Columba palumbus ndi dzina la Chilatini la mbalameyi kuchokera ku banja la njiwa. "Columba" ndi dzina lakale la nkhunda ku Greece wakale, kuchokera ku liwu lachi Greek lotanthauza "diver" ndipo limaperekedwa mwa mwambo wa oimira ena amtundu wawo kuti agwetse mozondoka. Mpikisano wa liwu loti "palumbus" suwodziwikiratu, koma zikuwonekeranso kuti "nkhunda". Vyakhir ndi Vituten ndi mayina aanthu amtunduwu omwe mbiri yawo imabisika mumdima wa nthawi.
Kodi njiwa imawoneka bwanji?
Nkhunda zamtchire zamtchire zimakhala ndi thupi lalikulu lalitali mpaka 40 cm, ndipo zimapezeka zochulukirapo. Wingspan - 75 cm.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, vahir imakhala ndi mapiko ochepa komanso mchira wautali wa njiwa yayitali.
Kulemera kwa mbalameyi kumachokera ku 500 g mpaka 1 kg. Ichi ndi nkhunda yayikulu.
Vahir - nkhunda mosamala kwambiriSakonda kuti aziwoneka. Mamuna akaonekera, njiwa yayikulu'yi ikubwera ndikubisala. Mtundu waukulu wa nkhunda ndi imvi yofiyira ndi ma buluu. Mlomo ndi wapinki kapena wachikasu, khosi limatulutsa mtundu wowoneka bwino, goiter imatha kukhala yofiyira kapena lilac. Mapikowo amakongoletsedwa ndi mikwaso yoyera.
Zithunzi: nkhunda za nkhunda vahir (zithunzi 25)
Habitat
Wituiten amakhala kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo kwa Europe, komanso ku Northwest Africa, ku Asia. Ku Russia imapezeka kudera lonse la Europe.
Habitat zachilendo mbalame mbalame. Vitutyen imapezeka kumapiri a Central Asia. Koma mbalameyi imakonza zisa kulikonse ndikupita kunkhalango. Zitsamba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso malo osowa kwambiri m'mapiri ndizomuyenerera. Ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa mbalameyo, imapanga chisa m'minda iliyonse yobzala.
Kutengera dera Vortex ikhoza kusuntha kapena kukhazikika. Kuchokera kuzinthu zakumpoto, nkhunda imasunthira kumalo otentha. Zomera za Crimea ndi Caucasus ndizoyenera kukhala ndi moyo kwamuyaya.
M'madera akutali, kumpoto kwa mbalamezi kumakonda nkhalango zachilengedwe. M'madera ena, amapangira nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi mitengo yazitepe. Titha kukhazikika ku nkhalango yotsatsira nkhalango.
Kukumana mazira ndi kudyetsa anapiye
Akamaliza kumanga chisa, njiwa ya vahir imayikira dzira limodzi, kenako yachiwiri. Zitatha izi, mbalamezo zimayamba kuwakwatula. Nkhunda yamphongo imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa pochita izi, popeza imathandizanso kuteteza gawo lomwe amakhala. M'chaka chimodzi chokha, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi ndodo ziwiri.
Pakupita pafupifupi milungu iwiri kukaswa, anapiye amatuluka mazira. Njira yowadyetsa ndi nkhunda imatenga masiku 40. Poyamba, makolo amadyetsa ana anawo ndi chisa chawo, chomwe chimayimira "mkaka wa mbalame". Pang'onopang'ono, ana amayamba kuzolowera zakudya zamtundu wina, kuzolowerana ndi mitundu yake yayikulu. M'nkhani "Pegeon Chick" mutha kudziwa zambiri pamutuwu.
Munthawi yakudya, ana a nkhunda amaphunzira kuuluka, kenako nkuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi zaka 16.
Khalidwe
Vahir sakonda kukhalapo kwa munthu. Mwina munthuyo amakumbutsa mbalame zam'mbuyomu pomwe zinali nkhani yosaka.
Nguluwe ya nkhunda imapanga chisa kutali ndi malo okhala ndi anthu osachepera 1.5-2 km. Komabe, izi ndizowona ku Russia kokha. Ku Europe, zahir zitha kupezekanso pamafamu pafupi ndi anthu. Nthawi zina zahiri zimapezeka m'mizinda yayikulu, koma mbalameyo sizinachite bwino kupita ku megacities. Iwo amakhalabe m'nkhalango zakutali.
