Njovu - ndi chidindo chenicheni, kapena chisindikizo chopanda makutu, mamembala amipini. Izi ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa: Amphongo akuluakulu amafuta okhala ndi mphuno zopendekera, zazikazi zokongola zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimangokhalira kumwetulira, ndi maubongo okongola a chubby omwe ali ndi chidwi chachikulu.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu

Chisindikizo cha njovu ndichakudya cham'nyanja, choyenda mtunda wautali, nyama yomwe yakhala ikuvutika ndi nyengo yayitali. Njovu zam'nyanja ndizodabwitsa, zimasonkhana padziko lapansi kuti ziberekane, zimagwirizana komanso zimakhala, koma zimakhala zokhazokha munyanja. Zofunikira zazikulu zimayikidwa pakuwoneka kwawo kuti apitirize mpikisano wawo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zisindikizo za njovu ndi ana a dolphin ndi pulasitala kapena dolphin ndi koala.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi njovu yam'madzi imawoneka bwanji?

Njovu zam'nyanja ndi nyama zoyanjana ndi banja la a Phocidae. Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto ndi chikasu kapena taupe, pomwe njovu yakum'mwera ndi taupe. Mitundu yakum'mwera imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yosungunula, pomwe madera ofunika kwambiri a tsitsi ndi khungu amatuluka. Amuna a mitundu yonseyi amatalika pafupifupi 6.5 metres (21 ft) ndi kulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 3,530 (7,780 mapaundi) ndipo amakula kwambiri kuposa zazimayi zomwe nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 3.5 metres ndipo zimalemera 900 kg.

Zisindikizo za njovu zimafika pa 23.2 km / h. Chizindikiro chachikulu kwambiri cha 33 chomwe chilipo ndi chosindikizira njovu chakum'mwera. Amuna amatha kupitirira mamita 6 m'litali ndi kulemera mpaka matani 4.5. Zisindikizo zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi nkhope yayikulu yozungulira ndi maso akulu kwambiri. Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, lomwe limakhala pafupifupi masiku 28, m'malo mwake limasinthidwa ndi malaya osalala ofiirira. Pakupita kwa chaka, chikhodzicho chimakhala chofiirira.

Njovu zachikazi zimayamba kubereka zokhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 4, ngakhale kuti zimayambira zaka ziwiri mpaka zisanu. Zachikazi zimadziwika kuti ndi zokhwima pazaka 6. Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 4, pomwe mphuno imayamba kukula. Mphuno ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri, monga ndevu zamunthu, ndipo imatha kufikira kutalika kwa theka la mita. Amuna ambiri amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 9. M'badwo waukulu wa kubereka ndi zaka 9-12. Zisindikizo za njovu za kumpoto zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 9, ndipo njovu zakum'mwera zimakhala ndi zaka 20 mpaka 22.

Anthu amataya tsitsi ndi khungu nthawi zonse, koma njovu zimadutsa molt, yomwe mkati mwake muli gawo lonse la khungu ndi zomata pamodzi. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mulche wakuthwa chonchi ndi chakuti munyanja amatha nthawi yawo yambiri m'madzi ozizira, akuya. Mukamamiza, magazi amayenda kuchokera pakhungu. Izi zimawathandiza kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu komanso kuti asatenthe kutentha. Nyama zimabweranso pansi zikasungunuka, chifukwa pamenepa, magazi amatha kuzungulira pakhungu kuti athandize kukulitsa mawonekedwe atsopano a khungu ndi tsitsi.

Kodi njovu imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu cha Kumwera

Pali mitundu iwiri yazisindikizo za njovu:

Zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean kuchokera ku Baja California, Mexico mpaka Gulf of Alaska ndi Aleutian Islands. Panthawi yobereketsa, amakhala m'mphepete mwa zilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'malo angapo akutali kumtunda. M'chaka chonse, kupatula nthawi yosungunuka, zisindikizo za njovu zimakhala kutali kwambiri ndi gombe (mpaka 8,000 km), nthawi zambiri zimamira mpaka pansi pa mamita 1,500 pansi pa nyanja.

Zisindikizo za njovu zakum'mwera (Mirounga leonina) zimakhala m'madzi a Antarctic komanso ozizira a Antarctic. Amafalikira kudutsa Nyanja Yam'mwera mozungulira Antarctica komanso kuzilumba zambiri zapansi. Chiwerengerochi chimakhala pachilumba cha Antipode komanso pachilumba cha Campbell. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapita kuzilumba za Auckland, Antipode ndi Snares, nthawi zambiri zilumba za Chatham komanso nthawi zina madera osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina njovu zakum'mwera zimapita kumadera akumidzi a New Zealand.

Pamtunda waukuluwo, amatha kukhala m'derali kwa miyezi yambiri, ndikupatsa anthu mwayi wowona nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'madzi ochepa. Chisomo ndi kuthamanga kwa zolengedwa zazinyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zimatha kukhala zochititsa chidwi, ndipo zisindikizo zazing'ono zimatha kusewera kwambiri.

Chosangalatsa:Mosiyana ndi zinyama zina zambiri zam'madzi (monga anangumi ndi ma dugong), njovu sizimakhala madzi wamba: zimakwawa kuchokera m'madzi kuti zipumule, molt, mate ndi kubereka ana.

Kodi njovu imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha njovu chachikazi

Njovu zam'nyanja ndi zachilengedwe. Njovu zakum'mwera zimakonda kudya nyanjayo ndipo zimatha nthawi yawo yambiri kunyanja. Amadyetsa nsomba, squid kapena cephalopod ena omwe amapezeka m'madzi a Antarctic. Amangobwera modera ndi kudzaza. Chaka chotsatira amakhala kumapeto kwa nyanja, komwe amapuma, akusambira ndikusambira pansi akusaka nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi squid. Ali kunyanja, nthawi zambiri amachotsedwera kumalo osungira, ndipo amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali kwambiri pakati pa nthawi yomwe amakhala pamtunda.

Amakhulupirira kuti akazi ndi amuna awo amadya anzawo osiyanasiyana. Zakudya zachikazi zimakhala makamaka za squid, ndipo zakudya zachimuna ndizosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhala zazing'ono, zolaula ndi nsomba zina zam'munsi. Pofufuza chakudya, amphongo amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja kupita ku Gulf of Alasa. Zikazi zimakonda kupita kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kupita ku nyanja yowala. Chisindikizo cha njovu chimasunthira kawiri pachaka, ndikubwerera ku rookery.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimasuntha kukafunafuna chakudya, zimatha miyezi yambiri mnyanja ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayenda pansi mwakufuna kwawo. M'nyengo yozizira, amabwerera m'magulu awo kukabereka ndi kubereka. Ngakhale njovu zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimakhala nthawi kunyanja, mayendedwe ake osamukira kwawo ndi momwe amadyera ndizosiyana: Amuna amatsatira njira yosasinthika, amasaka m'litali ndikumapeza chakudya pansi, pomwe akazi amasintha njira zawo kukafunafuna nyama kusaka zochulukira munyanja. Popanda kutulutsa mawu, zisindikizo za njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito masomphenya ndi ndevu zake kuti zimveke pafupi.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Njovu yam'nyanja mwachilengedwe

Njovu zam'nyanja zimayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndipo zimapanga miyezi ingapo pachaka kuti zibereke, kubereka ndi kuyamwa. M'chaka chonsecho, magulu osiyanasiyana amasowa, ndipo anthu ambiri amakhala nthawi yayitali kufunafuna chakudya, zomwe zimatanthawuza kusambira kwamtunda wamakilomita ambiri ndikuyamba kulowa m'madzi akuya kwambiri. Pomwe njovu zili munyanja kufunafuna chakudya, zimasambira mozama kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri amathira pansi mpaka pakuya pafupifupi 1,500 metres. Nthawi yotchera pakati ndi mphindi 20, koma amatha kuyenda pansi pa ola limodzi kapena kupitilira. Njovu zam'madzi zikafika pamtunda, zimangokhala mphindi 2-4 pamtunda zisanadutse - ndikupitilizabe kusambira kwa maola 24 tsiku lililonse.

Pamtunda, zisindikizo za njovu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Popewa kuperewera kwa madzi, impso zawo zimatha kutulutsa mkodzo wokhazikika, womwe umakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri komanso madzi osachepera dontho lililonse. Moyandama ndi malo achisangalalo kwambiri pa nthawi ya kubereka, anyani amphokoso, ana kuti adyetsedwe, ndipo achikazi amakangana chifukwa cha malo awo abwino ndi ana. Kukuwa, kubwatula, kubwatula, kuluka, kukwawa, kufuula, ndi kubangula kwamuna kumayanjana ndikupanga nyimbo yanyimbo za njovu.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Ng'ombe ya njovu

Chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera, monga njovu yakumpoto, chimaswana ndi kuyimilira pamtunda, koma chimagona munyanja, mwina pafupi ndi pack ice. Njovu zam'mwera zimaberekera pamtunda, koma zimatha nthawi yozizira m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic pafupi ndi ayezi wa Antarctic. Mtundu wakumpoto sukusuntha nthawi ya kuswana. Nthawi yakubereka ikayamba, njovu zazimuna zimazindikira ndi kuteteza madera, zimakwiyirana.

Amasonkhanitsa azimayi 40 mpaka 50, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa anzawo akuluakulu. Amuna amamenyerana wina ndi mnzake kuti atuluke. Misonkhano ina imatha ndikubangula komanso mwamakani, koma ena ambiri amasintha kukhala nkhondo zoopsa.

Nyengo yoswana imayamba kumapeto kwa Novembala. Akazi amayamba kufika mkati mwa Disembala ndikupitilizabe mpaka pakati pa Okutobala. Kubadwa koyamba kumachitika mozungulira Khrisimasi, koma nthawi zambiri kubereka kumachitika masabata awiri omaliza a Januware. Akazi amakhala pagombe pafupifupi masabata asanu kuchokera nthawi yomwe amafikira. Modabwitsa, abambo amakhala pagombe kwa masiku 100.

Mukadyetsa mkaka, zazikazi sizimadya - mayi ndi mwana amakhala ndi mphamvu zosungidwa m'mafuta ake okwanira. Amuna ndi akazi onse amachepetsa pafupifupi 1/3 ya kulemera kwawo panthawi yamakola. Akazi amabereka mwana wamwamuna chaka chilichonse pambuyo pa miyezi 11 yoyembekezera.

Chosangalatsa: Mkazi akamabereka, mkaka womwe amapaka amakhala ndi mafuta pafupifupi 12%. Pakatha milungu iwiri, chiwerengerochi chimakwera mpaka 50%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala wofanana ndi pudding. Poyerekeza, mkaka wa ng'ombe umakhala ndi mafuta okhaokha a 3.5%.

Adani achilengedwe azisindikizo za njovu

Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu

Zisindikizo zazikulu za njovu zakum'mwera zimakhala ndi adani ochepa, mwa iwo:

• wakupha wopha yemwe amatha kusaka ana ndi zisindikizo zakale,
• Zisindikizo za nyalugwe zomwe nthawi zina zimasokoneza ana ndikupha,
• shaki zina zazikulu.

