Mtundu wakuda - nyama yamasamba, ndi amodzi mwa mitundu itatu ya zipembere za ku Africa (palinso ndewu yoyera). Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu ingapo 4 yaambowo wakuda.

1. bicornis bicornis - mitundu yazitsulo zakuda, wamba. Amakhala makamaka m'malo ovuta, monga ku Namibia, kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo.
2. bicornis chaching'ono - Kuchuluka kwa ma subspecies awa ndi ambiri, amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa, ku Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
3. bicornis michaeli -Mabungwe amtundu wakuda, omwe amapezeka ku Tanzania kokha.
4. bicornis lalitali - Mbiri ya ku Cameroon.

Pakadali pano Dziko la Colombia la ndewu zakuda lidalengeza kuti latha. Ku Africa, m'malo ake ena, kuchuluka kwa nyamayi kwatetezedwa. Ulendo womaliza kupezeka kuti uli ndalamazi mu 2006. Kuyambira Novembala 10, 2013, MSO of Natural idalengeza kuti boma la Cameroon lidawonongedwa ndi andewu.

Pafupifupi, mitundu iliyonse yotsalira ya chipembere chakuthengo chilipo, masiku ano nyama zatsala pang'ono kutha. Ndipo simungathenso kutengera “nkhope zanu” ziwonetsero zomwe ofufuzawo anena zakufutsa zakuda, popeza m'modzi mwa akatswiri a sayansi atapereka umboni kuti 1/3 wa zimbudzi zakuda, zomwe zimawonedweratu, zitha kukhala amoyo.

Mawonekedwe

Mtundu wakuda - M'malo mophatikiza nyama zazikulu, zomwe zimalemera mpaka ma kilogalamu 3600. Mbidzi yakuda yakuthengo ndi nyama yamphamvu, mpaka mamita 3,2 kutalika, masentimita 150 kutalika. Nkhope ya nyama nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi nyanga ziwiri, komabe, kuli malo ku Africa, makamaka ku Zambia, komwe mungakumane ndi ma rhinos amtunduwu wokhala ndi nyanga zitatu kapena 5. Nyanga yakuda yakumbuyo imazunguliridwa pamtanda (mwachitsanzo, ma rhinos oyera ali ndi nyanga ya trapezoidal). Nyanga yakumbuyo ya buluzi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yotalika mpaka masentimita 60.

Mtundu wa chikombo chakuda nthawi zambiri zimatengera mtundu wa dothi lomwe nyamayo imakhala. Monga mukudziwa, ma rhinos amakonda kukhota ndi dothi komanso fumbi. Kenako ma geninoceros oyambilira amtundu wakhungu amatenga mumtundu wina, kenako pabuka, kenako kuyera. Ndipo m'malo amenewo momwe ziphalaphala zam'madzi zotchingika, khungu la chipembere limakhala lakuda. Kunja, nthiti yakuda imasiyana ndi yoyera pakuwonekera kwa milomo yapamwamba. Chipembere chakuda chimakhala ndi mlomo wapamwamba womwe umapachikidwa pamilomo yakumbuyo. Chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kuti nyama ipangire masamba achitsamba ndi nthambi zake.

Mverani mawu a chipembere

Ngakhale kutetezedwa kwa nyama izi komanso chiletso cha malonda a nyanga, kuchuluka kwa ma rhinos akuda kukupitirirabe. Choyamba, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nyama. Chifukwa chake, ma rhinos amasungidwa pokhapokha m'malo osungirako zinyama.

M'nkhani ya lero, tidzaphunzila za nthumwi ya banja la ma Rhino. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi artiodactyl, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe chake chakunja. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma rhinos, koma tikambirana woyimira wakuda. Mukamasulira dzinali kuchokera ku Chilatini, zimveka ngati "mphuno, nyanga." Anthu pawokha amadziwika ndi kapangidwe kapadera, chifukwa chake kamangidwe kake, kapena kangapo, kamawonekera kuchokera kumafupa amphuno. Koma sitithamangira patsogolo, tidzaphunziramo zinthuzo mwatsatanetsatane.

Habitat

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zipembere zakuda kunawonedwa ku East ndi South Africa, ochepa m'chigawo chapakati cha South Africa. Tsoka ilo, posachedwa osaka nyama adawononga nyamazo, nawonso adakumana ndi zomwezi monga nyama zambiri zaku Africa - zimbudzi zakuda zikhazikika m'mapaki amtundu.

Chipembere chakuda ndi nyama yamasamba. Imakhala makamaka komwe kuli malo owuma, khalani mthethe, shrub savannas, nkhalango zowirira kapena malo otambalala. Mtundu wakuda ukhoza kupezeka ku chipululu, koma osowa. Nyamayi sakonda kulowa m'madambo otentha a West Africa ndi Congo Basin. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti ma rapin sangathe kusambira, nkovuta kuthana ndi zotchingira madzi ochepa.