Vyahiri amasonkhana pagulu la anthu ochepa. Makamaka kudzikundikira kwawo kumakhala kambiri panthawi yakuuluka.
Mbadwa za mbalame zimakhazikika M'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso zosakanikirana, koma amakonda kudya m'minda momwe mulibe chakudya. M'nkhalango zachilengedwe zabwino zimakonda maluwa obiriwira. Mbalameyo siidziwa bwino swamp; itha kukhala panthaka yawo.
Ngakhale kuti zimasamala mwachilengedwe, mbalameyi imagwira ntchito komanso imakonda kucheza ndi abale ake. M'mawu ake, mbalameyi imapanga mawu amtundu wa abale ena. Ndipo kuchokapo, kokhala ndi nthenga kali ndi mapiko ake mokweza.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
M'mizinda, mbalame imadya mkate ndi tirigu. Uku ndiko kudya wamba kwa nkhunda.
Vahir, monga nkhunda zonse, ndizodabwitsa. Amakonda mbewu zomwe amapeza padziko lapansi. Itha kudyanso phala kuchokera kumitengo. Chimadya zipatso ndi zipatso kuchokera ku zitsamba, ma pecks, udzu. Kukhala ndi zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, mbalameyi imakonda mbewu monga chimanga ndi nyemba. Kutanthauzira kotereku ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chotere.
Nkhunda imatha kudya zonyansa za anthu ngati sizikhala kutali ndi nyumba ya munthu.
Zakudya za Wahir zitha kudziwika motere:
- mbewu zodziyimira
- mbewu za udzu
- zipatso zamitengo ndi tchire,
- mtedza uliwonse
- masamba ochokera kunthambi
- mphukira zazing'ono za udzu
- Zomera zam'munda
- tizilombo
- zipatso zina: currants, mphesa, honeysuckle.
Kuswana
Pambuyo yozizira, paketiyo ili kale ndi maukwati okonzekera ndi osanja, komanso achinyamata ambiri. Koma patatha masiku ochepa, mawonekedwe ake akusintha. Gululo limasokonekera, mbalame zimapanga maukwati ndikuyamba kusowa. Nthawiyo imatenga mwezi wa Epulo mpaka Seputembala.
Khalidwe la vahir nthawi ya nesting limafanana ndi nkhunda imvi. Wamphongo amapeza malo okhala zisa ndikuyamba kukwatirana. Amuna osungulumwa amachita izi. Khalidwe lomwelo limatsimikiza kukopa achikazi. Mkwatiyo amalira kwambiri, m'mawa, kuyesera kukopa achikazi. Wamphongo mwiniyo akuitana akazi akuwuluka pafupi, kuwuluka kukakumana nawo.
Nditapanga banja, mbalame zimayamba kumanga chisa. Kusankhidwa kwa malo ndi kwamphongo. Nthawi zambiri mphaka wamkati mwa nkhalango ndioyenera chisa. Valani chisa pakati pa nthambi zazikulu, ndikuzilumikiza ndi zazing'ono. M'masiku ochepa chisa chakonzeka. Zisa zakusiyidwa za mbalame zina zitha kukhalanso zabwino.
Kenako yamphongo imayamba kulira ndikusilira wamkazi. Ichi ndiye miyambo yamasewera akukhwima.
Pambuyo nesting chachikazi imayikira dzira limodzi kenako chachiwiri. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imayamba, kutenga masiku 15-18. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amakhala pamazirawo. Koma yaikazi imakhala motalikirapo, chifukwa yamphongo imakhalabe yoteteza chisa.
Amayi amadyetsa anapiye ake kwa mwezi wathunthu ndi zotsekemera kuchokera ku tsekwe. Zisumbuzi zimakhala pachisa kwa masiku 40, pomwepo zimaphunzira kuwuluka ndikuyamba kudzidalira. Vyahiri amakhala pafupifupi zaka 16.
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame ndi mawonekedwe ake
Nkhunda zamtchire zamtchire zimadalirana kwambiri, zimachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Kupaka utoto ndi mwayi wapadera wobisala kwa adani. Kupangitsa kubisikaku, adani sawona nkhunda, chifukwa chake siyodziwidwa. Pa chifuwa maula ndi ofiira, pakhosi - kubiriwira ndi chitsulo. Dzuwa, nthenga za mbalame zimawoneka bwino kwambiri.