Adani azisindikizo za njovu amathanso kuonedwa ngati anthu amtundu wawo pakubala. Njovu zam'nyanja zimapanga ana amakulu momwe chachimuna chachikulu kapena cha alpha chimazunguliridwa ndi gulu la akazi. Pazungulira pa nyumba ya abambo, amuna a beta akudikirira kuti akhale ndiukwati. Amathandizira amphongo a alpha kukhalabe amphongo ocheperako. Kulimbana pakati pa abambo kumatha kukhala nkhani yamagazi pomwe abambo akagundana ndikugundana, ndikudula ndi mano akuluakulu agalu.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimagwiritsa ntchito mano awo pomenya nkhondo kuti ziberetse khosi la otsutsa. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kuvulazidwa kwambiri chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo ndi abambo ena nthawi yakubzala. Kulimbana pakati pa amuna otchuka komanso otsutsa kungakhale lalitali, kwamagazi komanso owopsa, ndipo wolephera nthawi zambiri amavulala kwambiri. Komabe, sikuti mikangano yonse imatha mu nkhondo. Nthawi zina ndizokwanira kuti akwere miyendo yakumbuyo, kuponyera mitu yawo, kudzitama kukula kwa mphuno zawo komanso kuwopseza kuti awopseze otsutsa ambiri. Koma nkhondo zikamachitika, sikuti zimafa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Zithunzi za njovu zimawoneka bwanji

Mitundu yonse iwiri ya njovu zam'nyanja inasakidwa kuti ikhale ndi mafuta, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19 zinatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Komabe, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo, ziwerengero zawo zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kupulumuka kwawo sikulinso pachiwopsezo. Mu 1880s, amakhulupirira kuti zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimatha, popeza nsomba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimasaka mitundu yonse iwiri kuti apeze mafuta awo, omwe amakhala wachiwiri kwa sperm whale fat. Gulu laling'ono la zisindikizo za njovu 20-100 zomwe zidakwezedwa pachilumba cha Guadalupe, pafupi ndi Baja California, zidapulumuka zotsatira zowononga za kusaka zisindikizo.

Kutetezedwa koyamba ndi Mexico kenako United States, akukulitsa anthu awo. Kutetezedwa ndi lamulo la Marine Mammal Protection Act la 1972, akuwonjezera madera awo kuchokera kuzilumba zakutali ndipo akugwirizira m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu, monga Piedras Blancas, kumwera kwa Big Sur, pafupi ndi San Simon. Chiwerengero chonse cha zisindikizo za njovu mu 1999 chinali pafupifupi 150,000.

Chosangalatsa: Njovu zam'nyanja ndi nyama zakutchire ndipo siziyenera kuyandikira. Siziwonetsedweratu ndipo zimatha kuvulaza anthu, makamaka nthawi yakuswana. Kuchitapo kanthu kwaumunthu kumatha kukakamiza zisindikizo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamtengo wapatali yofunika kupulumuka. Ng'ombe zimatha kulekanitsidwa ndi amayi awo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kufa kwawo. National Marine Fisheries Service, bungwe lachifumu lomwe limayendetsa ntchito yokhudza kukakamiza Marine Mammal Protection Act, lalimbikitsa mtunda wowoneka bwino wa 15 mpaka 30 metres.

Njovu - chinyama chodabwitsa. Akuluakulu komanso ovutirapo pamtunda, koma abwino kwambiri m'madzi: amatha kulowa pansi mpaka makilomita awiri ndikukhazikika pansi pamadzi kwa maola awiri. Njovu zam'nyanja zimadutsa kunyanja ndipo zimatha kusambira mtunda wautali kukafunafuna chakudya. Amalimbikira malo padzuwa, koma okhawo olimba mtima ndi omwe amakwaniritsa cholinga chawo.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a njovu

Njovu palibe chochita ndi njovu ya kumtunda. Kufanana kwawo komwe kumakhala kunyanja, kumapeto kwa chizungulire, njira yolimba masentimita makumi atatu ikupendekera, akuyenera kufanana ndi thunthu la njovu.

Nyama yam'madzi yokhala m'gulu la nyama zomatira. Ngakhale akatswiri ena ogwirizana ndi zasayansi, akatswiri opanga zinyama, amatsutsa nthanthi imeneyi. Ndipo akuti kholo lawo lakutali, losamvetseka mokwanira, ndi loyipa komanso kuphedwa. Njovu zam'nyanja ndi zazikulu kukula, ngakhale ndi anyani, ndizizilombo.

Amakhala kumpoto kwa America komanso ku Antarctic Territory. Mu Chisindikizo cha njovu cha Antarctica ndinabisala ozizira. Anthu okhala munyanja zapansi komanso zamchere.

Oimira awa, Kumpoto ndi Zisindikizo za njovu zakumwera, mawonekedwe ofanana. Zisindikizo za njovu za kumpoto okulirapo pang'ono kuposa abale awo akumwera. Mphuno zawo, mosiyana ndi njovu zakum'mwera, ndizochepa thupi komanso zazitali.

M'banja losindikiza, chisindikizo cha njovu ndiye woimira wawo wamkulu. Kupatula apo, kukula kwake ndikosangalatsa. Amuna zisindikizo za njovukulemera mpaka matani anayi kumpoto, ndi kumwera matani atatu. Amakhala asanu, mita sikisi m'litali.

Akazi awo amawoneka ngati mainchesi ang'ono osalimba, motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa amuna awo. Pa kulemera kwawo samafika ngakhale pa toni. Mkati mwa ma kilogalamu mazana asanu ndi atatu mphambu mazana asanu ndi anayi. Chabwino, ndipo motero theka motalika, awiri ndi theka okha, atatu metres.

Ngakhale amuna ndi akazi amasiyana mitundu ya ubweya. Amuna, ali ndi mbewa. Ndipo zazikazi zovalidwa zamtambo zakuda kwambiri, ngati za padziko lapansi. Zovala zawo za ubweya zimakhala zazifupi, zowonda kwambiri komanso zolimba.

Koma kuchokera kutali, amawoneka okongola kwambiri. Monga zimphona zazikulu zikunyamuka kuchokera kunyanja yayikulu. Zomwe sizinganene za nthawi yosungunula. Hafu ya dzinja, nyama ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Khungu lake limakutidwa ndi masamba, ndipo zigawo zonse zimatsika. Pazonse m'madzinjovu osamadya chilichonse, kupumula mukuvutika m'miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Popeza njirayi ndiyowawa komanso yosasangalatsa.

Nyama imachepetsa thupi ndipo imafooka. Koma ndikusintha chovala, njovu yam'madzi imawoneka bwanji kupenya kumodzi kwa maso owawa. Ndi mphamvu zanga zonse, zatha kale zimvi za njovu thamangirani kunyanja kuti mukabwezeretse mphamvu ndi kudzaza m'mimba.

Nyama zazimuna ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi akazi awo pamaso pa chotchedwa thunthu. Zithunzi za chisindikizo cha njovu onetsani kuti amapendekera kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chophimba, kuphimba pakamwa pake.

Muli ndi timiyala tokulirapo, ngati kuti timakanika miyala yoyala pamenepo. Akazi alibe chilichonse. Ali ndi nkhope zazing'ono ngati zoseweretsa zazikulu. Pa mphuno pali tinyanga tating'ono, tomwe timatulutsa kwambiri.

Chosangalatsa chokhudza chisindikizo cha njovu ndikuti nthawi yakukhwima, thunthu laimuna limatupa. Magazi amatuluka kupita kwa iyo, minofu imayamba kukhazikika, ndipo kuchokera pamasentimita makumi atatu, theka la mita ndi zina, kumawonekera kena.

Mutu wa nyama izi ndi wocheperako, umayenda mokwanira m'thupi. Pamaso ang'onoang'ono, maolivi amdima. Khungu lomwe limakhala pakhosi la zisindikizo za njovu ndi lolimba kwambiri. Imateteza chiweto ku kulumwa nthawi yayitali.

Thupi lawo lalikulu limatha ndi mchira waukulu wokhala ngati nsomba. Ndipo kutsogolo, m'malo mwa miyendo, ziwiri zolimba ndi zikhadabo zazikulu.

Njira ya njovu yam'nyanja ndi malo okhala

Chifukwa chake Zisindikizo za njovu zimakhala kuti? Ma pinnipeds akumpoto, okhala kwamuyaya ku California ndi madzi aku Mexico. Komabe, zaka zana zapitazo, anali atatsala pang'ono kufa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu awo sichinapose nyama zana. Anaphedwa moimitsa ndi kuwabaya ndi nthungo, chifukwa cha mafuta amanyama. Kwa njovu, inali gawo loteteza masentimita khumi ndi asanu kuchokera kumadzi oundana.

Pamalo omwe adawonongedwa, mafuta awa adasungunuka. Chiwerengero chake chinafika mamiliyoni a kilogalamu, umu ndi m'mene anthu masauzande ambiri adayenera kuwonongedwa. Mpaka pano, kukumbukira nthawi zowawa, pamphepete mwa khoma yokutidwa ndi algae, zitosi za mbalame ndi mbale za dzimbiri.

Othandizira nkhondo adalimbana kwambiri kuti apulumutse anthu awo. Izi siziri choncho ndi ng'ombe zam'nyanja zomwe zidasowa chifukwa cha kupha nsomba. Ndipo kale mu fifite, zana lomaliza, iwo adagawana kwa anthu zikwi khumi ndi zisanu.

Nyama yakum'mwera, nayenso adakumana ndi vuto lofananalo, adathawa, ndikukhazikika pazilumba zovuta kufikira kumwera kwa Georgia, Marion. Chifukwa chake pa Macquarie ndi Heard Island pali abwenzi angapo azinyama.

Chiwerengero cha anthu opita kumalo amtundu umodzi chimakwana masauzande. Zilumba za ku Argentina zakhala malo achitetezo, ndipo kwa zaka makumi asanu tsopano, kusaka nyama konse kwakhala koletsedwa.

Ndipo kale, makumi asanu ndi amodzi, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala anayamba kuphunzira zisindikizo za njovu. Ngakhale ali ndi magawo akuluakulu, nyama izi zimamva bwino m'madzi. Zimasambira mokongola, mpaka kuthamanga kwa ma kilomita makumi awiri pa ola limodzi.

Ndipo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana iti. Kupatula apo, njovu, yoyamba pambuyo pa anamgumiwo, imatha kudumphira nyama kuti ikugwire mpaka makilomita awiri. Kunong'ona, mphuno zake zili pafupi.

Ndipo, izi zimadziwika kokha Zokhudza chisindikizo cha njovu, amawongolera magazi ake. Kuchepetsa kwambiri, magazi amayamba kuyenda kwa mtima ndi ubongo basi, osavulaza nyama.

Zomwe sizinganenedwe za nthawi yomwe athera pamtunda. M'malingaliro mwanga, uwu ndi mayeso athunthu kwa munthu wanyamayo. Atangolowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, sikuti akupita kumene akufuna. Kutalika kwa masitepe ake, kupitirira masentimita makumi atatu.

