira kapena oyang'anira zachipatala, eni nthaka okonzera chisangalalo, eni malo omwe mabungwe amadzi ndi malo odyetserako madzi ali , omwe ali ndi nyumba zopangira bungwe la ana.
Zowunikira
Ukadaulo wachilengedwe ndi njira zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusanthula kwa labotale ndi muyeso wogwiritsa ntchito zida zolondola kwambiri. Akatswiri osiyanasiyana amatenga nawo mbali - akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso akatswiri azamankhwala, akatswiri azamankhwala komanso akatswiri othandiza chilengedwe. Zonse zomwe zimalamulidwa (kuyeretsa kwa madzi ndi nthaka, kupezeka kwa poizoni) ndi zosalamulika (kukokoloka kwa dothi, kuwonongeka kwa radiation) zitha kutsimikiziridwa.
Zizindikiro zonse zowunikidwa zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu.
- Zakuthupi. Mlingo wa radiation, phokoso, kugwedezeka, ma radiation yamagetsi, kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira ndi mawonekedwe a microclimate kuwululidwa.
- Zamapangidwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a labotale, akatswiri amadziwa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala oipitsa mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mankhwala a zebaki, zitsulo zolemera, phenol, formaldehyde, ammonia). Madzi amayesedwanso, omwe akhoza kukhala osakanikirana ndi zinthu zamafuta, amakhala ndi mchere wokwanira, chitsulo, chlorine ndi manganese.
- Microbiological. Ma Microbiologists amayang'ana kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya okhala ndi vutoli mumlengalenga ndi madzi, ma spores aumbi ndi zina zoyipitsidwa ndi majeremusi.
Ukadaulo wachilengedwe wanyumba
Kafukufuku wofanana ndi nyumba amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo azinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi, komwe magwero ake amakhala zida zapakhomo, kugwiritsa ntchito waya mosayenera, malo osinthira omwe ali pafupi ndi zinthu zina, kuphatikiza kwa mpweya ndi kupenda kwa microbiological mlengalenga.
Kuyesa kwachilengedwe kunyumba
Monga lamulo, kuwunika kwanyumba kanyumba kumaphatikizaponso kusanthula komweko komanso kuyesa nyumba, kuphatikizanso kusanthula kwa madzi kuzizindikiro zamankhwala ndi bacteriological ndi muyeso wa radionuclide, mpweya wama radio womwe umakonda kudziunjikira mzipinda zapansi ndikufalikira kuchokera zolakwika pakugwa kwa dziko lapansi.
Kubwereza Zachilengedwe
Mukamayang'ana ofesi, ma radiation pamagetsi ocheperako nthawi zambiri amayezedwa, magwero omwe makompyuta, ma waya wamagetsi, ma seva ndi zida zamaofesi, kuwunika kwa mpweya ndi mpweya kumachitika chifukwa cha zodetsa zambiri zomwe zimabwera kuchokera mumsewu wam'misewu, ziwonetsero zamagetsi zimachitika chifukwa cha zida zaofesi zimayezedwa, miyezo yofanana imachitika. poizoniyu komanso kuwunika kwa ma virus.
Kuwongolera kupanga
Kuwongolera mafakitale ndikuwunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe azovomerezeka mwanjira zantchito za malamulo a ukhondo ndi miyezo yaukhondo. Njirayi ikuchitika molingana ndi malamulo aukhondo a SP 1.1.1058-01 "Gulu ndi kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mafakitale pakukwaniritsa malamulo aukhondo ndikukhazikitsa njira zaukhondo ndi zotsutsana ndi matenda". Kuphatikiza pa mayeso a labotale ndi miyeso yothandizirapo, imaphatikizanso kuyang'anira:
- kupezeka kwa satifiketi
- zaukhondo komanso zamaphunziro
- mbiri yazachipatala ya ogwira nawo ntchito,
- zifukwa zakudzitetezera kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano yazinthu zamakono ndi maukadaulo opangira,
- kufotokozera zakukhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe,
- kudziwitsa anthu aboma komanso oyang'anira mzindawo za ngozi zadzidzidzi.
Makampani ambiri omwe ali ndi mayeso okhudzana ndi chilengedwe amatenga makasitomala awo ntchito zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zonse mutha kuyitanitsa maphunziro owonjezera ngati mungafune. Komabe, ziyenera kumvetsedwa kuti izi zidzakweza mtengo komanso nthawi yonse ya mayeso.