Poyerekeza ndi anzawo akumatauni, kamvuluvulu amakula kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kumchira ndi kupitirira masentimita 40. Kulemera kwawo kumatha kufika kilogalamu imodzi. Komanso, anthu omwe akulemera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka anapezeka.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi mutu wocheperako wa phulusa. Pamizere yokhala ndi maso akuda ozungulira. Mphepete mozungulira mwanayo ndi wachikaso. Mlomo wofiyira wokhazikika kumapeto ndi nsonga yakuthwa chikasu. Mutu umakhala pakhosi lopindika bwino komanso utoto wachitsulo, kumbali zamapulogalamu pali mawanga awiri oyera oyera.
Ma njiwa amakhala ndi mchira wawung'ono womwe umayamba kuwuluka, potero kuwonetsa lingwe loyera loyera. Mapiko akuuluka akuuluka masentimita 80. Mbalameyo ikauluka, mutha kuwona mikwingwirima yoyera ikudutsa mapikowo. Mapiko akuluakulu amakulolani kuti mufike mpaka ku 180 km / h. Kusunthika kwakanyengo sikoyipa kwa owongolera - amatha kutalikirana mtunda mpaka 1000 km osayima.
Thupi lili pamiyendo yopyapyala ya utoto wofiirira. Malamba akuthwa amalola mbalameyo kuti igwire nthambi.
M'masabata oyamba amoyo, kuchuluka kwa anapiye sikuli ngati njiwa yachikulire. Ana amalamulidwa ndi utoto wakuda. Ndi zaka zokha zokha, anapiye amakhala okongola komanso osangalatsa.
Malo ogawa
Wyahir ali ndi malo ambiri ogawikirako. Chimakhala pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto. M'malo ena, mbalameyo sikhala chaka chonse, nthawi yozizira, imawuluka kumadera otentha, koma ikubwerera kumeneko nthawi yachilimwe. Pakadali pano, akuwoneka m'minda ya tirigu wozizira, pomwe nkhunda imadyera.
Mbalame zakutchire zimatha nthawi yayitali m'nkhalango zachilengedwe, ndipo sizikhala nthawi zambiri m'malo osungirako zinyama, kumakhalamo.
Kanema: Vahir
Pali ma subspecies angapo, kapena mtundu wa malo, omwe amadziwika ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwa malo oyera pakhosi:
- mabungwe ena amakhala ku Europe, Siberia, kumpoto kwa Africa,
- subspecies ya Azores (C. p. azorica) kuchokera kuzilumba za Azores ndiye mdera lamdima komanso lowala kwambiri,
- Subs subsies a Iranian (C. p. Iranica), wopepuka kuposa nkhunda zaku Europe,
- subspecies of Kleinschmidt (C. p. kleinschmidti) akufotokozedwa kuchokera ku Scotland,
- Subspecies aku Asia (C. p. Casiotis, C. p. Kirmanica) - malo obadwira a Himalayas, mawanga pakhosi ndi yopapatiza, achikasu,
- Ma subspecies aku North Africa (C. p. Excelsa) kwenikweni samasiyana ndi European,
- a subsincies a Gigi (C. p. ghigii) amakhala pachilumba cha Sardinia.
Pa mitundu 33 - 35 mitundu. Masiku ano, nkhunda zokha za Dziko Lakale zomwe zili zake, kupatula gawo lomwe lidabweretsedwako. Nkhunda za gululi zidawonekera ku Late Miocene zaka 700- miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zikuonekeratu kuti anali ndi kholo limodzi ndi anthu aku America, omwe amakhala ku New World kapena Old World - asayansi sanapeze lingaliro limodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Vortex imawoneka bwanji
Vyakhir amasiyana bwino ndi nkhunda zina kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake. Uwu ndi waukulu kwambiri wa nkhunda zapakhomo: kutalika kwamphongo kumasiyana 40 mpaka 46 cm, zazikazi kuchokera 38 mpaka 44. Wamphongo akulemera 460 - 600 g, wamkazi ndi wocheperako. Thupi limakhala lokwera, lopendekeredwa, lokhala ndi mapiko afupi komanso mchira wautali.