Chifukwa chake, atatha kuthana ndi zochitika zawo pagombe, njovu imatopa msanga. Ndipo chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'mutu mwake ndi kugona tulo tulo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugona kwawo kumakhala kolimba kwambiri, ndipo kukokosera kumeneku kumakhala kokweza kwambiri kwakuti asayansi amatha ngakhale mobwerezabwereza, osawopa moyo wawo, kuwerengera momwe amapumira, kumvetsera zamkati ndi kutenga mtima wamtima.

Alinso ndi luso lina lapadera. Zodabwitsa kuti njovu zimagona pansi pamadzi. Kugwera pansi mwamadzi, mphuno zawo zili pafupi. Ndipo kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu mpaka makumi awiri nyama imagona modekha.

Kenako mapapu amakula, thupi limadzuka ngati baluni, ndipo zikhomo zimayandama pamwamba. Mphuno zimatseguka, kwa mphindi zisanu nyama imapuma, kenako imalowanso kuzama. Ndi momwe amagona.

Kudyetsa njovu

Popeza chisindikizo cha njovu ndi nyama yolusa. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi nsomba. Komanso nyamayi, nkhanu ndi nkhanu. Wachikulire, patsiku, amatha kudya theka la nsomba. Kulawa, ali ndi nyama shark yambiri komanso thupi la stingray.

Nthawi zambiri, miyala yamiyala imapezeka m'mimba mwa njovu zam'nyanja. Ena amakhulupirira kuti imafunika povunda, njovu ikamizidwa m'madzi. Ena, m'malo mwake, akunena kuti miyala imathandizira pakupera, kumeza kwathunthu ndi crustaceans.

Koma nyamazo zikayamba nthawi yake yocheza, kusungunuka, njovu sizimadya chilichonse kwa miyezi yambiri, zimangokhala m malo osungirako mafuta omwe adazipanga nthawi yanenepa.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Atangokhala molting, nthawi ya chikondi imadza m'moyo wa njovu. Kuyambira pakati pa dzinja mpaka pakati pa kasupe, njovu zimapanga ndewu, kenako zimaswana, ndikuyika ana amtsogolo.

Zonse zimayamba ndikukwawa kwa njovu kupita kugombe. Mkazi, wokhala ndi pakati, kuyambira chaka chatha. Kupatula apo, nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi miyezi khumi ndi umodzi. Njovu zachimuna sizigwira ntchito polera ana.

Atapeza malo abata, osawoneka bwino, mayiyo amabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi yekhayo. Amabadwira m'kuwala kwamamitala, ndipo akulemera mpaka kilogalamu makumi anayi. Kwa mwezi wathunthu, mayi njovu amadyetsa mwana mkaka wokha.

Ili pakati pa oimira anthu awa, opatsa mphamvu kwambiri. Mafuta ake amakhala 50 peresenti. Mwana akamadyetsa, amayamba kulemera. Pambuyo pake, mayiyo amasiya mwana wake kwamuyaya.

Mafuta okwanira anakhazikitsidwa mwa ana kuti m'mwezi wotsatira, wosasinthika wa moyo wawo, apulumuke. Atakwanitsa miyezi itatu, anawo amasiya zokolola ndikupita m'madzi otseguka.

Mkazi akangochoka kwa mwana wake, nthawi yokumana popanda malamulo iyamba. Njovu zazikulu kwambiri komanso zakale sizikonzekera nkhondo koma kufa, kuti ufulu ukhale mtsogoleri wa abusa awo.

Njovu zimangoyang'anitsitsa mokhazikika, zimayimitsa mitengo yake ndikuziwotcha, m'chiyembekezo kuti izi ziwopseza mdaniyo. Kenako mano amphamvu, akuthwa amayamba kusewera. Wopambana amatenga azimayi pafupi naye. Ena amakhala ndi akazi ndi ena mazana atatu akazi.

Ndipo wovutikayo, ndi wovulala onse, apita m'mphepete mwa oyendayenda. Amapezanso wokwatirana naye, wopanda ulamuliro wa wamwamuna wotsutsa. Ndizomvetsa chisoni, koma pakamenya nkhondo zotere, nthawi zambiri ana aang'ono amavutika ndikumwalira, sakudziwika pankhondo, amaponderezedwa ndi akuluakulu.

Atasonkhanitsa azimayi ake, mtsogoleriyo amasankha kukondera kwake, momuwopseza m'manja mwake kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake amuwonetsa iye. Ndipo ngati mayiyo sanakonzekere kukumana, wamphongo sasamala za izi. Akwira matani ake onse kumbuyo kwake. Kukaniza kulibe ntchito pano.

Nthawi yogonana imayamba, mbadwo wachinyamata, pofika zaka zinayi mwa amuna. Akazi, kuyambira azaka ziwiri, ali okonzeka kukhwima. Kwa zaka khumi, njovu zazikazi zam'nyanja zimatha kubereka. Kenako amayamba kukalamba. Njovu zam'madzi zimafa zikafika zaka khumi ndi zisanu, makumi awiri.

Ngakhale ndizachilengedwe komanso ndizosangalatsa, zisindikizo za njovu zimadyanso nyambo za wakupha. Mbawala zam'nyanja zikasokosera ana. Koma adani owopsa kwambiri, kwazaka zambiri, ziribe kanthu kuti zimawopsa bwanji, ndife anthu.

Kugawa

Zidindo zazikulu za chisindikizo cha njovu chakumwera zili pazisumbu zingapo zotsatirazi: South Georgia, Kerguelen, Hurd, Macquarie. Kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima, munthu payekhapayekha amatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia ndi Antarctica. Nyama izi zimatha kuyenda mtunda wamtunda wamtunda wa 4,800 km.

Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto chinali kale chogawidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa North America kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Baja California. Komabe, m'zaka za zana la 19, kupha nyama zochuluka kwambiri kunayamba chifukwa cha kufalikira. Chaka chilichonse, zisindikizo zambiri za njovu zikuluzikulu zimasakazidwa ndi osaka ndipo posakhalitsa mtunduwu unayamba kale kuzimiririka. Gawo laling'ono lokha, lopangidwa ndi anthu osakwana zana, lomwe linapulumuka pachilumba cha Mexico cha Guadalupe. Atazindikira, zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zidatetezedwa.

Mu 1930s, zisindikizo za njovu zidatulukira kuti zizikwatirana pazilumba za California. Pakadali pano, zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimapezeka kuzilumba zambiri m'mbali mwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa. Kumpoto, mitundu yawo imafika ku zilumba za Farallon, ndipo kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima mpaka ku Vancouver Island.

Chiwerengero cha anthu chikuwonjezeka ndi 15% pachaka chilichonse, ndipo masiku ano mtunduwu suulandidwanso ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu. Komabe, zakuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa zidindo zakumpoto zodutsa mu "botolo" lopendekera kudapangitsa kuti mitundu yamoyo ikhale yocheperako, zomwe zitha kukhala vuto lalikulu pakusintha kwachilengedwe.

Chisindikizo cha njovu

Chisindikizo cha njovu (Mirounga angustirostris) ndi mtundu wa zikhomo zochokera ku banja la Zisindikizo Zoona. Kukula kwa chisindikizo cha njovu chachimuna kumafika pa 6 m, ndipo chachikazi - kupitirira 3. Amadziwika ndi dzina lanyama yam'madziyi chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi mphuno, yotupa ndipo imafanana ndi thunthu lomwe linakulungidwa.

Amuna ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi akazi - amakhala ochulukirapo kuwirikiza, mopitilira, nthawi yakubzala nthawi zambiri amadzaza mphuno zawo kuti ziwoneke zazikulu.

Chophimba chachikulu ichi - chidindo cha njovu chakumpoto - chimapezeka pagombe la Pacific ku America kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Hudson Bay.

Njovu zakumpoto zimadyera asodzi ang'ono, nsomba, ndi squid. Njovu zam'nyanja zimayamba kulowa mu Disembala ndi Januwale kuti zazikazi zizitha kubereka. Amuna ndi oyamba kupita kumtunda ndi kuteteza madera a ambuye awo. Njovu zam'nyanja m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimakhala mitundu yambiri. Mu zinyalala za zisindikizo za njovu nthawi zonse mumakhala mwana. Imakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda ndipo imakhala m'mphepete mwa miyezi isanu.

Njovu yakumwera

Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumwera (Mirounga leonina) ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Thunthu la chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuposa lomwe limachokera kumpoto chakutali: kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 10. Mphuno yayikulu iyi, yomwe imakulitsidwa mulibe mwa akazi ndi ana amuna. Pambuyo pokula mosalekeza, thunthu limakula bwino pofika chaka cha chisanu ndi chitatu cha moyo ndipo limapachikidwa pakamwa ndi mphuno pansi. Mu nthawi yakukhwima, thunthuyu amadziwikanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magazi. Zikuchitika kuti pomenya nkhondo, amuna opha ziwalo zankhondo zowawa kwambiri amakhala akukhadzula mitengo. Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndikofunikira. Wamphongo amatha mpaka kukula mpaka mita sikisi ndi theka, ndipo chachikazi chimakhala mita atatu ndi theka basi. Kulemera kwachimuna kumakhala matani atatu ndi theka, mkaziyo amalemera pafupifupi 900 kg.

Njovu zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndi nsomba ndi cephalopod. Njovu zam'nyanja zimatha kulowa m'madzi movutikira mpaka pakuya kwa 1400. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso magazi ambiri omwe amatha kusunga mpweya wambiri. Monga ndi anamgumi, ntchito zamkati mwa chisindikizo cha njovu zikagwera pansi zimachepetsa, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya. Adani achilengedwe a njovu zam'nyanja ndi nsomba zazikulu ndi zinsomba, zomwe zimasaka kumtunda kwa madzi.

Zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zikuwoneka bwanji?

Mitundu yakumpoto ndiyocheperako pang'ono kuposa ya kum'mwera: kutalika kwa thupi la amuna kumatha kufika 5 metres, akazi - atatu metres. Amuna amalemera 1800-2700 kg, zazikazi - 350-900 kg. Makatani ndi akulu kwambiri, mano a masaya amakhala ofanana, koma nthawi zina amakhala ndi ma protein komanso mizu iwiri.

Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi imvi, buffy kapena bulauni; Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima kuposa akazi. Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala okutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, womwe pazaka pafupifupi masabata atatu umasinthidwa ndi imvi kapena siliva wopepuka.

Ndi zaka, abambo a chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto, monga anzawo akum'mwera, amakhala atakulungika ndi kukanda pakhosi, pomwe khungu limakhala lothina, ndipo pamphuno amapanga thunthu lomwe amatha kulowetsa.

Zisindikizo za Njovu, Kusamukira

Zisindikizo za njovu zakum'mwera ndizodziwika bwino m'madzi ang'onoang'ono komanso kutentha. Kwenikweni zinyama sizilowa mu Antarctica. Madera obzala anajambulidwa pafupi ndi Argentina (punta Norte, Terra del Fiego), kuzilumba za South Georgia, Falkland, Gough, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Hurd, Campbell, komanso South Shetland ndi South Orkney. Magulu opatula, osaswana, magulu amanyama amawonedwa pazilumba za Saint-Paul ndi Amsterdam, Tristan da Cunha komanso kudera la Westfall Hills (kontinenti ya Antarctic).