Ndi malo ati omwe ndingalumikizane nawo?
Ngati mukufuna kupeza kuyesa kwabwino kwachilengedwe, kulumikizana ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo, malo awo antchito komanso chiwembu chokhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mutchere khutu ku makampani amakampani a EcoStandard - amodzi mwamabungwe odalirika komanso odziwika bwino pamsika wowunika zachilengedwe.
Mu 1997, idayamba kupanga msika wowunika zachilengedwe ku Russia, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, nyumba zopitilira 11,000, nyumba ndi maofesi tsopano ndizabwino komanso zabwino. Mu 2019, kusanthula mlengalenga ndi madzi, muyeso wa mulingo wamagetsi, ma radiation, phokoso ndi kuwunikira, kuwunika magawo a microclimate m'nyumba ndi nyumba zakhala njira yatsopano komanso mfundo yotsatizana pambuyo podya zakudya komanso masewera.
Gulu la EcoStandard lili ndi chipinda chake chovomerezeka cha labotale komanso ogwira ntchito opanga zamankhwala apamwamba kwambiri, akatswiri opanga ma microbiologists ndi akatswiri opanga zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo omwe amayendera. Kutha kugwira ntchito yonse popanda kupangidwa ndi makontrakitala amatilola kutsimikizira zapamwamba komanso kusakometsa mitengo. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwa mpweya m'nyumba kumawononga ndalama kuchokera ku ruble 6,500, madzi - kuchokera ku ruble 4,500, kufufuza kwathunthu kwa nyumba - kuchokera ku ma ruble 14,500. Akatswiri a kampaniyo samangopenda komanso kutumiza lipoti laukadaulo, komanso kufotokoza zotsatira zake, kuzifanizira ndi miyezo ya boma ndikupereka upangiri wothandiza pofalitsa zinthu zachilengedwe mchipindacho.
Kuyesedwa kwa malonda pazachuma nthawi zambiri kumachitika modzifunira, koma nthawi zina kuyesedwa kwa malo ndi chinthu chovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwapadera kwa zochitika zogwirira ntchito (SOUT) kumachitika ku mabizinesi onse amtundu uliwonse wa umwini. Code Labour ya Russian Federation imapereka chiphaso chotsimikiza za ntchito osachepera kamodzi pazaka zisanu. Kuphwanya lamuloli kudzabweretsa zilango.
Lingaliro lakuwunika kwa chilengedwe
Lingaliro lakuyesa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe limaperekedwa mu Art. 1 ya Federal Law "Pa Zosintha Zachilengedwe" ya 11.23.1995 N 174-ФЗ.
Kufufuza zachilengedwe - kukhazikitsa kufanana kwa zolembedwa ndi (kapena) zolembedwa zofunikira bizinesi ndi ntchito zina zomwe zakonzedwa mogwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinthu choyenera kuwunikira chilengedwe, zofunika zachilengedwe zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo aukadaulo ndi malamulo pazokhudza chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Cholinga cha mayeso zalembedwa munjira iyi ndikuti tilewe zoyipa zomwe zachitika pamwambapa.
Kuwunikira chilengedwe, monga mtundu wa boma, kumakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa mfundo izi:
- Kodi pali zotsutsana pakati pa zomwe zapangidwazi ndi malamulo apano azachilengedwe,
- Kodi ntchitoyo ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zonse zovomerezeka pamilandu yoteteza zachilengedwe ndipo ndizotsimikizika,
- Kodi zotsatira za zomwe zapangidwazo zimawunikidwa kwathunthu pazachilengedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu,
- Kodi ndizololeka kuchita zinthu zomwe amafufuza,
- momwe machitidwe amafaniridwira kuti mupewe kuwononga chilengedwe.
Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwakukulu pakubwereza kuyankha funso: kodi ndizotheka kukhazikitsa polojekitiyo poganizira chitetezo ndi kutsatira malamulo azachilengedwe.
Mitundu ya kuyesa kwakhudza chilengedwe
Mitundu yotsatirayi yakuwunika kwa chilengedwe ikusiyanitsidwa:
Kuwunika kwazipatala kungayambitsidwe ndi bungweli, ngati m'tsogolomu ndikofunikira kutumiza zolemba kuti ziwonetsedwe pamilandu ya boma.