Kufotokozera ndi malo okhala

1. Rhinoceros imatanthawuza chinyama chachikulu cham'madzi, chomwe mu mawonekedwe ake chonse chimakhala chachiwiri kwa njovu. Anthuwa amakula mpaka 2.5-5 m kutalika kwa thupi, kutalika kwake kufota pafupifupi 1.5-3 m ndi kulemera kwa matani pafupifupi 1,3,5,5. Dzinalo limasonyezanso khungu, m'malo mwathu limakhala ndi utoto wakuda. Komabe, anthu ndi amtundu wonyezimira, omwe amatha kuwoneka akuda pansi pazinthu zina.
2. Khungu la Rhinos amatenga zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka. Ngati chiweto chofiirira, ndiye kuti chikatuluka pansi chimasanduka chakuda. Mutu wabanja umakhala wochepetsedwa, mbali yakumaso imatsitsidwa. Pali dzenje pakati pamphuno ndi pamphumi, lomwe limandikumbutsa chishalo. Poyerekeza ndi mutu, nyamayi yamtunduwu imakhala ndi maso ochepa kwambiri. Amakhala akuda ndi karim kapena wakuda, anawo amakhala owumbika. Ma eyoni apamwamba amakutidwa ndi cilia wakuda bii.
3. Oyimira mabanja ali ndi malingaliro opangidwa bwino. Amadalira kwambiri mphuno zawo kuposa ziwalo zina. Kuchuluka kwa minyewa yamkamwa kumakulitsa kukula kwa ubongo. Nyama zotchuka chifukwa cha kumva kwawo bwino. Makutu ake amafanana ndi chubu lomwe limalankhulira ngakhale phokoso kwambiri. Komabe, kuwona kwa ma rhinos ndikunyansa, samadalira iye. Amatha kugwira mafunde akuthwa, ndipo zinthu zoyimilira zimadutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, masomphenyawa amangogwira ntchito kwa ma 30. Popeza maso amapezeka mbali zam'mutu, anthuwa amagwiritsa ntchito diso limodzi kenako linzake.
4. Milomo yapamwamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusuntha kwake, ikulendewera pamunsi. Nsagwada zokhala ndi mano osakwanira, koma amphamvu kwambiri. Palibe ma fang, koma nsagwada iliyonse imaperekedwa ndi ma molars asanu ndi awiri. Amatuluka nthawi yayitali. Pansi pake pali zofunikira zakuthwa. Chizindikiro chosiyana ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa izi ndi nyanga, imakula kuchokera kutsogolo kapena mafupa amphuno. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala timitengo tambiri tamtundu wakuda kapena imvi.
5. Kukula kwachinyamata ndikamenya nkhondo ndikuwononga lipenga, kumatha kuchira pakapita nthawi. Komabe, achikulire sangadalire izi, nyanga yake singabwezeretsenso. Mamembala akuda a banja ali ndi nyanga 2-5. Miyendo ya ma rhinos ndi yamphamvu, yokhala ndi zala zitatu. Iliyonse ya iyo pali ziboda zazing'ono. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira nyama yam'madzi ndi mitundu yake, popeza ndiyofanana ndi masamba amodzi. Khungu lilibe tsitsi, koma tsitsi limatha kupezeka kumapeto kwa makutu. Mchirawo umakula mpaka 70 cm kutalika, uli ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndipo umatha ndi burashi la tsitsi.
6. Nthawi zambiri, omwe akuimiridwa amakhala ku Tanzania, Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, Kenya, Republic of South Africa. Zimapezekanso ku Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi. Rhino ngati chilala, amakhala m'malo owoneka bwino otetezedwa, mapiri, malo opondapo, malo otsetsereka, malo opumira. Zimapezeka pamtunda wa 2,5 km. Pamwamba pa nyanja. Mtunduwu watsala pang'ono kutha, malinga ndi deta, pali anthu 4860.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Opitilira mazana awiri Mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri yazomera zam'mlengalenga ndizomwe zimapanga chakudya cha chikomokere chakuda. Nyama ya herbivore iyi imakopeka ndi aloe, agave-sanseviera, euphorbia wooneka ngati candelabra, yemwe ali ndi msuzi wotsekemera komanso wowuma. Rhinoceros sanyansidwa ndi mavwende, komanso maluwa otaya, ngati atakhala ndi mwayi wotere.

Mtundu wakuda Komanso sadzataya zipatso zomwe iye amatenga, kunyamula ndi kutumiza mkamwa mwake. Ngati ndi kotheka, nyamayo imatha kutsina udzu. Ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti izi zimadya zipatso zonyansa. Mwanjira imeneyi, ma rhinos akuda amayesa kuphatikiza zakudya zawo ndimchere wamchere ndi zinthu zina, zomwe sizimapezeka zochepa. Chipemberecho chimatulutsa thukuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake, kuti ubwezeretse thupi ndi chinyezi, nyamayo imayenera kumwa madzi ambiri. Kuti akwaniritse kusowa kwa madzi, ngati kulibe madamu pafupi, amadya zitsamba zaminga.

Kuswana

Mu maulalo wakuda zikhomo miyezi 1.5 iliyonse. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti nthawi imeneyi, wamkazi nayenso amatsata yamphongo. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe wamkazi ayamba kutenga nawo mbali kuswana kumachitika ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Kwa ndudu yakuda yamphongo, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba ali ndi zaka 7 kapena zisanu ndi zinayi. Rhino cub amabadwa pambuyo pa miyezi 16.5. Mwana wobadwa wamtambo amabadwa, ndi zotuluka zake zonse ndi zomata zake. Komabe, lipenga lilibe. Rhinos amakhala zaka pafupifupi 70.

Moyo

1. Nthawi zambiri, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimakonda kukhala kwayekha. Nyama zotere sizipanga ng'ombe. Payokha, nkoyenera kutchulanso zimbudzi zoyera, pokhapokha nthawi zina amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono. Koma zazimayi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamodzi ndi ana kwakanthawi.
2. Mu nyengo yakukhwima yokha ndi yomwe anthu omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka palimodzi. Ngakhale kuti amakonda kukhala pawokha, anthu awa mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi abwenzi enieni. Awa ndi mbalame - mbalame zakuthambo. Nthawi zonse amayenda ndi ma rhinos ndi zina zopanda njuchi.
3. Rhinos amayamikira mbalame zazing'onozi chifukwa zimadya nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timakwera kumbuyo kwawo. Mbalame zotere zimachenjeza nyama zazikulu kuti zisawonongeke ndi kulira kwambiri. M'masiku akale, mbalame zoterezi zinkatchedwa kuti oteteza mizimu.
4. Mwa zina, zimphona zikayamba kusamba, akamba nawonso amadya nkhupakupa zawo zakumbuyo. Mwanjira imeneyi, amapatsa nyama chisomo chachikulu. Ma Rhinos kutchire amayang'anitsitsa gawo lawo ndikutchinjiriza. Munthu m'modzi ali ndi chiwembu chake ndi malo osungira komanso msipu.
5. Kwa zaka zambiri za moyo, zolengedwa zomwe zimafunsidwa zimapondereza mayendedwe awo kupita kumadzi. M'malo oterowo, nyama zimasamba matope. Zipembere za ku Africa zimakhala ndi zimbudzi zosiyana. Manyowa ochulukitsa akhala akudzikundikira anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi fungo lomweli amalemba malire a gawo lawo.
6. Omwe amaganizidwawo amayesa kuyika gawo lawolawo osati manyowa, komanso ndi fungo labwino. Chomwechonso amuna okalamba. Kuyika tchire ndi udzu ndi mkodzo. Mahule akuda akugwira ntchito m'mawa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amatsogolera moyo womwewo usiku. Pakadali pano, amayesetsa kupeza chakudya chochuluka momwe angathere.
7. Masana, ma rhinos amakonda kugona pamthunzi. Amatha kubowoka pambali pawo kapena m'mimba. Nthawi zina amathera nthawi ino m'mabafa amatope. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zimphona ziloto zabwino kwambiri, amaiwala kwathunthu zoopsa zilizonse. Pakadali pano, mutha kuwabweranso. Zamoyo zina ndi izi, zimagwira usiku ndi usana.
8. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zimphona zomwe tafotokozazi zimasamala pachilichonse. Sakufuna kuyanjana ndi anthu, ndipo amawachenjezanso. Koma ngati chiwembuchi chimaopsa, aziukira kaye ngati chodzitchinjiriza. Modabwitsa, nyama zoterezi zimatha kuthamangira ku 45 km / h. Komabe, sangathe kuthamanga kwa nthawi yayitali.
9. Mitundu yakuda ya ndulu imatha kupsa mtima. Amalimbana mwachangu ngati china chake chachitika ndipo ndizosatheka kuziletsa. Zoterezi sizinganenedwenso ndi ma rhinos oyera. Amtendere komanso odekha. Ngati munthu adyetsa kamwana ndi manja ake, amakhala wopanda nkhawa.