Kukumana kosiyaniranaku kunadziwika pamadzi oundana m'malo osiyanasiyana a Antarctic. Nthawi zina nyama zimafikira m'mphepete mwa Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania ndi South Africa. Misonkhano yakumpoto kwambiri ya zisindikizo izi idapezeka mdera la Rodriguez komanso ngakhale pafupi ndi Fr. St. Helena.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimasamukira pachaka, zikubwera m'malo otentha omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti ziziswana ndi kusungunuka, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimapita kumadzi ambiri akumpoto.

Madera a njovu kumpoto amakhala ku California kuzilumba za Santa Barbara, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Ano Nuevo ndi Southeastern Faralons, komanso kumtunda waukulu ku Ano Nuevo Point ndi Point Reyes. Palinso ma Mexico ku zilumba za Guadalupe, San Benito ndi Zedros. Makanda angapo amabadwa kuzilumba za Natividad, San Martin, Coronado ndi San Clemente.

Kuchokera nyengo yakubala, zazikazi zimagawidwa pagombe la Oregon ndi Washington, ndipo amuna achikulire amasamukira kumpoto kwambiri, kupita ku Gulf of Alaska ndi Islands ya Aleutian.

Zisindikizo za njovu zachikulire zimapita kunyanja kawiri pachaka, zimatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu m'menemo. Pakadali pano, amayenda kwambiri kudera lonse la North Pacific.

Tekinoloji yatsopano yotsatila yawonetsa kuti anthu amtunduwu amabwerera kumalo amodzimodziwo podyetsa ndikusungunuka - chitsanzo choyamba chosamukira kawiri mu nyama. Munthawi zonse zosamukasamuka, nyama zinkawombera kuya kwa ma 250-550 metres, ndipo masiku 250 atakhala ndi amuna kunyanja, zimayenda mtunda wosachepera 21,000 km. Mwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, uku ndikutalika kwakutali kwambiri komwe kumachitika chaka chilichonse. Kusamukira kawiri ndikofunikira chifukwa njovu zimafunikira kubwerera m'mphepete kawiri pachaka - pofuna kuswana ndi kusungunuka. Koma chifukwa chomwe amasankha kuphwanya zilumba za California Strait, ndipo osati zisumbu zina kapena magombe ena, pafupi ndi malo awo odyetserawa, sizikudziwika.

Kutula nthawi yayitali kunyanja, zisindikizo zimayenera kugona m'madzi. Njovu zakumpoto zikagona zimatha kukhalabe pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 25 ndikudzuwa ndikupumira popanda kudzuka kwathunthu.

Zosangalatsa

1. Kutha kudabwitsa kwa zisindikizo za njovu ndiko kugona pansi pamadzi. Koma kodi nyama zimatha bwanji kupuma panthawiyi? Kupatula apo, ali ndi mapapu, osati ma gill. Asayansi adatha kudziwa chinsinsi cha maloto otere am'madzi. Pakakhala mphindi zisanu kapena khumi pansi pamadzi, chifuwa cha nyamayo chikukulira, pomwe mphuno zake zimangotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Kuchokera pamenepa, kachulukidwe ka thupi kamachepa, ndipo kumatuluka. Pamwamba pa madzi, mphuno zimatseguka, ndipo kwa mphindi pafupifupi zitatu nyama imapumira mpweya. Kenako imadzamira pansi. Maso amakhala atatsekeka nthawi yonseyi: njovu ili chigonere.
2. Miyala imakonda kupezeka m'mimba mwa njovu. Anthu okhala malo omwe nyamazi zimakhala, amakhulupirira kuti miyalayi imagwira ntchito molimbitsa thupi pakamiza njovu pansi pamadzi. Pali mafotokozedwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, miyala m'mimba imatha kupangitsa kuti pakudya pakudya - kumeza nsomba ndi ma crustaceans.
3. Mwa abambo, magulu anayi amatha kusiyanitsidwa bwino. Woyambayo - "wachinyamata" - amaphatikiza nyama zapakati pa chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kukula kwake sikupita mamita atatu. Amawonekera pamandandandaya nthawi yozizira, makamaka pambuyo pa namondwe, ndi cholinga chodzipatula pakusambira. Kuwaza nyama izi ndi zoyambirira - mu Disembala (kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kum'mwera chakum'mwera), kenako nyama zina zonse zimawonekera motsatira kukalamba: okalamba pazaka, pambuyo pake.Gulu lachiwiri, kapena "unyamata", limapangidwa ndi nyama wazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi ndi zitatu, zazikulu zake kuyambira atatu mpaka anayi ndi theka. Amabwera pagombe m'dzinja, atangobereka ana aakazi, samalowerera ndewu ndi abambo achikulire, isanayambike mwambo (ataleka kuyamwa ana a ng'ombe) amasambira munyanja. Gulu lotsatira ndi omwe amadzitcha kuti amafunsira. Amuna oterewa, ochulukirapo kuyambira mamiliyoni anayi ndi theka mpaka mita sikisi, ali ndi thunthu lodzikweza, amakhala omangika kwambiri ndikukwera kukamenya nkhondo ndi eni malowole - eni a "akazi" - amuna achikulire amphamvu, kuyesera kubweretsanso gawo lina la akazi kuchokera kwa iwo. Amuna achikulire anzeru awa amapanga gulu la m'badwo wachinayi.
4. Kupenyetsetsa kwawonetsa kuti wamwamuna wakale komanso wamphamvu uja amalamulira "abambo" nthawi yonse ya kuswana, ndipo anyamata achichepere komanso ofooka nthawi zambiri amayenera kutsutsana ndi mdani wamkulu kuposa iwo wamphamvu. Ngakhale abambo nthawi zambiri amamenya nkhondo m'madzi, osati kufupi ndi gombe, mantha ayambanso pagombe panthawiyi - azimayi akakhala ndi nkhawa akulira, ana awo amayesa kuthawa. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku "harems", komwe amasokonezeka nthawi zambiri, zazimayi zimayesa kusunthira kumalo otentha "akazi".
5. Kulimbana kwa amuna ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa. Otsutsa, atasinthana wina ndi mzake, amawimirira “miyendo yawo yakumbuyo”, akukwera mikono inayi pamwamba pamadzi osaya, ndikuwundana kwa mphindi zingapo, monga zifanizo zamiyala yamiyala. Nyama zimatulutsa mawu osokosera, mitengo yake ikudontha, kuthilira mdaniyo ndi phulusa. Pambuyo pochita izi, wotsutsana naye wocheperako nthawi zambiri amabwerera m'mbuyo, ndikupitilira kubwinja modzidzimutsa, ndikubwerera patali, nayamba. Wopambanayo amalira modzikuza, atapanga miyendo ingapo yothawa pambuyo pothawa, akutsika pansi ndikubwerera kugombe.
6. Ngakhale nkhondoyi ingaoneke yowopsa bwanji, nthawi zambiri sikufika pakukhetsa magazi kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chilichonse chimangokhala pachiwopsezo chofananirana, kubangula kowopsa ndi kubangula. Tanthauzo la kubadwa kwa mkhalidwewu ndizomveka: wolimba kwambiri akuwululidwa, yemwe angaganize ntchito za wopanga panthawi yakukhwima ndipo, monga wolowa m'malo mwa genus, adzafalitsa zabwino zake kwa ana. Nthawi yomweyo, mwana wamwamuna wofooka samwalira kunkhondo ndipo potero samachoka pantchito yowonjezeranso yamtunduwu.
7. Poyerekeza ndi munthu, amuna ataliatali samasonyezanso mkwiyo. Ndipo osati iwo, koma akazi okha ndi omwe angadzakhale owopsa kwambiri kwa wofufuzayo yemwe adayesa kulowa mkati mwa khosalo. Mwachitsanzo, a John Warham, adayenera kudziwa mano awo akuthwa koposa kamodzi ndikupanga chamanyazi, ndikusiya chidutswa chabwino cha mwendo wake wopita kumapazi a njovu okwiya.
8. Pobadwa, khandalo limatulutsa khungwa lalifupi lomwe limafanana ndi galu, amayiwo amayankha lofananalo, limasupula, motero limakumbukira. Pambuyo pake, amatha kumusiyanitsa ndi ana ena ambiri ndipo adzabweranso ngati atayesa kuthawa.
9. Ndikofunika kutchulapo chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zimachitika munyama yamoyo kuti ikhale ndi moyo: kukulira kwa mluza m'mimba mwa mkazi kuyimitsidwa panthawi yopukutira, ndipo mluza, "umasungidwa" nthawi yonse yosavomerezeka ya moyo wa nyama. (Chochitika chofananachi chimawonedwa mu nyama zina - mitundu yambiri yamapini, komanso yosalala, kalulu, kangaroo, ndi zina.) Kukula kwa mluza kumangopitilira mu Marichi, pomwe kusungunula mu akazi kumatsirizika.
10. Mawonekedwe a njovu okhetsedwa ndiwonyansa kwambiri: khungu lakale limapachikika ndi ziguduli. Choyamba amayamba kutsitsa, kenako ndi thupi lonse. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu osauka amadzikanda okha ndi zipupa kumbali zawo ndi m'mimba, kuyesera kufulumizitsa njirayi, zomwe momveka sizikusangalatsa. Zinyama zosenda nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo otentha kwambiri, osayandikira kumtunda, ndipo, zikuponya ndi kutembenuka, zimitsani dothi lotayirira, ndikusintha kukhala uve uve. Amamizidwa mmenemo m'mphuno mwake. Fungo lozungulira mozungulira ndi loopsa panthawiyi.

Mawonekedwe amoyo

Njovu zam'nyanja ndi nyama zamtala ndipo zimapanga nthawi yochulukirapo panthawi yokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti, azimayi oyembekezera amabwera kuzilumbazi ndipo amadzasonkhana m'magulu. Kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, amuna amawoneka, ndipo kumapeto kwa mwezi mapangidwe a azimayi amayamba. Pamimba yayikulu kwambiri, yaimuna iliyonse, pali akazi 100 kapena kuposerapo. Panthawi yopanga mahule, kumenyanirana koopsa kumachitika pakati pa amuna, chifukwa chomwe nyama zokhwima, koma zofooka zimatsalira zopanda akazi ndipo pamodzi ndi ena achibale, zimapezeka pamphepete mwa dera la harem.

Amuna 9 mwa amuna 10 alibe mwayi wopitilira mabanja awo - mwina chifukwa sakukhala ndi moyo wapa kutha msinkhu, kapena chifukwa chakuti adataya munkhondo ndi amuna akuluakulu omwe amalephera kulowa akazi. Kafukufuku wina wokhudza azimuna 138 omwe adatsatidwa m'miyoyo yawo yonse, 126 sanakwatirane, ndipo akuluakulu 8wo atenga feteleza pafupifupi azimayi 348.