Sayansi - yoikidwa ndi asayansi pawokha, mabungwe azosayansi kapena kuyunivesite ndipo amalemba zambiri mwachilengedwe.
Zamalonda - zochitidwa poyambitsa bungwe kapena bungwe kuti athe kupeza malingaliro oyamba okhudza chitetezo cha ntchito yomwe yaperekedwa.
Mfundo zoyeserera zakukhudza chilengedwe
Pofuna kupeza mfundo zokwanira, zotsimikizika komanso zolondola, omwe atenga nawo mbali pakuwunika chilengedwe phunziroli akuyenera kutsogozedwa ndi mfundo izi:
- 1. Mfundo yoganiza za ngozi yomwe ingachitike pangozi yokhudzana ndi chilengedwe chomwe chikukhudzidwa chitanthauza kuti akatswiri akuyenera kuchoka chifukwa chochitikachi chimatha kuvulaza chilengedwe. Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri ayenera kuzindikira mitundu yonse yazovuta zomwe zingachitike ndikuyambitsa kukula kwake. Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezeka, akuyenera kufotokozera njira zoteteza chilengedwe kuti zisawonongedwe, komanso kuwalimbikitsa njira zogwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zachilengedwe.
- 2. Mfundo zoyenera kuwunikira kukhudzidwa kwanyengo chilengedwe chisanayambe ntchito ngati, molingana ndi Ndime 11 ndi 12 za Federal Law "Pa Zazachilengedwe", chinthuchi chikuyenera kuwunikira chilengedwe pazakuchitika. Mfundo zoyeserera koyambirira kwa lingaliro pakukwaniritsidwa kwa malo ake zimatanthawuza kuti kasitomala alibe ufulu wosankha momwe angakwaniritsire zomwe akonza ndikuchita nawo zinthu zotere asanapange phunzirolo. Mabungwe olamulidwa mwapadera pazinthu zolembedwa mu lamalamulo amakakamizidwa kulinganiza ndikuwunikira chilengedwe. Kukana kwa kasitomala kuyeserera zinthu ngati izi sikololedwa.
- 3. Mfundo yakuunika kwathunthu kwazomwe zikuchitika pazochitika zomwe zikuwunikidwa ndi zotsatira zake zikutanthauza kulumikizidwa kwa akatswiri kuti aphunzire mokwanira mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe. Ngakhale mfundozi zikugwira ntchito pakuwunika boma ndi malo onse, koma choyambirira, kufunikira uku kumayendetsedwa ku matupi ndi kutumidwa koyambirira.
- 4. Mfundo yodalirika komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa zidziwitso zoperekedwa kwa akatswiri zimayendetsedwa kwa makasitomala ndipo zimamuwuza kuti apereke chidziwitso chomwe sichipotozedwa ndipo osakaikira, chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za lamuloli, poganizira zofunikira zonse za malo, munthawi yokwanira kukwaniritsa zofunikira za lamulo poteteza zachilengedwe Lachitatu. Zambiri zimaganiziridwa pamalopo, zomwe zimayenera kukhala ndi makasitomala omwe akukonzekera ntchitoyi, poganizira kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Komanso, popereka pempho lofuna kukwaniritsa zidziwitso zonse, ndikofunikira kulingalira malamulo apano (Lamulo la Russian Federation la Julayi 21, 1993 N 5485-1 "Pa Zinsinsi za State", Federal Law ya Julayi 29, 2004 N 98-ФЗ "Pa Zinsinsi Zamalonda"). Katswiri wofufuza za chilengedwe ndi boma amafunika kuonetsetsa chinsinsi cha zidziwitso zomwe zimaperekedwa pakuwunikiridwa kwachilengedwe.Kudalirika komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa chidziwitso ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri mndondomekozi, chifukwa chake, ngati mfundo iyi siyilemekezedwa, kuyesedwa sikuchitika.