Kukongola kwamtundu wakuda sikowonekera. Zovala zamabambo onse awiri zimapangidwa modabwitsa, nthawi zina. Pansi pa thupi, komanso pansi pa mapiko, ndizowoneka buluu, zomwe zimawoneka bwino pakuuluka. Pamwamba pa mapiko omwe amafalikira, pamakhala chingwe choyera, chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi utoto wakuda wa nthenga zapamwamba komanso nthenga zakuda zazikulu.
Nthenga za mchira wakuda kumapeto. Pali mawanga oyera oyera m'mbali mwa khosi, monga malire pakati pa mutu wamtambo ndi chikwangwani chofiirira. Amuna, mawanga ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi. Ndipo, zoona, pali dzina laulere lakuya - utawaleza wamadzi pakhosi, womwe umatchulidwa kwambiri amuna. Mlomo wa lalanje ndi nsonga yachikasu, miyendo yake ndi yapinki, maso ndi achikasu.
Njiwa zazing'ono zimakhala zofiira kwambiri, zopanda mawanga m'khosi ndi sheen wachitsulo. Mlomo wake ndi wa bulawuni wokhala ndi nsonga yoyera. Ntchentche imawulukira bwino nkhunda, mwina imatha kupanga ndege zina, zomwe mzinda wathu cosar sungathe. Kuchoka kwa mlenje, amasinthana mlengalenga. Ikamanyamuka, imagunda mokweza ndikuweruza mapiko ake. Amayenda ngati nkhunda zonse m'mayendedwe ang'ono ndi kugwedeza mutu wake. Amamatira zolimba ku nthambi ndi zingwe. Kubangula kukuwa, kukuwa. Chiyembekezo cha zaka 16 kapena kupitilira.
Kodi vahir amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Vakhir ku Russia
Mitengo ya Vitutnya imakhala ku Europe kupatula kumpoto kwa Scandinavia (ku Russia malire akumpoto afika ku Arkhangelsk), gawo lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Siberia kupita ku Tomsk kummawa (mbalame zina zimawulukiranso), Caucasus ndi Crimea, kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Himalayas, China, Middle East, North Africa. Pazambiri zake, amapanga ndege zanyengo. Amakhala chaka chonse kumwera kwa Europe (kuyambira kumwera kwa England), kumwera kwa Turkmenistan, nthawi zina amakhalabe ku Caucasus ndi Crimea nyengo yachisanu. M'mapiri a Himalayas, mapiri a Afghanistan ndi Middle East, ndiye kuti kumatentha kwambiri. Ku Africa (Algeria, Morocco ndi Tunisia), mbalame zonse zakomweko komanso anthu ochokera ku Europe amasonkhana nthawi yozizira.
Wituiten ndi mbalame yankhalango wamba, nthawi zina imatha kukhazikika pakati pa zitsamba. Amakhala munkhalango zamapiri ndi zigwa zamtundu uliwonse, zabwino komanso zophatikizika. Imakonda malo osamva, koma m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi zomata, magombe amtsinje, malamba akunkhalango. M'madera opanda ana opeza amakhala m'malo okhala nkhalango, nkhalango zowirira ndi mitsinje. Ngati kuli kotheka, amapewa kuyandikana kwa malo okhala, koma komwe samakhudzidwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Europe yakunja, amakhala m'mapaki amzinda, pansi pa madenga, pamakhonde ndi m'minda yapafupi. Tidaziwika m'mapaki akale pafupi ndi St.
Chosangalatsa: Ku England, vajir ndiye ambiri omwe amapezeka nkhunda. Chiwerengero chake apa ndizoposa 5 miliyoni. Amakhala m'mapaki ndi minda ya mizinda yambiri ndi midzi ya mdziko, amadyetsa mopweteketsa anthu ndipo samatchedwa "nkhalango".
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kamvuluvuluyu amapezeka. Tiwone zomwe mbalameyi idya.
Kodi vakhir amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Vahir
Kamvuluvulu amatha kudya chilichonse chomwe nkhunda imatha kudya ndi zina zambiri. Nkhunda zimakonda kutola chakudya kuchokera pansi, koma mapiko ake ndi enanso. Amatha kubudula mbewu zabwino, ndikuyenda pansi ndikukhala panthambi za mitengo.
Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo:
- Mbewu za chimanga, ma legamu, mtanda, ndi asteraceae ndiye gawo lalikulu la mindandanda. Kuphatikiza kucha ndi kugwa kwa mbewu zanthete, mbewu, buckwheat, hemp, mpendadzuwa,
- chakudya chobiriwira monga mphukira yozizira, komanso masamba achimaso achilala, zamtchire ndi zaminda, nthawi zambiri amagwiririra komanso kabichi
- zipatso zokhala ndi zipatso (honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries, elderberry, mbalame chitumbuwa, phulusa lamapiri, ma buluu, ma currants, mabulosi, zipatso za m'chiuno, mphesa,
- mtedza, ma acorn, beech, paini ndi mbewu za spruce,
- impso zomwe zimadya nthawi yozizira ndi masika,
- tizilombo ndi ma mollusks,
- zinyalala chakudya mu ndowa zinyalala za okhala.
Monga nyama zambiri zodya tirigu, vakhir imameza miyala - miyala ya mphero yopera mbewu. Kulemera kwawo kumatha kufika 2 g.Mu umodzi umodzi, njiwa imatha kuyamwa 100 g ya tirigu, kapena 75 g ya ma acorn. Kupezeka kwa chinthu kumadalira momwe zinthu ziliri - tikakulitsa mtunda, mphatso zambiri zaminda zomwe zili menyu njiwa. Kodi ndizotheka kumuimba mlandu chifukwa cha izi? Komanso, sizingawononge mbewu nthawi zonse, makamaka zimatengera zotsalira m'munda mukakolola. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, anapiyewa akukula, ndipo mbalamezo zimakhamukira m'minda yosungiramo nyama kuti zikapeze mphamvu asanathamange. Ikubwera nthawi yakusaka.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Pigeon Kamvuluvulu
Ana a nkhunda nthawi zambiri ndi mbalame zamtchire zomwe zimabisala mwakachetechete mitengo nthawi yakuswana. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna ndi akazi omwe ndi omwe amapezeka pachimake. Mbalame ndizosamala kwambiri, nkhawa, zimatha kuponyera chisa ndi mazira. Kumbali inayi, m'malo opumira, zahiri amazolowera gulu la anthu ndipo amatha kukhala m'mizinda. Ambiri omwe amasungidwa awiriawiri, koma oyandikana nawo amatha kukumana pafupi ndi madzi kapena m'malo odyetsa, omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'mawa komanso dzuwa lisanalowe. Atasokoneza anapiyewo, iwo amatenga magulu awo, omwe ndi akulu kwambiri kumapeto.
Mbalame zimangokhala kum'mwera komwe zimakhala, kuchokera kumpoto zimawulukira nyengo yachisanu, kapena mwina zimapita kumwera. Mwachitsanzo, nkhunda za Crimea zimawulukira kumwera kwa Europe, ndipo akumpoto amabwera ku Crimea nyengo yachisanu. Kuchoka kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mu Seputembala (Leningrad Region) ndikutha mu Okutobala (Volga Delta), koma mulimonsemo, kuchoka kwa masukulu onse kumatenga zoposa mwezi. Kubwerera kumachitika kachiwiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'madera akumwera, mbalame zimawonekera kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi, kumpoto - mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi.
Mbalame zomwe zikudutsa zimayenda makamaka theka loyamba la tsiku; kukagona usiku amasankha malo omwe ali ndi mitengo yayitali ndikuwoneka bwino. Amabzala pokhapokha ngati mwatsatanetsatane chitetezo, pomwe amapanga mabwalo angapo pamalowo. Pobwerera, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo, koma amachita mosiyanasiyana.Chapakatikati amatha kuthamanga tsiku lonse osakakamira, ndipo nthawi yaulemu nthawi ya malimwe amayimilira kuti adyetse minda ya mbewu yozizira, kabichi, m'minda yopanda tirigu, m'nkhalango za oak komanso m'mphepete. Mbalame zanyengo yozizira zimasunga m'matumba ndipo zimaseseratu zonse zofunikira kuminda.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Mukamaika zinthu zolowa m'minda, nkhunda sizitha kukhala tcheru. Chifukwa chake, amakonda kudyetsa pakati pa bondo, kutalika kuposa bondo, mbewu, kapena m'malo ochepa. Kuti awonetsetse chitetezo pamalowo, asaki amabyala khwangwala ndi nkhunda pamenepo. Nthawi yomweyo, pofuna kukopa kwambiri, nyama zodzaza, zomwe zimawonetsa kudyetsa, alonda komanso anthu wokhala pansi, amafunikira.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame Vahir
Nkhunda ndi mbalame yokhulupirika, yopanga awiriawiri. Okwatirana omwe adachitika kale kuuluka nthawi yachisanu ndi maanja kupita kumalo omwe akudziwa, ndipo achinyamata amapeza magawo awo pomwepo. Wamphongo mmodzi amapha tsamba ndikulankhula za ufulu wake. Nyimbo yachikondi yahir imafanana ndi phokoso losokosera lomwe lingatchulidwe kuti gu-gu-gu.