Njira yokhala pachibwenzi ndi chisindikizo cha njovu ndi yopanda pake komanso yankhanza. Popanda kuchenjeza, mwamphongo amafika pafupi ndi wamkazi kuchokera kumbaliyo, ndikuyika chikwatu chakumbuyo kwake, ndikuluma khosi lake, ndikudzigwedeza kwa iye ndikufuna kukwatiwa. Mtsikanayo akachita zionetsero kapena kuthawa, monga zimachitika nthawi zambiri, mwamunayo amamuwunikira pansi ndi thupi lake lonse ndikuluma kwambiri. Zotsatira za kusamvana kotereku nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoipa kwa mkazi. Kutsamira mzimayi wapakati, zamphongo zimatha kumuvulaza, komanso chifukwa chokwatirana ndi mayi woyamwitsa, mayi ndi mwana nthawi zambiri amapatukana. Kuphatikiza apo, pamikangano yawo, amuna nthawi zina amatha kupondaponda ndi mwana yemwe amawonekera m'njira yawo: mpaka 10% ya ana agalu onse amafa.

Akazi ambiri amabereka mu Okutobala. Nthawi zambiri mwana wabadwa 1 amabadwa. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga masiku 20-30. Pakadali pano, zazimayi zimachepa kwambiri, ndipo ana amasintha msanga chifukwa cha chakudya chamagulu amkaka chamafuta. Kupeza kwa ana tsiku ndi tsiku kumatha kufika 6 kg! Mukatha kudyetsa, ana amatenga magulu omwe amakhala kutali ndi nyumbayo. Magulu agalu oterewa amawonedwa kwa milungu inayi, kenako achinyamata amayandikira m'mphepete mwa madzi. Pazaka za masiku 10-15, ana amphongo amayamba kusungunuka, ndipo asanalowe m'madzi, ali ndi zaka 30 mpaka 35, kusintha kwa nsambo kwa makanda kumatha.

Zazikazi zazikazi zakunyanja zakum'mwera ziyenera kulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 300 kuti zibereke mwana woyamba, koma zazikazi zazing'ono (mpaka 380 kg) sizimanyamula mwana wa ng'ombe wamphongo. Mwina ndichifukwa choti amuna akabadwa amakhala olemera 14% kuposa akazi, zomwe zimatha kuwonongeranso chonde.

Akazi achikulire amayamba kukwatirana kale masiku 15-20 atabadwa ana, ndipo pamapeto a nthawi imeneyi amapitilirabe kudyetsa ana. Pang'onopang'ono, amphongo amasiya zazikazi ndipo kale mu Novembala amasiya kuwakonda, ndikuthera nthawi yayitali m'madzi, momwe amadya kwambiri. Misewu imang'ambika, pambuyo pake nyama zazikulu zimakhala nthawi yayikulu kunyanja, ndikubwereranso kumayendedwe agombe kuti akasungunuke.

Kutengera ndi komwe akukhala, kugundidwa kwa zisindikizo ndi mapangidwe a mzere wanjira akhoza kupitilira mu Disembala -Februwari. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa nthawi yolumikizana ndi masiku 30 mpaka 40, koma mu mibadwo yosiyana ndi magulu azinyama, nthawi yosintha kwa tsitsi imatha kusintha. Mapeto ake atasungunuka, nyama zambiri zimachoka pamtunda ndikupita kunyanja. Apa amadya kwambiri ndipo samakonda kupita kumtunda.

Njovu zakum'mwera zimadya kwambiri ma cephalopods, nthawi zina nsomba. Zakudya zamtundu wakumpoto ndizosiyana siyana ndipo zimakhala ndi nyanjayi yakuzama, shrimps, octopus, nkhanu, hake, stingrays komanso shaki zazing'onoting'ono. Pazakudya, izi zisindikizo zimatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka mamita 1000.

Pambuyo posinthira njira yodziyimira pawokha, ana ake amapezeka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukitsa, kenako amasinthana ndi kudya ochepa crustaceans.

Adani achilengedwe a njovu ndi chisindikizo cha nyalugwe, yomwe imagwira ana. Orcas amawopseza.

Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi yayitali kwambiri yamoyo yazikazi za chisindikizo cha njovu ndi zaka 12, amuna - zaka 20.

Zeze Chisindikizo

Mwa zonse, tulip foxid ndiyomwe imaphunziridwa kwambiri, mwina chifukwa cha mtengo wake wamalonda komanso kupezerera kwazaka mazana awiri zapitazo. Ndi ya banja la Arctic fotside ndipo imasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya malaya ake, yomwe ili yoyera pobadwa ndipo imakhala ndi malo akuluakulu mwa mawonekedwe a lyre kapena kavalo. Zosaposa ng'ombe kapena miyala ya marble, koma yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa zisindikizo za Antarctic, siziposa 1, 60 m mukulu wolemera 150 kg.

Ichi ndi nyama yazitsamba - amuna okalamba okha ndi omwe amawoneka kuti amakonda kukhala okha, amatha kukhala pamtunda, ngati m'madzi. M'malo mwake, amakhala nthawi yayitali mchigawo chachiwiri ichi, komwe akuwoneka wodekha, komwe amapeza chakudya ndi kupendekera poyeserera nyama yake - capelin, hering'i ndi cod.

Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda. Komanso, si osowa, koma wandiweyani. Pofika miyezi iwiri, mtundu wa ubweya umasintha kukhala imvi. Thupi la chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera chimakwirira mafuta ambiri. Imafika pamtunda wa masentimita 10, ndipo kukula kwake, kogwirizana ndi kulemera kwa thupi, ndi 35%. Mafuta amateteza ziwalo zamkati ku hypothermia komanso zimathandiza kuti nyama iziyamwa.

Nyama zimasamukira panthawi yomwe kusamuka kwazinthu ziwiri: kumayambiriro kwa dzinja, zimawalozera kum'mwera ayezi kuti ziziswana, ndipo kasupe - kumadzi aku kumpoto kwa nsomba. ntchito, kudumpha ndi kusambira m'madzi kapena kusambira pamimba pamlengalenga. Nyama yowona, ngakhale imakhala m'madzi, chisindikizo chimasungidwa mu ubweya. Muli mitundu iwiri ya tsitsi - "tsitsi loteteza", lomwe limateteza ma epermis ku abrasion ndi "undercoat", mawonekedwe ofupika, osatetemera komanso amkati, omwe amachititsa kuti nyama izitha kutenthetsa. Chovalachi chimathandizira kukhazikika kutentha kwamkati chifukwa chakuthwa kwa mafuta ochulukirapo, omwe amatha kufikira 8 cm mwa akulu.

Habitat

Njovu zakum'mwera zimakonza zokolola zawo ku zilumba za Falkland, South Orkney ndi South Shetland. Amakondanso zilumba za South Georgia, Hurd ndi Kerguelen. Chilumba cha Macquarie ku South Pacific chilinso mdera lawo lokondweretsedwa. M'mphepete mwa miyala ndi mchenga, nyama zimatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kufikira anthu 10,000 omwe amasonkhana malo amodzi, ndikupanga mabizinesi akuluakulu.

Kuwona ndi kumva ndi izi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azimva kwambiri. Maso ake amawonganso kuwala kwa dzuwa pa chipale chofewa, ngati mdima wam'nyanja wonse. Kuchokera m'madzi, chisindikizo chimakhala chosangalatsa pang'ono komanso chosawona pang'ono. Diso la zisindikizo za polar limawoneka bwino kwambiri kubiriwira, mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha, zomwe zimayankha kwambiri buluu.

Gwero lina lofunikira lazidziwitso za zisindikizo za azeze ndikumva, lomwe limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomwe atolankhani amafunafuna nyama zomwe zimadyera kapena akafuna kulumikizana ndi nyama zina. Zikuwoneka, komabe, zopanda mtundu wamachitidwe osokoneza kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito ma dolphin. Kutulutsa kwa khutu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zonse ziwiri za cetaceans ndi zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi, koma chisindikizo cha azeze chimamveka bwino pansi pa madzi kuposa pamadzi: Kulira kakang'ono kokha kumamveka pansi. Akuluakulu amamveka m'madzi okha, nthawi zina - pakubala, mwachitsanzo.

Pano amadzakwatirana, amabereka ana aamuna ndi a molt. Atasungunuka, amapita kunyanja, komwe amakhala masiku ambiri osawona malo. Chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera chimasambira bwino kwambiri, amatha kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali am'nyanja. Imatha kusambira ma kilomita 4 ndi 5000 kuti ikathe kukhala malo oundana a Antarctic kapena kugombe la South Africa ndi New Zealand. Nyama iyi imalowa m'madzi akuya kuya kwa mita 500, pansi pa madzi imatha kukhala mphindi 40.

Kukoma kwa nyama izi kumawoneka kukhala kocheperako, ngakhale atakhala ndi masamba pa lilime lawo ndipo alibe nthawi yolawa chakudya, pamene amameza ndi kunyamula, Ndi nsomba yayikulu yomwe amadula nsagwada kukula kwake. Nsagwada ya zeze imakhala ndi mitundu itatu ya mano: ma incisors, fangs ndi molars, koma ndi yoyenera makamaka kugwira ndi kupera nyama.

Kuchokera pamadzi, zofukiza zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazisindikizo, zomwe zimawathandiza kudziwa kuwopsa kwa chilombo, ngakhale kuti chili patali pamtunda wautali. Amuna amapeza akazi mu kutentha ndipo azimayi amapeza ana awo pakati pa mazana a ang'ono ang'ono, onse chimodzimodzi, pa ayezi.

Adani

Njovu yakum'mwera imadyera nsomba, cephalopods ndi mollusks. Yekha imakhala yozunzidwa ndi wakupha. Zilombo zazikuluzikuluzi zimamenyana naye m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi aku nyanja. Koma popeza sakonda kusuntha mtunda wopitilira 800 km kuchokera kumtunda, chisindikizo chachikulu, chathathana mtundawu, ndiotetezeka kwathunthu. Ana amphongo a njovu amagwidwa ndi nyalugwe zaunyanja.

Mdani wina ndi munthu. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, iye mwachifundo anawononga nyama zopanda anthu chifukwa zamafuta awo. Kuchokera zisindikizo za njovu imodzi yophedwa zimalandila pafupifupi 500 kg zofunikira. Masiku ano, kusodza nyama izi ndizoletsedwa. Pamenepa, chiwerengero chawo chakwera. Chiwerengero cha zisindikizo za njovu zakumwera lero ndi mitu 750,000. Pachilumba cha South Georgia pali nyama pafupifupi 250,000. Zilinso chimodzimodzi zilumba za Kerguelen. Awa ndi amisanja akulu kwambiri azisindikizo zazikulu zomwe amagawana ndi ma penguin.

Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse

M'zaka zathu za zana lino, pamene umunthu walowera kudera lakunja ndipo tikufunitsitsa kupeza chamoyo china ku Mars kapena mapulaneti ena, chimodzi modzabwitsa: kodi timadziwa abale athu apadziko lapansi? Kodi tikudziwa zochuluka motani za iwo? Kodi tikudziwa moyo wawo? Zosowa? Makhalidwe? Chiyanjano ndi dziko lakunja?

Simuyenera kupita patali kuti mukhale zitsanzo. Ndi angati a ife amene taona chisindikizo cha njovu chamoyo? Inde, pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa kuti nyama zoterezi zimakhalako. Koma owerengeka anali ndi mwayi wokhoza kuwona mwachilengedwe za zimphona izi zazikuluzikulu kukula ndi kulemera kwa ma rhinos, mvuu ndi ma walus. Zisindikizo za njovu zimakhala m'malo akutali, monga: ku Patagonia - gombe la Argentina, pa Zilumba za Macquarie - kumwera kwa Tasmania, pa Chilumba cha Signy, ku South Georgia.