- 5. Mfundo zakudziyimira pawokha kwa akatswiri pakugwiritsa ntchito udindo wawo kumakhazikitsa kusayeruzika kosokoneza ntchito ya katswiri, yemwe amatsatira molingana ndi zofunikira zamalamulo pakuwunika kwa chilengedwe, momwe angatchulidwe poyesa zotsatira za chilengedwe kapena chisonyezo cha ukadaulo waluso, mtsogoleri wagulu. Malingaliro a akatswiri sangathe kulembedwa ndi aliyense kapena kukakamizidwa kwa iye; ali mfulu pamalingaliro ake.
- 6. Mfundo zakutsimikizika kwa sayansi komanso kuyang'anira kuwunika kwa chilengedwe. Mfundo zakutsimikizika kwa sayansi zikutanthauza kuti mawu omasulira omwe adafotokozeredwa kumapeto amayenera kulingaliridwa mwasayansi, ndiye kuti, kutsatira malamulo pazoteteza zachilengedwe, ali ndi zonena zawo za sayansi, zonena za malo ndi ntchito za asayansi ovomerezeka. Mfundo yakutsimikiza pamapeto pa kuyesayesa ikutanthauza kuyesa kopanda tsankho komanso kosasunthika kwa chinthu chomwe chaperekedwa kutichiyesetsedwe.
- 7. Mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino - zoyeserera zakuwunika kwa chilengedwe. Popeza ndikutsatira ndendende mfundo iyi yomwe imapatsa kuvomerezedwa kwa kafukufukuyu. Makasitomala, pamene akukonzekera ndikupanga ntchito zamtsogolo, amakakamizidwa kuti azitsatira zonse zofunikira za malamulo apano pazokhudza chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe. Mtsogolomo, akatswiri omwe akuwunikira, molingana ndi zomwe anakonza pamalamulo, amatenga lingaliro labwino pokonzekera ntchitoyi. Poona kuti zakuphwanya zofunikira zachilengedwe zizindikiridwa, ziyenera kuwonetsedwa kumapeto kwake, ndikumalongosolera bwino lomwe tanthauzo lake. Bungwe la boma lomwe likupanga chisankho pachinthu chofunikira kukayezetsa limakakamizidwa kudalira malingaliro a akatswiri. Zikatero, bungwe lovomerezeka silikhala ndi mwayi wopereka chilolezo, popeza lilibe maziko ndipo lingatsutsidwe kukhothi. Lingaliro labwino pankhani ngati imeneyi likuwonetsa kuti ufulu wa nzika za dziko la Russia kukhala m'malo abwino sukwaniritsidwa popewa zoyipa pazachuma ndi zochitika zina zachilengedwe.
- 8. Mfundo zokomera anthu ambiri, kutenga nawo mbali mabungwe aboma (mabungwe), poganizira malingaliro a anthu popereka ndemanga zachilengedwe. Mfundo zodziwikiratu zimakhazikitsa udindo wa omwe akuwunika kusintha kwa chilengedwe kuti athe kutsatira zomwe lamulo likufuna kudziwitsa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi njirayi, kutenga nawo mbali m'mabungwe aboma (mabungwe), komanso malingaliro a anthu. Kulephera kutsatira mfundoyi ndikulakwira ndipo chifukwa chake, maziko ndiwo omasulira mlandu. Chofunika cha glasnost chimawonetsedwa podziwitsa nzika, mabungwe aboma, mabungwe aboma komanso anthu wamba zokhudzana ndi bungwe lowunikira zachilengedwe. Chidziwitsochi chikuyenera kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu - kuteteza ufulu wokhala ndi malo abwino, kusankha zoyesedwa, kupereka zotsatira.
- 9. Mfundo zaudindo wokhudza mayeso ndi mtundu wake zimakhudza onse omwe akuchita nawo mayeso. Ikuwatsimikizira kuti omwe atenga nawo mbali pazakuwunika kwa boma adzayang'aniridwa pansi pa malamulo a Russian Federation ngati atalephera kutsatira mfundo ndi njira zoyendetsera kafukufukuyu.
Mfundo izi zowunikira zotsatira zachilengedwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti akatswiri adzapatsidwa chidziwitso chokwanira kuti athe kuzindikira mitundu yonse ya zovuta zomwe zingachitike pazochitikazo, kapena, mosakayikira, zizindikiro za chitetezo cha zochitika zoterezi zidzakhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'anira mfundo zomwe zatchulidwa ndi onse omwe atenga nawo gawo pazakuwunika kwa chilengedwe ndizofunikira.