Rhinos ndi mitundu yosangalatsa ya nyama. Kuthengo, zimphona zoterezi ndibwino kuti musakwiye. Kupanda kutero, simungapulumutsidwe ku thanki yakukwiya. Kupanda kutero, amakhala mwamtendere komanso odekha. Anthu omwe ali mu ukapolo amakhalabe ochezeka.

Kanema: Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis)

Rhinoceros - ndi imodzi mwazinyama zodziwika bwino za ku Africa, mtundu wokonda kuyitanitsa khadi "lakuda lakelo", sizikupanga chifukwa kuti imalowa "Big African Five" limodzi ndi njati, mkango ndi nyalugwe, nyama zisanu zomwe mmbuyomu zinali ziphokoso kwambiri kusaka ulendo. Ndipo chipemberecho sichimawona bwino, koma monga amanenera, ndi kukula kwake ndi mphamvu, ili sililinso vuto.

Rhinoceros: kufotokozera, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe. Kodi chifuwa chikuwoneka bwanji?

Dzinalo Lachilatini la chipembere (Rhinocerotidae), limafanana ndi lathu, chifukwa "Rhino" amatanthauza "mphuno", ndipo nyanga ya "ceros" imadziwika kuti "rombo", dzina ili limadziwika bwino ndi chilombo, chifukwa lipenga lalikulu pamphuno, limakula kuchokera fupa la mphuno ndi gawo limodzi la ma rhinos onse abwino (ngakhale siabwino).

Komanso, nduna zazikuluzikulu kwambiri pamtunda wa njovu - kutalika kwa mpandawo zimachokera ku 2 mpaka 5 metres, kutalika kwa mita 1-3 ndi kulemera kwa matani 1 mpaka 3,6.

Mitundu ya ma rhinos imadalira mitundu yawo, makamaka poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka kuti mayina amtundu waziphuphu amtunduwu adachokera ku mitundu yake yeniyeni: dzombe loyera, chipembere chakuda. Koma sikuti zonse ndizodziwikiratu komanso zosavuta, zoona zake ndi zakuti mtundu weniweni wa khungu, oyera ndi oyera wakuda, ndi womwewo - imvi, koma chifukwa ma bulinowa amakonda kujambulika padziko lapansi la mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imawakongoletsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mayina awo adapita.

Mutu wa lobowo ndi wautali komanso wopapatiza, wokhala ndi mphumi yolimba kwambiri. Pakati pa mafupa amphuno ndi pamphumi amakhala ndi mawonekedwe, ofanana ndi chishalo. Maso ang'onoting'ono amtundu wachikuda wokhala ndi ana a bulauni kapena akuda okhala ndi kukula kwawo amawoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu wawo wamkulu. Monga tidatchulira koyambirira, zinthu sizili zofunikira ndi masomphenya a ma Rhinoceros, amangowona zinthu zoyenda kuchokera patali osapitirira 30 metres. Kuphatikiza apo, chakuti maso awo ali m'mbali sizimawapatsa mwayi wofufuza bwino chinthu chimodzi kapena china; amachiwona choyamba ndi diso limodzi, kenako ndi chachiwiri.

Koma fungo la ma rhinos mosemphana ndi ilo limakulitsidwa bwino, ndipo kwa iye amadalira kwambiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa m'mphuno mu ma rhinos ndikokulirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa ubongo wawo. Khutu limapangidwanso bwino pakati pa zimphona;

Milomo ya ma rhinoceros ndi yowongoka komanso yosakhwima, kupatula mitundu ya India ndi yakuda yomwe ili ndi mlomo wapansi. Komanso, ma rhinos onse omwe ali m'mano a mano ali ndi ma 7 molars, omwe amachotsedwa kwambiri ndi zaka, mu ma rhinos aku Asia, kuphatikiza mano, pali zofunikira zomwe sizikupezeka mu ndulu za ku Africa.

Maluwa onse ali ndi khungu lakuda, lomwe limakhala lopanda ubweya kwathunthu. Chosiyana ndi apa ndi mtundu wina wamakono wa Sumatran, womwe khungu lake limakutidwa ndi tsitsi la bulawuni komanso ndudu zaubweya zomwe zimakhalamo m'mitunda yathu, zomwe, pamodzi ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda ubweya, mwatsoka, sizinakhalepo mpaka nthawi yathu ino.

Miyendo ya lobowo ndi yolemera komanso yayikulu, pali ziboda zitatu pamapazi aliwonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzindikira kuchokera m'mabatani a ma Rhinoceros komwe zimphona zidayendamo.

Nyanga ya Rhino

Nyanga ya buluzi ndi khadi yake yoyimbira ndipo iyenera kutchulidwa padera. Chifukwa chake, kutengera mtundu wa chipembere pamphuno, nyanga ziwiri ndi ziwiri zonse zimatha kukula, ndipo nyanga yachiwiri ili pafupi ndi mutu waung'ono. Nyanga za Rhinoceros zimakhala ndi mapuloteni a kerotene, mwa njira, tsitsi ndi misomali mwa anthu, singano m'matumba a nthenga, nthenga za mbalame, ndi chipolopolo chokhala ndi zida zimapanganso mapuloteni amodzi.Omwe akuwatsitsa khungu la chiphuphu.

M'mabatani ang'onoang'ono, akavulala, nyanga zimabwezeretsedwa, zakale, sizibweranso. Pazonse, ntchito zonse za lipenga la njuchi sizinaphunziridwe kwathunthu ndi akatswiri owerengera nyama, koma mwachitsanzo, asayansi adawona chidwi chosangalatsa - ngati lipenga limachotsedwa pamphepete mwa chikazi, ndiye kuti lidzaleka kukhala ndi chidwi ndi ana ake.

Mwini wa nyanga yayitali kwambiri ndi chipembere choyera, chimafikira 158 cm.

Kodi ndizitsulo zingati zomwe zimakhala

Kutalika kwa miyoyo ya njerwa kumakhala kwotalikirapo, popeza maululu aku Africa kuthengo amakhala pafupifupi zaka 30 mpaka 40, ndipo m'malo osungira nyama amakhala zaka 50. Koma akatswiri azaka zapakati pa zana pano ndi ma rhinos ndi ndende za ku India ndi Javanese, zomwe zitha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 70, pafupifupi ngati moyo wamunthu.