Ndiye ndi njovu zamtundu wanji?

2

Poyamba, tikunena kuti awa ndi zolengedwa zazikulu zolengedwa zamtundu wakufa zisindikizo zakufa (Phocidae), wotchedwa choncho mosiyana ndi zisindikizo za ored - Otariidae. Kutalika kwa amphaka kumayambira mamita atatu mpaka 6, ndipo colossus yotere imalemera mpaka matani awiri! Potengera kapangidwe ka thupi, zimphona izi zimafanana ndi ma walrus, ndipo khungu lawo limakhala lotalikirapo komanso lolimba, koma lilibe ma fosolo a walrus, koma pali china chake ngati thunthu lalifupi (lomwe njovu zimatipatsa dzina). Ndi nyama zochepa chabe zomwe zatsala mpaka pano. Ndipo tikadapanda kuzindikira pakadali pano, bwenzi atasowa kwathunthu padziko lapansi, monga abale awo apamtima - ng'ombe zam'nyanja, zomwe zidapezeka ndi a George Steller mu 1741, paulendo wopita ku Nyanja ya Bering. Pofotokozera zitsamba zazikulu zowopsa izi, zomwe sizinali zoyenera kuvutikira kuwombera chifukwa chachedwa komanso kuwonekera mwachangu, Steller mwadzidzidzi adawonetsa njira yogwirira ntchito mosavuta kwa anthu osiyanasiyana odabwitsa. Pofika mu 1770, ng'ombe zam'nyanja (zomwe pambuyo pake zimatchedwa ng'ombe za Steller) sizinakhaleko.

Mwamwayi, izi sizinachitike ndi zisindikizo za njovu.Choyamba, chifukwa amakhala m'malo omwe anthu sangathe kuwafikira: mwina amasambira mumadzi oundana am'madzi am'mphepete mwa kum'mwera, pomwe mphepo zamkuntho sizimalira, kapena amapita kumalo awo ogombe omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Patagonia kapena m'malo ochepa otayika Zilumba zam'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, njovu zam'nyanja, mosiyana ndi abale awo omwe alibe vuto - zimbudzi, kapena zikwangwani, zomwe zimatulutsa udzu wanyanja mwamtendere "pamatanthwe" amadzi, sikuti ndizinyama zopanda chitetezo. Makamaka amuna. Mano awo ndi akuthwa, ndipo mphamvu ndi yayikulu. Wamphongo wamkulu ndi wankhanza kwambiri. Njovu zam'nyanja zimadyanso: zimadyera nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana, makamaka nsomba.

Ziweto za mitundu yakum'mwera, zomwe mitundu yambiri yakale tsopano ili kokha kuzilumba zochepa za Antarctic, monga Kerguelen, Crozet, Marion, South Georgia, adachotsedwa mwankhanza. Oyenda nawo angapo kuzilumba za Macquarie ndi Hurd asunganso. Komabe, m'malo otentha, kumene oyandama nyama izi adakumana nazo kale - mwachitsanzo, kugombe lakumwera kwa Chile, ku King Island pafupi ndi Tasmania kapena ku zilumba za Falkland Islands ndi Chilumba cha Juan Fernandez - tsopano simudzawona ...

Masiku ano, zisindikizo za njovu, wina anganenenso pang'ono pazomwe zidadabwitsa kale. M'malo ena, amapezanso mphamvu zawo zakale. Koma izi, ndizachidziwikire, pomwe nyama zimayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa, mwachitsanzo, ku Peninsula ya ku Argentina ya Valdez, komwe adatetezedwa kuti atetezedwa, kapena kuzilumba za Macquarie kapena Hurd, komwe kuzisaka kwakhala koletsedwa kwa zaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu. Nyama kumeneko zikukula bwino, ndipo ziwerengero zake zikukula chaka ndi chaka. Ponena za zilumba monga South Georgia ndi Kerguelen, gawo lina la ng'ombe limangowomberedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Zowona, akuti akuchita izi motsogozedwa ndi sayansi.

Chifukwa chiyani njovu zam'madzi zinali zokongola kwa asodzi? Iwo ali nazo nyama izi chifukwa cha imodzi yamafuta awo osazindikira. Danga lake limafikira masentimita khumi ndi asanu! Ndikofunikira kuti chiweto chiziteteza ku madzi owonongeka komwe amakhala nthawi yayitali. Ndipo mafuta awa adawoneka okongola kwambiri. Chifukwa cha iye, njovu zam'nyanja zidaphedwa mwankhanza, mapiri athunthu a mitembo yawo idakwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo pomwepo mphepete mwa matanki akuluakulu omwe adaikiratu izi, mafuta adasungunuka ... Pa gombe la Patagonian ku Argentina kokha, kuyambira 1803 mpaka 1819, North America, Chingerezi ndi asodzi achi Dutch adalowa okwanira mamiliyoni chikwi mazana asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi a mafuta a njovu. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti chiweto cha nyama chophedwa chifukwa cha ichi chafika pafupifupi 4,000,000! Adawapha mwankhanza kwambiri: adadula njira yopulumutsira madzi ndi kuwabaya ndi nthungo kapena kuwotcha miyuni yoyaka pakamwa ...

Ndipo tsopano zida zazikuluzikuluzi ndi zida zina zothandizira kusungunuka kwamafuta, zokokomeza pamphepo yamchere yamchere, zikadali m'mphepete mwa zilumba zambiri za Patagonia ... Voti zongosiya izi, zili ngati, zikumbukira kukumbukira kwachisoni kwa kubedwa kosaganizira komanso kosasamala kwa munthu mbuyomu ndipo ndi chenjezo ku mibadwo yamtsogolo ..

Ndipo tsopano, anthu atasiya kupha zisindikizo za njovu, inali nthawi yoti awerenge. Izi zimachitika ndi magulu angapo asayansi ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana. Akatswiri a zanyengo a Chingerezi adawunikira bwino za moyo wa zimphona izi pachilumba cha Signy ndi South Georgia moyang'aniridwa ndi Dr. R. M. Loves wa ku Britain Antarctic Service, pomwe asayansi aku Australia, motsogozedwa ndi Dr. R. Carrick, adagwira ntchito kuzilumba za Macquarie ndi Heard. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo zidasindikizidwa ku Canberra mu 1964. Pambuyo pake, katswiri wina wodziwika bwino wowerengera nyama ku England, dzina lake John Warham, adawonekera pazilumba zomwezi.

Kodi mwaphunzira chiyani za nyama yosowa komanso yophunzira ija?

Ngakhale ili ndi kukula kwakukulu, chisindikizo cha njovu ndimatha kusambira bwino. Izi zimathandizira kuti thupi lake lizisintha. Njovu yam'madzi imatha kusambira mothamanga mpaka makilomita makumi atatu ndi atatu pa ola limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, m'madzi oundana, mtundu wa "jekete lothinitsidwa" - mafuta owonda - amadzitchinjiriza ku chimfine. M'madzi, nyama yakulemera kwambiri iyi ikuwonetsa kuyendetsa modabwitsa komanso kutha: pambuyo pake, pano iyenera kupeza ndalama zake pothamangitsa nsomba, ikumafunafuna plankton ndi crustaceans osiyanasiyana. Chisindikizo cha njovu chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuti chizikhala pamtunda, ngakhale kuti chimakhala nthawi yayitali kukakhala kumeneko. Ndizovuta kulingalira nyama yochepetsetsa komanso yochepetsetsa! Amakoka thupi lake mwamphamvu panthaka yamiyala, ndikuyenda mothandizidwa ndi zipsepele zam'tsogolo zokha. Panthawi imeneyi, imafanana ndi nkhono yayikulu kapena mbozi: "gawo" limodzi mwa njovu yam'madzi ndi masentimita makumi atatu ndi asanu basi! Kulemera kwake, kwamphamvu pamadzi, pamtunda kumakhala cholemetsa chinyama. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti njovu njovu imatopa msanga, imagona pansi ndipo nthawi yomweyo imagona tulo ndi ngwazi, kugona tulo. Maloto a njovu ndi osadziletsa - mulimonsemo, kumudzutsa sikophweka. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti kwa nthawi yayitali zimphona izi sizinali ndi adani, ndipo iwo, monga ma buluzi, analibe munthu wowopa ndipo safunika kugona tulo tulo.

Kugona kwambiri kwa njovu zam'nyanja kunadabwitsa mobwerezabwereza wolemba zinyama Wachingelezi a John Warham, yemwe adawonera pachilumba cha Macquarie. M'mawa uliwonse, atatuluka m'hema wake, adapeza zisindikizo za njovu zitagudika kutsogolo kwa khomo ndikutseka njira yake. Iwo anali akusungunula amuna achichepere okhala ndi kutalika kwa atatu mpaka anayi ndi theka. Adagona mwamantha, kupuma kwawo kunali kozama komanso kaphokoso, nthawi zina kumakhala kukugudubuzika. Komabe, sizinali zofunikira kwambiri kuti wofufuzayo awawoloke: adayenda kumbuyo kwawo, koma pakadali pano adakumbukira kuti amayenda ndi nsapato zopangika (chifukwa chiyani adakweza mitu yawo mwamantha), wowunikirayo anali kale kutali ...

Ndipo akatswiri a sayansi yaku America omwe anaphunzira chisindikizo cha njovu ku Guadeloupe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nyama izi, samatha kungoyesa mwamphamvu kutentha kwawo komanso kutentha kwake, komanso kubera majeremusi zikopa zawo.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi luso la njovu kugona pansi pamadzi. Koma kodi nyama zimatha bwanji kupuma panthawiyi? Kupatula apo, ali ndi mapapu, osati ma gill. Asayansi adatha kudziwa chinsinsi cha maloto otere am'madzi. Pakakhala mphindi zisanu kapena khumi pansi pamadzi, chifuwa cha nyamayo chikukulira, pomwe mphuno zake zimangotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Kuchokera pamenepa, kachulukidwe ka thupi kamachepa, ndipo kumatuluka. Pamwamba pa madzi, mphuno zimatseguka, ndipo kwa mphindi pafupifupi zitatu nyama imapumira mpweya. Kenako imadzamira pansi. Maso amakhala atatsekeka nthawi yonseyi: njovu ili chigonere.