Kubwereza kwayekha ndi kuzungulira kwachilengedwe
Kuwunikiranso chilengedwe ndi magawo omwe cholinga chake chizindikire kufanana kwa chinthu kapena mtundu uliwonse wa zochitika ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka komanso kuthekera kopitiliza kugwirira ntchito chinthucho kapena kuchitapo kanthu popanda zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe.
Zofunika: Miyezo yoyeserera zachilengedwe imayendetsedwa ndi malamulo a federal mu ndondomeko ya malamulo No. 65-FZ ya 04.15.1998 ndi No. 174-FZ ya 11.23.1995.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuwunika kokhudza chilengedwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuti anthu azitetezedwa komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe.
Malinga ndi malamulo apano, ukadaulo wamabungwe umakonzedwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi bungwe la federal Executive ndi akuluakulu aboma m'maboma apaderalo. Kufufuza kotereku kutha kuchitika onse ku mabungwe a feduro ndi amchigawo.
Kuunikiridwa kwa pagulu kumachitika poyambitsa mabungwe aboma ndi nzika iliyonse. Kuphatikiza apo, oyambitsa mayeso ngati awa atha kukhala awa:
- maboma apagulu mabungwe ndi mabungwe,
- mabungwe omwe akuchita zoteteza chilengedwe,
- mabungwe omwe amagwira nawo ntchito zowunika chilengedwe.
Zofunika: Woyambitsa (kasitomala) amalipira ntchito zowunikira chilengedwe. Mayeso obwerezabwereza amalandikizidwa ndalama chimodzimodzi, ngati pakufunika kutero.
Kuwunikira chilengedwe zolembedwa polojekiti kuchitika ngati:
Kuunikira kokhudza chilengedwe kumakhala kovomerezeka m'malo monga:
- ntchito ndi zikalata pazoteteza zachilengedwe, zovomerezeka ndi aboma,
- mapulojekiti a mapulogalamu othandizira kumanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe akukhudza chilengedwe ndi malo omwe amakhala m'malo oteteza zachilengedwe,
- ntchito zakubweretsa
- mapulojekiti ndi zikalata zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano omwe ali ndi ngozi ku chilengedwe,
- zikalata pakusintha kwachilengedwe maboma kukhala malo osungiramo dziko,
- zolembedwa zokhudzana ndi kuyesa kwa zinthu zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu Laws No. 187 - ФЗ, 155 - ФЗ, 191 - ФЗ,
- zinthu zomwe zidatchulidwazi zomwe zidapambana mayeso ndikulandila malingaliro abwino, pakutha kwa kumaliza kapena kumaliza kwa lingalirolo.
Njira
Pali njira zambiri zakusintha kwachilengedwe, komabe akatswiri amasankha njira yoyenera yofufuzira pachilichonse payokha, poganizira mawonekedwe ndi zovuta za zinthu zomwe zikuwunikiridwa. Ngakhale munthawi zina njira imodzi ndi yokwanira, nthawi zina zingapo zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nthawi yakuwunika chilengedwe, akatswiri amachita zinthu izi:
- kusanthula kwamakina ndi microbiology kwamkati,
- kuyeza mulingo wamagetsi amagetsi,
- kuyeza kutentha kwapakati ndi chinyezi,
- kutsimikiza kutsata kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wabwino wokhala ndi miyezo yokhazikitsidwa,
- dziwani komwe kungayambitse ngozi,
- kuchititsa zochitika zina zapadera pokhapokha pakufunsidwa ndi kasitomala.
Njira zofala kwambiri pothana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe ndi izi:
- mafunso - kafukufuku wa akatswiri polemba,
- kufunsira mafunso ndi kukambirana kwapakamwa ngati njira yolankhulirana,
- Njira ya Delphi - njira yazofunsa mafunso yokwana masanjidwe ambiri pokonza ndi kusamutsa zotsatira za kuzungulira kwazonse kwa akatswiri omwe amagwira ntchito inconcito molumikizana,
- kulimbitsa mtima - zokambirana zamagulu kuti mupeze njira zatsopano zothetsera mavutowo,
- kukambirana ndi kukambirana momasuka za vutolo lomwe tikukambirana.
Kodi kuwunika zachilengedwe pagulu kumachitika liti?