Komweko kabowo wakuda amakhala

Zipembere zakuda zimapezeka ku Central, South ndi East Africa: zimakhala kumadera a Kenya, Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Etiyopiya amadziwika kuti anatha. Shrub savannas, mitengo ya mthethe, nkhalango zowirira ndi mapiri owuma ndi malo okhala zipembere zakuda. M'mapiri amatuluka mpaka mamita 2,700 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Momwe mungazindikire chipembere chakuda

Chipembere chakuda ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kufika 3 m, ndipo misa ndi matani 2. Nyanga ziwiri zimasiyanitsidwa momveka bwino pamutu waukulu, ndipo m'malo ena kuchuluka kwake kumatha kupitirira mpaka atatu kapena asanu. Kutalika kwa nyanga yomaliza nthawi zina kumafikira 40 cm, ndiye kwakukulu komanso koonekera kwambiri. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu ndi kapangidwe ka milomo yapamwamba: imaloledwa pang'ono ndipo imapachikidwa pamunsi. Ngakhale dzina, khungu lachilengedwe la nyama yamphamvu silili lakuda, koma imvi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nyanga ya njuchi ndi yapadera pakapangidwe kake. Muli keratin kwathunthu - mapuloteni omwe amapezeka m'misomali ndi tsitsi la munthu, chipolopolo cha armadillo, singano za porcupine, nthenga za mbalame. Ikawonongeka mu nyama zazing'ono, lipenga limatha kubwereranso, mwa akuluakulu silimachira. Ntchito yake siyimamvetsetsa bwino. Komabe, asayansi adawona kuti zazikazi zomwe nyanga yake idachotsedwa imasiya kuchita chidwi ndi ana awo.

Ma Rhinos ndi anthu

M'mbuyomu, magulu akulu azitsulo zakuda adatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito nyanga zake ngati mankhwala amphamvu. Kummawa, zogulitsa kuchokera ku nyanga yake ndizopindulitsa kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Yemen, ulemu pakati pamitundu yambiri umatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa chiwombankhanga chopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. M'zochitika zathu zenizeni, izi zikufanana ndi kukhala ndi dipuloma ya maphunziro apamwamba, kotero, okonda malo akumaloko samasungira ndalama kuti apeze phunziro lomwe limafunikira kwambiri m'moyo wapagulu. Nyamayo imatchedwa kuti chitsulo chakuda chifukwa chosamvetsetsa, popeza mnzakeyo ndi woyera.

Mitundu yonse iwiriyi, khungu silikhala loyera kapena lakuda, koma limachita imvi m'mbali zosiyanasiyana. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, osamukira ku Dutch adatcha kuti mzungu wa chipembere choyera, kutanthauza kuti "lonse."

Akatswiri a Chingerezi asayansi omwe samadziwa Chiafrikaana adaganiza kuti wijd ndi wofanana ndi chingerezi choyera - "choyera". Chifukwa chake kanyumba kanyumba kanyumba kamabisala kameneka kadabadwa, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, woganiza wopanda mutu wokhala ndi dzira adapanga chisangalalo chokondweretsa komanso mawonekedwe a mdzu wakuda kuti athe kusiyanitsa ndi yoyera yayikulu. Kupusa kumeneku kunadzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito zasayansi pafupifupi m'zilankhulo zonse zamakono.

M'mbuyomu, ma rhinos akuda ankakhala m'malo akulu amdziko la Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, kupatula nkhalango zotentha ku Congo Basin. Tsopano anthu okhala kwawokha amasungidwa m'mapaki okhaokha ndi m'malo osungira nyama.

Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kwa nyama izi ndi chitsamba - m'malire mwa nkhalango zotentha ndi maudzu oterera udzu okhala ndi zitsamba zaminga.

Masanjidwe

Masanjidwe anayi akuluakulu amtundu wakuda amadziwika:

• South-Central Black Rhino (D. bicornis yaying'ono): Pakalepo, malowa adayambira pakati pa Tanzania kudutsa ku Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique mpaka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa South Africa. Tsopano subspecies iyi imapezeka ku South Africa ndi Zimbabwe, ochepa akhoza kupezeka kumwera kwa Tanzania. Malo obwezeretsedwako amapezeka ku Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland ndi Zambia. Chipembere chakum'mwera chapakati pakadali pano ndicho mitundu yambiri, komabe chimasankhidwa kuti chimakhala chovuta kwambiri.
• Southwest Black Rhinoceros (D. bicornis bicornis): Mapulogalamuwa ndi oyenera kwambiri kukhala m'malo okhala louma komanso owuma. Malo awo okhala anali: Namibia, kumwera kwa Angola, kumadzulo kwa Botswana, kumwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa South Africa. Tsopano ma subspecies agawidwa ku Namibia ndi South Africa. Chiwerengero cha anthu am'mbuyomu chili chovuta kwambiri.

• East African Black Rhino (D. bicornis michaeli): Zakale, kufalitsa kwake kudalembedwa kumwera kwa Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya ndi kumpoto chapakati Tanzania. Tsopano mutha kupeza zochepa zaposachedwa izi ku Kenya, ndi ma subspecies ambiri omwe amagawidwa kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Masabusikiripu ali pamalo ovuta kwambiri.
• West African Black Rhinoceros (D. bicornis longways): Idagawidwa m'misika yayikulu yamayiko ambiri ku West Africa. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino, kuchuluka kwa masanjidwe awa kunachepetsedwa kukhala anthu ochepa kumpoto kwa Cameroon. Pakufufuza kwakukulu mu 2006, palibe munthu m'modzi mwa izi omwe adapezeka. Chipembere chakuda chakumadzulo kwa Africa chilengezedwa kuti chitha kuyambira chaka cha 2011.

Kodi chipembere chimadya chiyani?

Rhinos ndi nyama zodyetsa, komabe, ndizochulukirapo, motero chiphuphu chimadya mpaka makilogalamu 72 a zakudya zatsamba patsiku. Chakudya chachikulu cha mapichesi ndi udzu ndi masamba agwa pam mitengo. Ma rhinos akuda ndi aku India sasamala kudya mphukira za mitengo ndi zitsamba. Nzimbe ndizodziwidwa bwino kwambiri ndi ndende za ku India, pomwe chipembere cha Sumatran chimakonda zipatso zosiyanasiyana, makamaka nkhuyu ndi mango.

Adalemba Buku Lofiyira

Asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu inayi yaziphuphu. M'modzi mwa iwo, yemwe adakhala ku Cameroon, akuti wakhala akusowa kanthu kuyambira 2011. Ena atatu ali ndi ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana. Pa mibadwo itatu yapitayi, chiwerengero cha ma buluzi akuda, omwe amakhala kum'mawa, atsika ndi 90%. Nthawi yomweyo, zaka zingapo zapitazo, chidwi chakuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe kwa anthu chidawululidwa, ndipo, malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa, anthu 740 a masapota awa amakhala m'chilengedwe. Komabe, pamakhala zochitika pamitundu yonseyo.