Miyala imakonda kupezeka m'mimba mwa njovu. Anthu okhala malo omwe nyamazi zimakhala, amakhulupirira kuti miyalayi imagwira ntchito molimbitsa thupi pakamiza njovu pansi pamadzi. Pali mafotokozedwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, miyala m'mimba imatha kupangitsa kuti pakudya pakudya - kumeza nsomba ndi ma crustaceans.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimadyera makamaka nsomba, osati konse cuttlefish, monga kale anali kuganiza. Cuttlefish mu "menyu" wawo osaposa magawo awiri. Koma mbali inayo, njovu wamkulu imadya nsomba zambiri. Malinga ndi katswiri woteteza zachilengedwe wotchedwa Hagenbek, njovu yautali wa mamita asanu yotchedwa Goliath yomwe ili m'manja mwake idadya ma kilogalamu makumi asanu a nsomba tsiku lililonse! Malipoti oterewa adapangitsa akatswiri ena otanthauzira kunena kuti kutha kwa njovu zam'nyanja ndi daliso chifukwa akuti akutsutsa za asodzi ... Komabe, kafukufuku wosamalitsa adawonetsa kuti palibe vuto pamalingaliro otere: chakudya cha njovu zam'madzi ndizambiri zazingwe ndi mbola zomwe sizinalembedwe nsomba zamalonda ... Pamtunda, nthawi yakubzala, njovu zimatha kusala kudya kwa milungu ingapo: nthawi ino sizikudya chilichonse, koma zimangokhala pazosungira mafuta amkati.

Kuwerenga mosamalitsa nyama izi m'zaka zaposachedwa kwawulula zinsinsi zambiri za moyo wawo ndi machitidwe awo. Mwanjira zina, zojambula zamtunduwu zidakhala chinthu chofunikira kwa wofufuzayo: sizili kanthu kalikonse, mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kutalika kwake, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ziweto, kapangidwe kake, magulu azaka, powonera "banja" la nyama izi, kubadwa kwa nyama zazing'ono, ndi zina zambiri. d. Koma yesani kuyeza chipwirikiti chotere! Kupatula apo, pambuyo pa zonse, wamwamuna yemwe waukira "pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo" (ndipo uwu ndi chizolowezi chowopsa) amakhala mzere wamtali, ndipo ngakhale kuwona chithunzi cha chimphona choterocho ndizodabwitsa. Kodi pali chiyani choganiza zomugwira ndikumugogoda pamiyeso. Ayi, iyi si ntchito yosavuta - kuwerenga nyama zotere, ndipo muyenera kukhala wokonda zenizeni kuti muthane ndi izi. Kupatula apo, aliyense sayenera kuyiwala za nyengo zam'malo momwe izi zidawonekerazi: za mphepo yamkuntho, madzi oundana, madzi, malo osasinthika ... Komabe, ofufuzawo adatha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, yomwe idaloleza kudziwa zaka za munthu payekha, komanso kutsata zaka kusamuka kwawo, kusintha kwa nyengo yazomwe zimapangidwira ng'ombe, kusintha kwa maubweya, maubale mu gulu.

Koma tiyeni tiyambe mwadongosolo. Kwa zaka zinayi, akatswiri ofufuza ku Australia pa zilumba za Heard ndi Macquarie adalenga ana a njovu mwadongosolo, monga momwe amachitiranso ndi ana amphongo kapena abulu. Podzafika mu 1961, ana pafupifupi 7000 amphongo a njovu adalembedwa. Izi pambuyo pake zidapangitsa kuti zitha kudziwa molondola zaka za nyama kapena nyama yina, dongosolo lomwe magulu azaka zosiyanasiyana amawonekera panjira, kudziphatika kwa munthu payekha ku "kwawo" kapena malingaliro osintha malo ... Chifukwa chake, mkazi ali pansi pa chiwerengero "M-102" zaka zinayi motsatizana Adaberekanso ana komweko ndipo mchaka chachisanu adasunthira theka la kilomita. Mitundu ina idatulukira. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a "achichepere" azisindikizo za njovu zimawonekera poyambira patali kwambiri kuposa anthu akuluakulu omwe akukhudzidwa pakuswana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Novembala. Kumwazika nyama za mibadwo yosiyana kumapangidwanso nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, zoyambira sizikhala zopanda kanthu - zotsutsana zokha nzomwe zimasintha.

Mwa abambo, magulu anayi amatha kusiyanitsidwa bwino. Woyambayo - "wachinyamata" - amaphatikiza nyama zapakati pa chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kukula kwake sikupita mamita atatu. Amawonekera pamandandandaya nthawi yozizira, makamaka pambuyo pa namondwe, ndi cholinga chodzipatula pakusambira. Kuwaza nyama izi ndi zoyambirira - mu Disembala (kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kum'mwera chakum'mwera), kenako nyama zina zonse zimawonekera motsatira kukalamba: okalamba pazaka, pambuyo pake.

Gulu lachiwiri, kapena "unyamata", limapangidwa ndi nyama wazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi ndi zitatu, zazikulu zake kuyambira atatu mpaka anayi ndi theka. Amabwera pagombe m'dzinja, atangobereka ana aakazi, samalowerera ndewu ndi abambo achikulire, isanayambike mwambo (ataleka kuyamwa ana a ng'ombe) amasambira munyanja.

Gulu lotsatira ndi omwe amadzitcha kuti amafunsira. Amuna oterewa, kuyambira kukula mpaka pakati pa anayi ndi theka mpaka mita sikisi, ali ndi thunthu lodzikweza, amakhala omangika kwambiri ndikukwera kukamenya nkhondo ndi eni malowole - eni a "akazi" - amuna achikulire amphamvu, kuyesera kubweretsanso gawo lina la akazi kuchokera kwa iwo. Amuna achikulire anzeru awa amapanga gulu la m'badwo wachinayi.

Mwiniwake wa harem ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ndi wamkulu, wopanda chidwi, wansanje komanso wankhanza. Ngati anali wosiyana, sakanakhala pa "positi" yake. Kupatula apo, "harem" nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi akazi angapo, ndipo kuti asunge chidwi chonsecho, kuyesetsa kuti abalalike mosiyanasiyana ndikuwoneka bwino "wokongola" wokometsa aliyense pomvera, munthu amafunikira mphamvu komanso diso lowala ... Atawona mdani, mwini wake " harem ”amatulutsa mkokomo ndi kuthamangira komweko, ndikuphwanya chilichonse chomwe chimabwera munjira yake: chimapondaponda chachikazi ndi kupondaponda ana aamuna ..." mbuye "wotere, mwachizolowezi, ndi nyama" yosazindikira ". Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti amatsutsa imfa ya makanda akhanda. Mlandu umafotokozedwa pamene wamphongo amagona, atadzipukutira yekha mwana wofuula, koma sanaganize kuti adzuka kuti amasule yemwe sanamve bwino.

Ngati "harem" ndi wamkulu wamwini m'modzi, amakakamizidwa kulola "othandizira" kuti ateteze madera ake akutali ...

Kupenyetsetsa kwawonetsa kuti wamwamuna wakale komanso wamphamvu uja amalamulira "abambo" nthawi yonse ya kuswana, ndipo anyamata achichepere komanso ofooka nthawi zambiri amayenera kutsutsana ndi mdani wamkulu kuposa iwo wamphamvu. Ngakhale abambo nthawi zambiri amamenya nkhondo m'madzi, osati kufupi ndi gombe, mantha ayambanso pagombe panthawiyi - azimayi akakhala ndi nkhawa akulira, ana awo amayesa kuthawa. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku "harems", komwe amasokonezeka nthawi zambiri, zazimayi zimayesa kusunthira kumalo otentha "akazi".

Kulimbana kwa amuna ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa. Otsutsa, atasinthana wina ndi mzake, amawimirira “miyendo yawo yakumbuyo”, akukwera mikono inayi pamwamba pamadzi osaya, ndikuwundana kwa mphindi zingapo, monga zifanizo zamiyala yamiyala. Nyama zimatulutsa mawu osokosera, mitengo yake ikudontha, kuthilira mdaniyo ndi phulusa. Pambuyo pochita izi, wotsutsana naye wocheperako nthawi zambiri amabwerera m'mbuyo, ndikupitilira kubwinja modzidzimutsa, ndikubwerera patali, nayamba. Wopambanayo amalira modzikuza, atapanga miyendo ingapo yothawa pambuyo pothawa, akutsika pansi ndikubwerera kugombe.

Pomwe palibe aliyense wotsutsana naye ati adzagonje, nkhondoyi imayamba mwamphamvu. Kenako matupi onse amphamvu amagundana molimba, ndikuyenda mwachangu komanso mozungulira mutu, aliyense amayesera kuponya nkhonya zawo m'khosi mwa mdani. Komabe, khungu la njovu yam'madzi limakhala lolimba komanso loterera, komanso lili ndi mafuta okuata osawoneka bwino, omwe samakonda kuvulala kwambiri. Zowona, zipsera ndi zipsera zimakhalabe pakhosi la amuna amoyo, koma ndizo zonse.

Ngakhale nkhondoyi ingaoneke yowopsa bwanji, nthawi zambiri sikufika pakukhetsa magazi kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chilichonse chimangokhala pachiwopsezo chofananirana, kubangula kowopsa ndi kubangula. Tanthauzo la kubadwa kwa mkhalidwewu ndizomveka: wolimba kwambiri akuwululidwa, yemwe angaganize ntchito za wopanga panthawi yakukhwima ndipo, monga wolowa m'malo mwa genus, adzafalitsa zabwino zake kwa ana. Nthawi yomweyo, mwana wamwamuna wofooka samwalira kunkhondo ndipo potero samachoka pantchito yowonjezeranso zamtunduwu ...

Momwe malo amodzi ndi "abambo" amagawidwa kale, kumenyanirana pakati pa amuna achimuna sikuchitika: ngati wina aphwanya malo amtunda, ndikokwanira kuti "mwiniwake" awuke ndikulira kotero kuti wobwezera malire atachoka.

Poyerekeza ndi munthu, amuna ataliatali samasonyezanso mkwiyo. Ndipo osati iwo, koma akazi okha ndi omwe angadzakhale owopsa kwambiri kwa wofufuzayo yemwe adayesa kulowa mkati mwa khosalo. Mwachitsanzo, a Var Varham, adayenera kudziwana ndi mano awo akuthwa koposa kamodzi ndikuchita manyazi atathawa, ndikusiya chidutswa chabwino cha mwendo wake kupita kwa njovu yamkwiyo ...

Za akazi oyenera kumuuza zambiri. Zachikazi ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zazimuna - kawirikawiri zimafikira mamita atatu kutalika ndi kulemera kwa toni. Amakula pang'onopang'ono, koma amakula msanga kuposa amphongo: akafika zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, amakhala atakhwima pang'onopang'ono, pomwe abambo amatha msamba pambuyo pake.

Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Novembala. Akazi amawonekera panjira yoyenda kale "pamaboma" ndipo m'masiku asanu amabala. Ana ambiri amabadwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka pakati pa Okutobala. Eni ake a "abambo" amateteza azikazi mosamala ana.

Zachimuna ndi zazikazi zonse zimafika pagombe zokhala ndi thanzi labwino zitatha kudya bwino munyanja. Izi ndizofunikira kuti “asala kudya” komwe amafunika kukhala pamtunda: amphongo “amasala kudya” mpaka milungu iwiri, ndipo zazimayi ngakhale kwa mwezi wathunthu! Koma munthawi imeneyi, zazikazi zimayenera kupirira zovuta zonse zokhudzana ndi kubereka komanso kudyetsa ana, ndipo amphongo adzakumana ndi mavuto a nyengo yakukhwima yotsatira komanso nkhondo zomwe zimagwirizana nawo.