Kuwunika kwa chilengedwe kungafunike pakafunika kuzindikira zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe.
Kwa owopsa, malinga ndi malo owonekera, mabizinesi akampani, kuwunikira zachilengedwe ndikofunikira.
Woyambitsa (kasitomala) wakuwunika kwa chilengedwe atha kukhala munthu payekha komanso bungwe lalamulo lochita zomwe zakonzedwa.
Udindo wa makasitomala ukhoza kukhala mabungwe aboma komanso anthu wamba. Chifukwa chake, poyambira, mayeso adzakhala a boma, ndipo wachiwiri - pagulu.
Lamulo la Federal 174-ФЗ Pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zachilengedwe: Kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kumene
Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa Federal Law No. 174-ФЗ “Pa Zosachita Zachilengedwe” mwaposachedwa kwambiri ungapezeke pazofalitsa zamalamulo zodziwika bwino ngati “Kasitomala Plus” pa http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_8515/ kapena patsamba la makina Zotsimikizika pa http://base.garant.ru/10108595/.
Mitundu yonse yoyesa zachilengedwe mdziko lathu itha kugawidwa m'magulu asanu:
- boma - kukhazikitsidwa kwa kutsatira kwa zolembedwa za chinthu chilichonse kapena mtundu uliwonse wa zochitika zovomerezedwa pamilandu ndikuwongolera zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe,
- pagulu - lokonzedwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe / mabungwe omwe adapangidwa kuti ateteze chilengedwe, malingaliro ake amakhala olimbikitsa,
- dipatimenti - zomwe zimachitika malinga ndi dongosolo la dipatimenti yoyenera, ndipo malingaliro ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa pokhapokha (malinga ngati chigamulochi sichikutsutsana ndi kuunikidwa kwa boma),
- zasayansi - zopangidwa ndi asayansi payekha kapena magulu a mabungwe ophunzitsa kapena asayansi kuti apeze zofunikira zofufuza zina,
- malonda - ochitidwa mokomera mabungwe azamalonda omwe amafunikira kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi gawo la ntchito kapena malo osangalatsa.
Malinga ndi mtundu wa kafukufukuyu, ukadaulo wazachilengedwe ukhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
- kuyesa phokoso ndi phokoso lakumbuyo,
- kupenda ma radiation yamagetsi,
- kuwunika kwa chilengedwe
- mayeso mayendedwe,
- kuyesa kwa radiation.
Dongosolo la mayendedwe
Algorithm ya kuwunika kwa chilengedwe, monga lamulo, ndi motere:
- kusankha kwa katswiri,
- Kupereka zolembedwa zofunika,
- kutsirizitsa kwa mgwirizano ndi malipiro a ntchito zoyeserera zaukatswiri,
- kudikirira kafukufuku
- kudikirira zotsatira za mayeso,
- kulandira satifiketi yakugwirizana ndi lipoti la kupita patsogolo.
Nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi akatswiri, kuwunikira zochitika zachilengedwe kumawoneka mosiyana ndipo kumakhala ndi:
- kuperekera kwa zida
- kulembetsa, kutsimikizira za kukwanira ndi kukwanira kwa zinthu zomwe zaperekedwa,
- Kapangidwe ka bungwe lowunika boma,
- Kukonzekera kwamagulu, malingaliro amodzi payekha komanso chidule chomaliza pakuunika kwa boma,
- kusaina ndi kuvomereza komaliza.
Malo Othandizira Zachilengedwe: komwe angayitanitse ntchito
Mutha kuyitanitsa kuyesa kwakhudza chilengedwe m'mabungwe monga:
- "Malo Othandizira Zachilengedwe":
- webusayiti: http://ekoex.ru,
- Adilesi: Mzinda waku Moscow, Party Panjira, Kumanga 1, Kumanga 57, Kumanga 3,
- foni: +7 (495) 662-48-49.
- Thumba la akatswiri ku Russia TEHECO:
- webusayiti: https://expert-center.ru,
- Adilesi: Mzinda wa Moscow, msewu wa Prechistenka, 10, nyumba 3,
- foni: +7 (495) 637-77-47.
- Dipatimenti Yogwiritsa Ntchito Kudziwitsa Zambiri Zakugulitsa “Gulu la NGI”:
- webusayiti: http://ngiexpert.ru,
- adilesi: Mzinda wa Moscow, msewu wa Trofimova, nyumba 24, nyumba 1,
- foni: +7 (495) 407-71-74.