Kuyambira 1960, chiwerengero cha anthu akhungu padziko lonse lapansi chatsika ndi 97.6%. Pakutha kwa chaka cha 2010, panali zikhalidwe zakunja za 4,800. Pali zifukwa zingapo zazikulu zomwe zikuchititsa kuti chiwembu chakuda chiwonjezeke. Chachikulu ndikubera anthu ndi cholinga chokweza nyanga. Kalelo ku Middle Ages, munthawi ya alchemy, kufalikira ku Europe, anthu amakhulupirira kuti kukula kwa fupa kumakhala ndi mphamvu zozizwitsa. Amakhulupirira kuti vinyo wapoizoni wothiridwa mu chakumwa cha zinthu zotere zimalira pomwepo, ndipo ufa womwe umachotsedwamo ungathe kubwezeretsa unyamata wotayika ndikukhalitsa moyo. Ku Asia, kwazaka zambiri nyanga ya nyama yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala azikhalidwe: pafupifupi maphikidwe onse odziwika bwino a "unyamata" ndi "kusafa", inali gawo lokakamiza. Nyanga zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zikumbutso zamtengo wapatali: makapu, zonyamula mivi, zojambula, ndi zina zambiri.

Mkhalidwe wosakhazikika pazandale ku Africa, ndipo nthawi zina kusowa kwa oyang'anira boma kumalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa maupangiri ena a mabungwe osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta. Chokhacho chokhacho chalimbikitsa ndichakuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, chiweto chakuda chinayamba kuyambiranso.

Khalidwe

Oimira mtunduwu amakhala ndi moyo pawekha. Nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi malo ake kunyumba oyang'aniramo bowo. Kuzungulira dzenje limodzi lokha, mapangidwe ake amkhomakhomo amapangika, pomwe mamembawa amadziwana ndi fungo ndipo satsutsana ndi abale awo.

Fuko ili ndi "msipu wam'deralo" wokhala ndi malo ofikira 80 masikweya mita. km, komwe nthawi zambiri amadya mwamtendere. Zimphona zimayang'ana kwambiri malo omwe adachokerako komwe amayambira ndi matumbo awo ndikuyesetsa kuziteteza kuti zisasokonezeke.

Pafupifupi mitundu 200 yazomera imaphatikizidwa mu mgawo wa equidae.

Kwambiri mwakufuna kwawo amadya euphorbia, aloe ndi mavwende akutchire. Ulemu waukulu umasangalalanso ndi masamba, mphukira zazing'ono komanso ngakhale nthambi zamiyala. Kanyamaka kamene kali pa mlomo wapamwamba kamathandiza kuti mayi kutulutsa masamba kuchokera pachitsamba.

Masana, chipembere chimadya unyinji wobiriwira kuchuluka kwake pafupifupi 2% ya kulemera kwake. Khungu loyipa limakulolani kuti musanyalanyaze minga yomwe ili muntunda wonenepa kwambiri. Nyama imayenera kuledzera kamodzi patsiku.

Pakhungu amakhala phulusa la tiziromboti, kotero kuti awawononge amayenera kusamba nthawi zonse kapena kumangokhala fumbi. Nyambo za Buffalo zimamuthandizanso kuthana ndi tizilombo tokwiyitsa, yemwe samangotsuka khungu lake, komanso amakweza mawu owopsa pangozi yoopsa.

Kwa mitundu ina ya nyama ndi oimira mabanja ena, ma rhinos akuda nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kukwiya ndikuwukira aliyense amene wadutsa malire awo, ndikupanga liwiro lakufika ku 50 km / h panthawi ya kuwukira.

Ndikofunikira

Kwa zaka mazana angapo, munthu adawona m'gulu la chipembere monga chinthu chofunikira kusaka. Pamodzi ndi njovu, mkango, njati ndi nyalugwe, ndudu zikulowa m'gulu lotchedwa Big African Five. Izi ndi nyama zowopsa kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo zimphaka zodziwika bwino kwambiri. Mutha kupezabe chilolezo chowombera, ndipo zingawononge madola masauzande ambiri. Kodi nchifukwa ninji munthu wamakono amakhala wokonzeka kulipira kwambiri zakupha popanda kuganizira zotsatirapo zake?

Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kugawa kwa mitunduyi m'nthawi yathu ino

Lipoti la a Black Rhino Habitat Laposachedwa Chifukwa cha kuteteza bwino ndewu komanso kuyesa kupha uhule, chiwerengero cha zipembere zakuda chakwera mpaka 4,838. Mtunduwu pakadali pano umagawidwa mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Cameroon kumadzulo kupita ku Kenya komanso kummawa mpaka kumwera kwa South Africa. Pafupifupi pafupifupi 98% ya chiwembu chakuda chimakhala m'maiko 4 okha: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya. Mwa maiko amenewa, pafupifupi 40% ya atsikana onse akuda omwe amakhala kuthengo amakhala ku Republic of South Africa.

Mbiri ya kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi magawidwe

Mbiri ya Rhino Habitat Yakale M'masiku akale, ma rhinos akuda anali ambiri ku Africa-Saharan Africa, kupatula ku Congo Basin. Ngakhale kuti nyamazo zimangokhala payokha sizinawone chifukwa cha kuchuluka. Masana amawoneka m'matumba a anthu ambiri. Chiwerengero chotsika cha zipembere zakuda padziko lonse lapansi chinali pafupifupi anthu 70,000. Komabe, kusaka kosalamulirika kwa osamukira ku Europe mozunzika kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi malo okhala chipembere chakuda.

Pakutha kwa zaka za 1960s, nyama izi zidazimiririka kuchokera kumayiko ambiri kapena zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha. Kuchulukana kwa mliri wakupha anthu koyambirira kwa zaka zam'ma 1970 kumawononga ndewu zakuda zomwe zimakhala kuthengo, komanso kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyamazo m'mapaki ndi malo osungirako nyama. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980s, chiwerengero cha ma buluzi akuda m'madera ena chatsika ndi 40-90%. Mu 1981, panali anthu 10,000,000,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira 1980, ndewu zakuda mwina zidasowa ku Angola, Botswana, Chad, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Sudan ndi Zambia. Mu 1993, ndi zilembo zakuda 2,475 zokha zomwe zidalembedwa. Komabe, ambiri, pakuchepa kwa anthu pakadali pano akhazikika. Kuyambira 1996, magulu ambiri amtunduwu awonetsa kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa anthu wamba.