Kuwonekera pagombe ndikukonzekera kubereka, zazikazi zimakhala patali ndi mzake, ndipo sizimagona pafupi ndi mbali, monga nthawi yanthawi. Kubadwa pakokha kumatha pafupifupi mphindi makumi awiri, ndipo mwana akuwoneka kale. Komanso, ndiwokongola kwambiri: wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda mbu ndipo amawoneka padziko lonse lapansi ndi maso akulu owala. Koma "mwana "yu amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu makumi asanu, ndipo amafikira mita ndi theka m'litali, ndiye kukula kwa chidindo chachikulu ...

Pobadwa, khandalo limatulutsa khungwa lalifupi lomwe limafanana ndi galu, amayiwo amayankha lofananalo, limasupula, motero limakumbukira. Pambuyo pake, amatha kumusiyanitsa ndi ana ena ambiri ndipo adzabweranso ngati atayesa kuthawa.

Kubadwa komwe kukubwera kumatha kudziwika nthawi yomweyo chifukwa choti pa mayi wodabwitsayo pali mbalame zazikulu zofiirira, zomwe m'malo ena zimatchedwa squaw. Mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito ngati “azamba” mwa njovu. Ndi ukali wodabwitsa, amachotsa filimu yobadwa ndi placenta, ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kupirira khanda lobadwa. Skua siyosangalatsa kudzitengera okha mkaka wa akazi oyamwitsa omwe anakhetsa pansi.

Mkaka uwu ndiwopatsa thanzi kwambiri (pafupifupi theka amakhala ndi mafuta), ndipo ana amakula ndi liwiro losasinthika: ma kilogalamu asanu mpaka khumi ndi awiri amawonjezeredwa patsiku! M'masiku khumi ndi limodzi oyamba, amawirikiza kulemera, ndikuichulukitsa katatu m'masabata awiri ndi theka. Zowona, zimawonjezera pang'ono, komabe, zimapanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino - masentimita asanu ndi awiri ndi theka, omwe amafunikira choyamba: iyenera kuteteza matupi awo ku hypothermia panthawi yakubwerayi ikubwera m'madzi.

Pakupita pafupifupi mwezi, ana, kapena kuti "coho," monga amatchedwa ku Patagonia, amasiya kudyetsa akazi. Pofika pano, ubweya wakuda wawo "wakhanda" wasinthidwa ndi imvi, amawoneka bwino komanso okhuta. Posakhalitsa amasiya "harem", ndikukwawa kulowa mkati mwa gombelo, pomwe amakhala ndipo amamanga minofu. Pausanu wa masabata asanu, kukula kwachichepere kumayamba kuyesayesa koyamba kwa mantha. Usiku wodekha, wodekha, njovu zam'nyanja zimatsikira m'madzi akuwotcha ndi dzuwa kapena mbiya zomwe zidasiyidwa pambuyo pamafunde amtunda ndikusambira mosamala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pang'onopang'ono, amakhala olimba mtima komanso olimba mtima, amayimba mtima kupita ku maulendo ataliatali mpaka atasiya zokolola zawo kwa milungu 9 ndikusambira ...

Ndiponso, wina amangodabwa momwe zinthu zonse zimapangidwira mwanzeru. Kukula kwachinyamata kumadziyimira pawokha panthawiyi pomwe chiyembekezo cha kupulumuka ndiyabwino kwambiri. Panyengo iyi, nyanjayo imakokedwa ndi dothi lambiri, ndipo njovu zazing'ono zimapatsidwa chakudya chopezeka mosavuta komanso chopatsa mphamvu kwa miyezi ingapo.

Komabe, kuwongolera nyama zolembedwa kunawonetsa chinthu china: theka la ana amwalira chaka choyamba cha moyo wawo. Pambuyo pake, kuchepa kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi anayi mwa achinyamata amakula akafika zaka zinayi.

Kutengera ndi izi, akatswiri a ku Australia adazindikira izi. Ngati pakufunika kuwombera gawo lina la zisindikizo za njovu (chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa chimbudzi, kusowa kwa chakudya, ndi zina), izi zizikhala nyama zazing'ono zokhala ndi milungu isanu mpaka chaka chimodzi. Koma ndizosavomerezeka kupha amuna akuluakulu, monga momwe zinalili ku South Georgia, komwe nthawi ina m'chilimwe iwo adapha pafupifupi anthu sikisi. Popanda kutetezedwa moyenera a "abambo", abusa achikulire odziwa ntchito amatsika, chifukwa anyamata achichepere amayamba kumenyanirana mosalekeza, kutsutsana ndi zoyambira. Izi ndi zotsatira za kulowererapo kwaumunthu pazinthu zam'chilengedwe, chifukwa chake zochita zoyipa mwachangu ziyenera kupewedwa popanda zifukwa zomveka za sayansi.

Koma kubwerera ku zokolola za njovu zam'madzi, kumene achichepere anali atangochokapo. Pambuyo pa kuletsa kuyamwa kwa achichepere, anyamatawo amakhalanso ndi mwiniwake wa "amayi" ndipo atangopita kunyanja - amapuma kuchoka ku zovuta za kubereka ana, idyani bwino ndikupanga mafuta atsopano mpaka mawonekedwe awo adzatulukenso - mu February, nthawi yosungunuka.

Ndipo apa mpofunika kutchulapo chimodzi mwazodabwitsa kwambiri pazamoyo zanyama kuti zikhale ndi moyo: kukulira kwa mluza m'mimba mwa mkazi kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi, ndipo mluza, "umasungidwa" nthawi yonse yosavomerezeka yamoyo wa nyama - pamenepa, kuti isungunuke. (Chochitika chofananachi chimawonedwa mu nyama zina - mitundu yambiri yamapini, komanso yosalala, kalulu, kangaroo, ndi zina.) Kukula kwa mluza kumangopitilira mu Marichi, pomwe kusungunula mu akazi kumatsirizika.

Amuna amphamvu, eni gombe, amabwera molt kwambiri mozungulira - chakumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Moyo wamphamvu panjira yozungulira

Monga tanena kale, ang'onoang'ono amawonekera, ndipo pambuyo pake - akulu. Nthawi yakusungunuka, magulu azaka amakhala limodzi, koma mwa jenda: zazikazi ndi zazikazi, ndi amuna amuna. Kukhetsa, kutengera zaka, kumatenga mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri. Mpaka kumaliza, nyama sizingayende, chifukwa nthawi imeneyo mitsempha yamagazi yapakhungu imatsitsidwa kwambiri ndipo kuziziritsa kwadzidzidzi kungayambitse kuphwanya kwamphamvu kwa njira yotentha, zomwe zikutanthauza kufa kwamadzi oundana.

Mawonekedwe a njovu okhetsedwa ndiwonyansa kwambiri: khungu lakale limapachikika ndi ziguduli. Choyamba amayamba kutsitsa, kenako ndi thupi lonse. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu osauka amawaza zikwatu zawo mmbali ndi m'mimba, kuyesera kuti izi zitheke, zomwe zimawonekeratu zosakondweretsa ...

Zinyama zosenda nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka omwe amakhala kutali kwambiri ndi gombe, ndipo, zikuponya ndi kutembenuka, kuyambitsa dothi lotayirira, ndikusintha kukhala uve uve. Amamizidwa mmenemo m'mphuno mwake. Fungo lozungulira mozungulira ndi loopsa panthawiyi. Chifukwa chake si alendo aliwonse omwe amatha kupilira ... Mwa njira, za alendo okaona malo otetezedwa. Monga tanena kale, boma la Argentina linalengeza kuti kachilumba kakang'ono ka Valdez kumpoto kwa Patagonia kutetezedwa. Pamalo amenewa, zidindo za njovu zambiri zidakhazikika pamitu yokwana mazana angapo. Imatchedwa "elephantium" (njovu), ndipo chaposachedwa, alendo atsegulapo. Makilomita zana ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu kuchokera kolowera, tawuni yamtundu wa Puerto Madryn idadzuka. Ndipo popeza madzi pano nthawi zambiri amakhala ozizira kwambiri kuti asambe, ambiri atchuthi amalolera kupita ku "elephantium". Maupangiri olipiritsa ali pantchito yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yapaulendo, yomwe imadutsa mayiko angapo aku South America, ikuphatikizanso kuchezera ku Valdez Peninsula ndi zoyambira zake zazikuluzikulu za njovu. Kuyenda komwe alendo akuchulukirachulukira, akuwonetsa mokweza mtima wawo ndikumangodandaula pamakamera, ndithudi zimakwiyitsa zinyama, zimaphwanya njira zawo zamasiku onse, makamaka panthawi yomwe akazi amabereka ana. Amuna - eni a "akazi" pano adayamba kuchita zinthu mwankhanza kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Amathamangira kukakumana ndi alendo okwiyitsa, kuyesera kuwathamangitsa kuti asiyane ndi gawo lawo, kapena kuyendetsa "nyumba yawo yonse" m'madzi ...

chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera - M. leonina Linnaeus, 1758 (madzi am'madzi ozungulira kumpoto mpaka 16 ° S ndi kumwera kupita kumadzi oundana a Antarctic - 78 ° S, amafalitsa pafupi ndi Punta Norte ndi Tierra del Fuego ku Argentina ndi Zilumba za Falkland, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney, South Georgia, Sandwich ya Kumwera, Mchenga, Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Hurd, Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell),

chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto - M. angustirostris Gill, 1866 (zilumba zochokera pagombe la Mexico ndi California kumpoto kupita ku Vancouver ndi Prince of Wales, zoberekera kuzilumba za San Nicholas, San Miguel, Guadalupe ndi San Benito).

Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto chinali posachedwa pafupi ndi chiwonongeko chambiri, koma posachedwa chifukwa choletsa kusodza, ziwerengero zake zakwera kwambiri ndikupitilizabe.

Chiwerengero chonse cha Zisindikizo za njovu zakum'mwera zikuyembekezeredwa nyama 600-700, ndi njovu zakumpoto - nyama 10,000 zokha.

Zisindikizo za njovu zakum'mwera zimasakidwa m'malo osungirako gombe, ndipo zimaletsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi, kukula kwa zisindikizo zotuta zosachepera 3.5 m kutalika, ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1951, zisindikizo za njovu zokwana 8,000 zidaloledwa kusakidwa, kusaka 7,877.Mafuta ndi khungu zimapezeka kwa nyama zomwe zasakidwa.

Njira ya njovu yam'nyanja ndi malo okhala

Njovu zam'nyanja zimatha nthawi yambiri pachinthu chawo - madzi. Pamtunda, amasankhidwa kuti azingosakaniza ndi kusungunuka. Nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lapansi simapitilira miyezi itatu.

Malo komwe amakhala njovu zimatengera mtundu wawo. Pali Chisindikizo cha njovukukhala m'mphepete mwa North America, ndipo njovu yakumwera komwe amakhala Antarctica.

Nyama zimakhala zayekha, zimangodziyendera limodzi kuti zibereke ana. Njovu zikakhala kumtunda, njovu zimakhala m'mphepete mwa miyala kapena miyala. Zoyenda nyama zitha kupitilira anthu 1000. Njovu zam'nyanja ndi zodekha, ngakhale nyama zowoneka bwino pang'ono.