Pomaliza
Mutha kuzolowera chitsanzo cha kumaliza kwa kuyang'ana kwazomwe chilengedwe chikuchitika ku https://yadi.sk/i/B2NBYvnv3M2RA8.
Kuti muthe kutsitsa mtundu wa mayeso omaliza pagulu, pitani ku https://yadi.sk/i/D2xnUCAW3M2RBr.
Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kokhudza chilengedwe ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wofufuzira wokhudzana ndi kuzindikira malo kapena zochitika ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka, komanso mwayi wopitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito malowa kapena kuchita zinthu zomwe zikuwononga chilengedwe. Ndiye chifukwa chake pamavuto owoneka ngati malo opangira maofesi, kuwunika koteroko ndikofunikira.
Ndikusintha ndi zowonjezera kuchokera ku:
Epulo 15, 1998, Ogasiti 22, Disembala 21, 29, 2004, Disembala 31, 2005, Disembala 4, 18, 2006, Meyi 16, Juni 26, Julayi 23, 24, Novembara 8, Disembala 30, 2008 Epulo 9, Meyi 8, Disembala 17, 2009, Julayi 1, 18, Julayi 19, 2011, Juni 25, Julayi 28, 2012, Meyi 7, Juni 7, Disembala 28, 2013, Juni 28, Julayi 21, Disembala 29, Disembala 31, 2014, February 12, Juni 29, Julayi 13, Julayi 29, 2015, Disembala 5, 28, 2017, Ogasiti 3, Disembala 25, 2018, Meyi 1, Ogasiti 2, Disembala 16, Disembala 27 Chaka cha 2019
Wolemekezedwa ndi State Duma pa Julayi 19, 1995
Yavomerezedwa ndi Federation Council pa Novembara 15, 1995
Sinthani Zambiri:
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ adasintha zoyambirira za Lamulo la Federali
Lamulo la Federal iyi limayendetsa ubale mu gawo la kuwunika kwakhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, cholinga chake kukwaniritsa ufulu wa nzika za Russian Federation kukhala malo abwino popewa zovuta zoyipa zachuma ndi zochitika zina zachilengedwe.
Purezidenti wa Russian Federation
Novembala 23, 1995
Lamulo la Federal limayang'anira maubwenzi pankhani yakuwunika zotsatira zachilengedwe, i.e. Kukhazikitsa kutsatira kwa mapulani omwe adakonzedwa komanso ntchito zina ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuthekera kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zingachitike pakaunikidwe ka chilengedwe kuti tipewe zovuta zomwe zingachitike pa chilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, zachuma ndi zina.
Mitundu iwiri ya kuyesa kwachilengedwe ndi yosiyanitsidwa: boma ndi pagulu. Kuunika kwa boma kumachitika pa zinthu za feduro ndi dera.
Lamuloli limakhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera boma poona momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera, kuphatikiza njira yopangira ntchito yapadera yoyeserera.
Ufulu wambiri wa nzika ndi mabungwe aboma (mabungwe) pamagawo owunikira zotsatira zachilengedwe amatetezedwa. Kuwunika kwachilengedwe kwachitika mwadongosolo ndipo kumachitika chifukwa cha nzika ndi mabungwe aboma, komanso chifukwa cha oyang'anira maboma asanayang'ane boma kapena nthawi yomweyo.
Ufulu ndi udindo wa makasitomala zolembedwa malinga ndi kuwunikiridwa kwa chilengedwe ndizotsimikizika, nkhani za ndalama zimayendetsedwa. Mitundu yophwanya malamulo okhudza kuwonetsetsa kwa chilengedwe ndi zovuta zakakhazikitsidwa.
Lamulo la federal limayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe lidasindikizidwa.
Lamulo la Federal Novembara 23, 1995 N 174-ФЗ "Pa Zachilengedwe"
Lamulo la Federal uyu lidzayamba kugwira ntchito patsiku loti lisindikizidwe.