Pomaliza

Zachisoni, masiku ano padziko lathuli pali mitundu 40 ya nyama yomwe ili m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Ngati anthu akupitilizabe kuwononga oyimilira achilengedwe, ndiye kuti posakhalitsa satsalira. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo yolimbirana ikuchitika motsutsana ndi ozembe, magulu osaka nthawi zonse amawononga nyama zapadera. Zigawenga zikugula zida ndi zida zamakono kuti zigwire ngakhale anthu akuluakulu. Pakadali pano, zipembere zakuda zimalengezedwa kuti zatha, koma Padziko Lapansi pali oimira ena ambiri omwe adalipobe omwe mungayesere kuwapulumutsa.

Adani a Rhino

Mdani wamkulu wa ndewu ndiamene, ndi munthu yemwe m'masiku akale anathamangitsa nyama izi, kuphatikiza chifukwa cha nyanga zake zotchuka, zomwe malinga ndi nthanoyo zimakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana ochiritsa. Mpaka kufafanizidwa mpaka pano kuti mitundu yonse isanu ya ma rhinos yalembedwa, popeza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo atsala pang'ono kutha.

Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nyama zina, zopatsidwa kukula komanso kusamala mosamala ndi ma genin, muziyesetsa kupewa. Koma zilombo zosiyanasiyana zimatha kusaka ana amphongo: mikango, ng’ona. Koma sangathe kupirira chitsamba chachikulu chachikulire, chomwe chili ndi khungu lakuda komanso nyanga yayikulu.

Tsopano ndi nthawi yoti mufotokozere mwatsatanetsatane mitundu isanu ya ziphona zamphongo izi zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe.

Matembere oyera

Ndi chipembere chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndi chachiwawa kwambiri pakati pa maulamuliro. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 5 m, kutalika kwake ndi 2-3 m ndipo kulemera kwake ndi matani 2-3, ngakhale mulinso ma rhinos oyera oyera okhala ndi kulemera kwa matani 4-5. Komanso, chipemberechi chili ndi nyanga ziwiri, nyanga yayikulu ndi yayikulu kwambiri pabanja la oponderera ndipo kuphatikiza pake pali nyanga ina yaying'ono pafupi ndi mutu. Zipembere zoyera zimakhala ku East ndi South Africa, kumagawo monga South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Botswana.

Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhanza zake. Pofikira munthu, ngakhale atakhala alendo osalakwa omwe ali ndi kamera, amatha kuchita mantha, chifukwa chake muyenera kukhala patali ndi iye. Monga chitsamba choyera, ili ndi nyanga ziwiri, imodzi yayikulu ndipo yachiwiri yaying'ono, koma yaying'ono pang'ono. Kutalika kwa phokoso lakumbuyo yakuda mpaka mpaka mamita 3. Chinanso chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lakuda ndi kupezeka kwa milomo yakuda. Zipembere zakuda zimakhala m'maiko angapo ku Western, Eastern and Southern Africa: ku South Africa, Botswana, Tanzania, Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.

Monga momwe mungaganizire, malo omwe kubadwa kwa chipembere cha India ndi India, koma pambali pake, ma rhinos aku India amakhalanso ku Nepal. Kutalika kwa ndulu ya India kumakhala pafupifupi mamita awiri ndi kulemera kwa matani 2.5. Nyanga ya chipembere cha ku India ndi Imodzi basi, ndipo mosiyana ndi zipembere zaku Africa, ilibe lakuthwa, koma yosalala.

Mitundu yokhayo yamakono a zipembere zomwe khungu lake limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina limatchedwa "Rhinoceros". Ilinso yakale kwambiri pakati pa maulamuliro onse. Kutalika kwa buluzi wa Sumatran ndi 2.3 m ndi kulemera kwa matani 2.25. Pakati pa maulaza, dzulo la Sumatran ndiye laling'ono kwambiri, koma, ngakhale zili choncho, limakhalabe m'modzi mwa oimira nyama padziko lapansi. Mtundu wa Sumatran umakhala pachilumba cha Sumatra (ku Indonesia), komanso ku Malaysia.

Chipembere chakechi chili mu mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni kwambiri, malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri owonera zinyama pakadali pano ndi anthu pafupifupi 50 a chiwembu cha Javan omwe adapulumuka. Zimangokhala pachilumba cha Java pamalo omwe adapangidwira iye, momwe zoyesayesa zonse zimapangidwira kuti izisunga pambuyo pake. Kukula kwake komanso phokoso, chipembere cha Javanese ndi chofanana ndi chipembere cha ku India, koma mawonekedwe ake osiyanitsa ndi kupezeka kwathunthu kwa nyanga zazikazi. Amuna okhaokha a ku Javan amakhala ndi nyanga. Makolo ake akhungu amakumbukirabe zida zina zamphamvu.

Kanema wanyimbo

Ndipo pomaliza, kanema wosangalatsa wonena za kuwononga kwa chipembere chosimbidwa pa kamera.

Rhinos (Rhinocerotidae) ndi wamkulu, nthawi zambiri, payekha, herbivores.

Amakhala ku Africa (zipembere zakuda ndi zoyera) ndi Southeast Asia (Indian, Javanese, Sumatran). Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi udzu, zomera, nthambi zambiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda zipatso.

Rhino ndi nyama yokhala ndi mkhosi.

Ma Rhinos amakonda kukhala m'malo obiriwira munkhanira kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutentha, amalowa mumtondo kapena kugona mumthunzi. Nthawi zonse khalani pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi madambo, chifukwa amakonda kukhazikika mumatope. Malo osambira oterowo amathandizira kupewa kutenthetsa thupi lawo lamphamvu komanso kuteteza khungu ku tizilombo.

Zodabwitsa kuti, ndulu yakuda panthawi yakuukira imatha kuthamangira ku 50 km / h.

Rhinos amagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo okha. Zili ndi mafoni odabwitsa a nyama zazikuluzikuluzi, zimatha kusintha njira kwina. Rhinos samawona bwino kwambiri, koma chilengedwe chimaperekera kuchepa uku ndikumva bwino komanso kumva kununkhira bwino. Malingaliro amenewa amathandiza anyani akuluakuluwa kuzindikira kuwopsa kwake munthawi yake kuti apewe kukumana kosafunikira. Thupi limakutidwa ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri, lomwe mwa mitundu ina limawoneka ngati zida.

Chizindikiro pa mawonekedwe a nyama izi ndi lipenga lakutsogolo kwa chigaza. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina, yakuda, ili ndi nyanga ziwiri, imodzi yomwe ili pamphuno. Zinali chifukwa cha nyanga zomwe zimbalangondo zakuda zili pafupi kutha, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zinthu zaosaka osaka. M'mayiko a Aluya, nyanga za nyamazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziguduli. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala akunyumba kuti apange mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Mavuto osunthika ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe

Cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ziphuphu zakuda ndizomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ku savannah ku Africa. Rhinos adapezeka kudera lalikulu la Central, East ndi South Africa. Tsoka ilo, sanathawe chiwonongeko wamba cha nyama zonse zazikulu za mu Africa, ndipo tsopano zasungidwa pafupi ndi malo osungiramo nyama, ngakhale kuti kusinthaku kwakadali kosasinthika (kupatula kuti awonongedwa kwathunthu ku South Africa, koma m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi abwerera kumeneko kulowetsedwa ndikupanga khola lokwanira).

Chiwerengero cha zipembere zakuda tsopano ndi pafupifupi 3,000 miliyoni (mu 1967, kuchokera pa 11,000 mpaka 13,500 mwa nyamazi zomwe zidakhala padziko lonse la Africa, ndipo mpaka 4,000 okha ku Tanzania) .Tchaka cha 2012, 4845, s5630 mu 2018, Kukula kwa pachaka kunali 2,5%. [] Makupanga ambiri amakhala m'malo otetezedwa ku Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique ndi South Africa. Imapezeka ku Angola, Cameroon ndi Central African Republic. Kunja kwa malo osungirako, kupulumuka kwa ma rhinos kumakhala kovuta: Choyamba, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo okhala, ndipo chachiwiri, chifukwa cha kuba. Mavuto azachuma omwe adakhalapo m'maiko aku West Africa kwadzetsa kuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga kumeneko - kuba nthawi zina kumangokhala njira yokhayo yopezera ndalama, ndipo boma silingathe kukhazikitsa njira zachilengedwe.

Mu zaka 10 zapitazi, ziwerengero zakuda za akhungu sizinakhazikike, koma anthu ena amasinthasintha kwambiri. Ngati ku South Africa mukadakhala ndalamazo zakuda kwambiri, ndiye kuti umodzi mwa madera omwe amakhala ku West Africa (Diceros bicornis longints) udadziwika kuti watha. Malingaliro awa adapangidwa mwalamulo ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) pamaziko a data yomwe ikupezeka pazinyama izi. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti gawo lalikulu pakuwonongeka kwa ndewu zakuda lidaseweredwa ndi asitomala akusaka nyanga zamtengo wapatali.

South ndende yakuda yakuda

Kukhazikika kwa nyama imeneyi kumayambira pakati pa North Africa mpaka kummawa kwa South Africa. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chikupezeka m'chigawo chakumwera. M'malo mwake, ma subspecies adakalipo, koma adalembedwa kale mu Red Book, ndipo mawonekedwe ake pano amawunikira ngati ovuta.

Rhino waku East Africa

M'mbuyomu, ma subspecies awa anali ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia. Tsopano nthumwi zina za chitsamba cha East Africa zitha kupezeka ku Kenya, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu pachaka kumacheperachepera, ndipo tsopano ali m'malo ovuta.

Rhino Wakuda Wakumadzulo

Kumbukirani kuti chipembere chakuda cha ku Africa masiku ano chazimiririka ndipo chilipo kale. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunali kokha anthu ochepa, ndipo asayansi mpaka omaliza adayesera kuwasungira. Pambuyo pakufufuza mu 2006, akatswiri sanathe kupeza woimira aliyense wakuda wa West Africa. Chifukwa chake, mu 2011, izi zidavomerezedwa mwalamulo kuti zatha.

Zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke?

Choyamba, izi zonse zimachitika chifukwa chogwira ntchito mwakhama kwa ozembetsa mu Africa, omwe samangogulitsa nyama ndi khungu la nyama zodabwitsazi, komanso amasaka nyama zawo mwapadera, mtengo wake womwe ndi wopatsa chidwi kwambiri.

Malinga ndi asayansi, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimathandizira kuti ziwonongeke ziphuphu zakuda ndikutha kutha kwa zoyera ndikuti kunyalanyaza kwa boma kuti kuteteze zimphonazo komwe zimakhala. Chaka chilichonse, magulu achifwamba ochulukirachulukira amawonekera m'gawo la Africa, omwe akupitiliza kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma rhinos ndi mitundu ina yomwe ili kale.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zachilengedwe, mauwa oyera, omwe amakhalanso kumpoto kwa Africa, ali pafupi kutha. Ngati posachedwa palibe njira zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zisungitse kuchuluka kwa zimphona izi, ndiye kuti posachedwa nyama zodabwitsazi sizingokhala padzikoli. Mtundu wakuda (zithunzi zimawonetsedwa m'nkhaniyi) ndi chilengedwe chomwe sichinachitikepo ndi kale lonse, ndipo ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti tsopano zimatha kuwonekera pazithunzizo.

Rhino mwachilengedwe

Mtundu wakuda ndi wokhala m'malo owuma. Kuphatikizika kwawo kudera lina lomwe sasiya moyo wawo wonse ndikudziwika. Ngakhale chilala chadzaoneni sichikakamiza kuti chiphuphuchi chisamuke.

Chipembere chakuda chimadyera kwambiri zitsamba zazing'ono, zomwe, ngati chala, zimagwira milomo yapamwamba. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama sizisamala minga yakuthwa kapena madzi a caustic. Zipembere zakuda zimadyetsa m'mawa ndi madzulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha maola otentha kwambiri ndikugona, ndikuyima pamthunzi wa mtengo. Tsiku lililonse amapita kumalo othirira, nthawi zina kwa 8-10 makilomita, ndikukhazikika kwautali wa gombe, kuthawa kutentha ndi tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zina amatengeka ndi njirayi kotero kuti amalephera kutuluka mu silt ya viscous ndikuthyola mosavuta. kwa olusa (mwachitsanzo ma hyenas). Pachilala, njuchi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito maenje othimbidwa ndi njovu kuthirira. Mosiyana ndi ma rhinos oyera, akuda amakhala ndi moyo pawokha. Nthawi zambiri maanja amakhala ndi mayi ndi mwana. Kuwona m'matemberero akuda, monga mitundu ina, kumakhala kofooka kwambiri. Ngakhale mtunda wa 40-50 m, sangathe kusiyanitsa munthu ndi mtengo. Kumva kumapangidwa bwino, koma gawo lalikulu lazindikirani zakunja limaseweredwa ndi kununkhira. Mitengo iyi imathamanga mwachangu, ndimtondo wolemera kapena ndulu yodumphaduka, ikuyenda patali mtunda wofulumira mpaka 48 km / h.

Mitundu yakuda siinakwiyire abale awo. Ngati ziphuphu zimayambiranso ndewu, ndiye kuti palibe kuvulala koopsa, asirikali akutsika ndi mabala owala pamapewa awo. Nthawi zambiri zazimuna sizimenya mamuna, koma wamkazi amazunza amphongo.