Zolemba za Federal Law zidasindikizidwa mu Kutoleredwa kwa Zamalamulo za Russian Federation ya Novembala 27, 1995 N 48 Art. 4556, mu "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" a Novembara 30, 1995 N 232
Chikalatachi chimasinthidwa ndi zolemba zotsatirazi:
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 27, 2019 N 453-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 1, 2020.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 27, 2019 N 450-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 1, 2020.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 16, 2019 N 440-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa June 1, 2020.
Onani kukonzanso kwamtsogolo kwa chikalatachi.
Zolemba zalembedwera zimawonetsedwa monga zasinthidwa panthawi yomwe mwamasula mtundu wanu wa GARANT
Lamulo la Federal la Ogasiti 2, 2019 N 294-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa 13 August, 2019.
Lamulo la Federal la Meyi 1, 2019 N 100-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Meyi 1, 2019.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 25, 2018 N 496-ФЗ
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 25, 2018.
Lamulo la Federal la Ogasiti 3, 2018 N 321-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa 3 Ogasiti 2018.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 28, 2017 N 422-ФЗ
Zosintha zidzayamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 28, 2017.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 5, 2017 N 393-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 1, 2018.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 29, 2015 N 408-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 13, 2015 N 221-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal June 29, 2015 N 203-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la February 12, 2015 N 12-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika masiku khumi pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsidwa kwalamulo la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 31, 2014 N 519-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika patatha masiku makumi asanu ndi anayi kuchokera pa tsiku lolemba boma la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 29, 2014 N 458-ФЗ
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Julayi 1, 2015.
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 21, 2014 N 261-ФЗ
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 februwari, 2015.
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 21, 2014 N 219-ФЗ (monga kusinthidwa ndi Federal Law ya Disembala 28, 2017 N 422-ФЗ ndi Federal Law ya Disembala 25, 2018 N 496-ФЗ)
Zisinthazi zikuyamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2015, kupatula zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa chomwe mawu ena omwe alowa nawo kukhazikitsidwa adakhazikitsidwa ndi nkhani 12 ya Lamulo la Federal lomwe talitchulalo
Lamulo la Federal June 28, 2014 N 181-ФЗ
Kusintha kumachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsidwa kwalamulo la Federal lomwe talitchulalo
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 28, 2013 N 406-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Juni 7, 2013 N 108-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Meyi 7, 2013 N 104-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 28, 2012 N 133-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal June 25, 2012 N 93-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 19, 2011 N 248-ФЗ
Zokonzedwazo zimayamba kugwira ntchito masiku makumi asanu ndi anayi pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsa boma la Federal Law.
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 19, 2011 N 246-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsa boma la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 18, 2011 N 243-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 1, 2011 N 169-ФЗ
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Julayi 1, 2011.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 17, 2009 N 314-ФЗ
Ndime 2, 3, ndi 4 za Article 28 za Lamulo Lachi Federizi zidayimitsidwa kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2010 mpaka Januware 1, 2011.
Lamulo la Federal la Meyi 8, 2009 N 93-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Epulo 9, 2009 N 58-ФЗ
Ndime 2, 3 ndi 4 za Article 28 za Lamulo Lachi Federizi zidayimitsidwa kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lidasindikiza izi mpaka Januware 1, 2010.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika masiku khumi pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsidwa kwalamulo la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Novembala 8, 2008 N 202-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsa boma la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 24, 2008 N 162-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale
Lamulo la Federal la Julayi 23, 2008 N 160-ФЗ
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2009.
Lamulo la Federal June 26, 2008 N 96-ФЗ
Kusintha uku kumachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsa boma la Federal Law
Lamulo la Federal la Meyi 16, 2008 N 75-ФЗ
Kusintha kumachitika masiku 10 pambuyo pa tsiku lokhazikitsidwa kwalamulo la Federal lomwe talitchulalo
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 18, 2006 N 232-FZ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 1, 2007.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 4, 2006 N 201-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe Forest Code ya Russian Federation ilowa.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 31, 2005 N 199-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 1, 2007.
Lamulo la Federal la Disembala 21, 2004 N 172-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba pa Januware 5, 2005.
Lamulo la Federal la Ogasiti 22, 2004 N 122-ФЗ (monga kusinthidwa ndi Federal Law ya Disembala 29, 2004 N 199-ФЗ)
Masinthidwewo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2005.
Lamulo la Federal la Epulo 15, 1998 N 65-ФЗ
Zosintha zimayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku lomwe boma lasindikizidwa kale