Mitundu yakuda ilibe nyengo yodziwika yobala. Pambuyo pa miyezi 15-16 yoyembekezera, wamkazi amabweretsa mwana wamphongo. Kwa zaka ziwiri, mwana amadya mkaka. Pofika nthawi imeneyi amafika pamlingo wochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndipo kuti akafike pakhungu, akuyenera kugwada.

Mtundu wakuda ndi bambo

Chipembere chakuda, monga mahule ena ena onse, chinagwera kunyozo, osakhulupirira chilichonse chokhudza mphamvu yozizwitsa ya lipenga. Ngakhale nyanga za ma geninos aku Africa pamsika wakuda ndi zotsika mtengo kuposa nyanga za mitundu yaku Asia, mtengo wake udakali wokwera kwambiri kotero kuti kulimbana ndi kuwombera kosaloledwa nkovuta kwambiri. Mu 70s, munthawi yakula msanga m'mafuta a Persian Gulf, ziphuphu zakuda zambiri zimayikidwa mdziko muno kuti zigwirizane ndi zigawenga zokhala ndi nyanga, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi Arab wachuma. Masiku ano, nyanga za ma buluzi sizikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati izi, koma zikufunidwa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala achi China (malonda a nyanga, zimachitidwa mosaloledwa). Komanso, malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, alibe mphamvu yakuchiritsa.

Maulendu akuda ndi malo abwino kuwonera m'mapaki adziko, kukopa chidwi cha alendo ambiri. Kuwona ma rhinos, ndibwino kutuluka m'galimoto.

Kuchulukitsa kwa mitengo yakuda kwambiri (komanso yofunika kwambiri) ku South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe ndi Mozambique kumathandizira kuti ikakololedwa. M'mayiko amenewa, chiwerengero chochepa chazomwe zimaperekedwa poombera ziphuphu zakuda zimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse. Mtengo wa laisensi ndiwokwera kwambiri - madola masauzande angapo. Matemberero akuda, limodzi ndi zoyera, amaphatikizidwa ndi otchedwa. "Big African Tano" - limodzi ndi njovu, mkango, njati ndi kambuku, nyama zowopsa kwambiri, komanso zinsinsi zazikulu kwambiri kwa mlenje.

Njira yofikira kubom'kati paulendo siyili yovuta - chipembere sichimawona bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, saopa aliyense mu savannah ndikulola mdani amene angayandikire. Nthawi zina kungogwira ntchito kwabwinoko komwe komwe kungapulumutse munthu kuchokera ku kuthamanga kwazitsulo - kuthamangitsa nyama popanda kuthamanga sikungasinthe kwenikweni ndipo ngati mlenjeyu adumphadumpha, nthawi yomweyo, ziphuphu zimathamangira pafupi ndi inertia ndipo sizingatembenuke nthawi yomweyo kuti iponye. Kusaka koteroko kumafuna kupirira komanso kupezeka kwa malingaliro. Mwa anthu akomweko ku Africa, zikopa za njerezi zimadziwika kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pazishango. Ku South Africa, zikwapu (zipinda zamkati) zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzikuni ndi zikopa za mvuu.

Mtundu wakuda (lat. Diceros bicornis ) ali "wakuda" ngati nthumwi yachiwiri yabanjali - - makamaka, "oyera" konse. Mtundu wa khungu la malawi umatengera mtundu wa dothi momwe mtundu kapena mtundu wina umakhalamo. Kungoti zimphona izi zimakonda kukhota dothi ndi fumbi, ndipo khungu lawo lotuwa limakhala lofanana ndi fumbi ili: lakuda - m'malo omwe ali ndi ziphalaphala zolimba, zoyera kapena zofiira - pamadothi odongo.

Ma rhinos akuda si akulu ngati oyera, komabe amathanso kudzitamandira modabwitsa: kulemera kwa akuluakulu kumafika matani 2-2,5 kutalika kwa thupi la 3.15 m ndi kutalika kwa phewa mpaka 1.6 m. Matupi awo ndi okwera ndipo chonse chikuwoneka chopepuka kuposa chitsamba yoyera, komabe ichi ndi malingaliro osocheretsa. Nyanga ziwiri kapena zisanu zili pamutu, kutsogolo kwake ndiko kwakukulu. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwake ndi 40-60 cm, komabe, mzimayi wakuda wakuda, Gerty, yemwe amavala lipenga la sentimita 138, amakhala ku Kenya kwakanthawi.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikondwerero chakuda ndi mlomo wake wapamwamba, womwe umapachikika pansi ngati mawonekedwe. Ndi chithandizo chake, nyamayo imang'amba masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono kuchokera ku zitsamba, kunyalanyaza minga lakuthwa ndi madzi a caustic a mbewu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mitundu iyi ya mahule, ngakhale ili pamalo otseguka, imadzipeza yokha tchire, yosachita nawo udzu womwe uli kumapazi ake.

Chipembere chakuda chimakonda malo owuma. Sadziwa kusambira, kotero ngakhale mtsinje wochepa umakhala cholepheretsa iye. Koma amathamanga mwachangu kwambiri ndipo pamtunda wocheperako amatha kuthamanga 48 km / h. Mukasuntha, ndikofunikira kuti munthu azikhulupirira zonunkhira kuposa masomphenya ndi kumva, zomwe sanakhazikitse bwino.

Khalidwe la ma rhinos akuda, moona, si shuga. Pali nthawi zina pamene "amakangana" ndi anansi awo a njovu, osafuna kupereka njira kapena malo pothirira. Nthawi zina zinafika pomenya nkhondo, zomwe ziphuphu zimatsika ndikufa. Zoyenera kuchita - mfundo zake ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Mukakumana ndi munthu, ndudu yakuda imakonda kugwidwa, mosiyana ndi dzombe loyera, lomwe limakonda kubisala pamalo owopsa. Popeza zipemberezo zimathamanga, mungathe kupulumutsidwa ngati mutangodumphira m'nthawi yake. Colossus wamkulu wotere amafunika nthawi kuti athetse mbaliyo.

Zipembere zakuda zimangokhala m'malo otetezedwa: m'mapaki adziko la Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia ndi Zimbabwe. Chiwerengero chawo masiku ano chikuyembekezeka kukhala ndi zolinga za 3.5 miliyoni, ngakhale theka la zaka zapitazo anali owonjeza katatu. Cholinga chachikulu chakuchepa kwa anthu ndi mafashoni a nyanga ya chipembere, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China. Mwachilengedwe, nyanga zimagulitsidwa pamsika wakuda. Chifukwa cha zandewu, dzombelo yakuda idachotsedweratu. Mwamwayi, ena onse ali pachiwopsezo.