Nkhunda imayimba pamwamba pamtengo, nthawi zina imanyamuka, kumazizira ndikuseka pansi. Popanda kufikira mtengowo, umadzukanso kangapo. Kuwona chachikazi, kumapita kwa iye ndi kukonzekera kubwerera pamalowa, ndikuyitanitsa kujowina. Mwambo waukwatiwo umatsatiridwa ndi kubowola khutu ndi kuwerama ndi mchira wake. Mtsikanayo avomera, amapanga chikwangwani. Vyahiri ampsopsona pang'ono komanso ozizira.
Awiriwo amasankha malo okhala chisa mu mphanda munthambi kapena m'malo otsetsereka pamalo okwera mamilimita 2.5 - 20 Amuna amatenga timitengo, ndipo wokwatirayo amapanga chisa cha iwo, chomwe chimawoneka ngati khwangwala: mulu wokhala ndi mulifupi wa 25 - 45 cm wokhala ndi nkhawa pakati. Kenako amayikira mazira awiri ndipo makolo onse akuyamba kuyamwa. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Ana achiwiri, ngati apambana, amatero mkati mwa chilimwe.
Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 17. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kudyetsa kwamasiku 26 - 28, momwe makolo onse nawonso amatenga nawo mbali. Masiku oyamba amadyetsedwa kangapo patsiku ndi mkaka wa goiter, ndiye m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma kale ndi chisakanizo cha tirigu ndi mkaka. Kuyambira pa milungu itatu, anapiye amayamba kuchoka pachisa tsiku limodzi, kubwerera madzulo. Koma zikauluka kwathunthu, zimadalira kwa masiku owerengeka, kulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Pakatha mwezi umodzi amayamba kudzipatula pawokha.
Chochititsa chidwi: Tsiku la wamwamuna limafotokozedwera motere: kukhwima m'mawa kumatenga nthawi 4.2% ya nthawi, chakudya cham'mawa 10.4%, masamba 10,4%, nthenga zoyeretsa - 4,2%, poizoni madzulo - 6.2%, kugona - 27%. Ndondomeko ya akazi imawoneka motere: kadzutsa - 10,4%, kuyeretsa - 8.3%, chakudya chamadzulo - 4.2%, makulitsidwe + kugona - 77.1%.
Adani achilengedwe a wyahir
Chithunzi: Vortex imawoneka bwanji
Kuthengo, njiwa yakuda ndi nyama yokoma. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri amadana mano ake, makamaka, milomo.
- khungubwe ndi mpheta zimakwenya mlengalenga ndi munthambi,
- peregrine falcon mlenje wosazungulira wopanda mbewa, wokalamba komanso wamphamvu,
- khwangwala - "wokhala ndi" mimbulu, kupha mbalame zofooka, kusewera anapiye ndi mazira pachisa,
- magpie ndi jay sangathe kupirira mbalame yakale, koma amadya mazira - m'malo ena, malinga ndi kuyerekezera, mpaka 40%,
- Squirrel ndi wokonda kwambiri mazira a mbalame.
Anthu amapatsa nkhunda nkhawa zambiri ndikuchepetsa ziwerengero zawo mwachindunji, kuwombera posaka, komanso osatinyo, kusintha ndikumayambitsa poizoni wawo. Kuchulukana kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zowoneka bwino zizichoka m'malo okhalamo ndikupita kumalo ena akutali ndi kumidzi yakutali, zomwe zikukulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka DDT yoletsedwa tsopano, kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nkhunda. Komanso kusaka iwo, omwe tsopano ali ochepa. Koma Vyakhir ndi tizilombo tambiri tomwe tili m'munda waulimi, zomwe siziletsa kwathunthu kusaka.
Sitingathe kunyalanyaza izi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, monga nyengo nyengo. Kutentha kotentha ndi chilimwe kumanyentchera kumapangitsa kuti timange mochedwa, kotero mbalame sizikhala ndi nthawi yogona ana awiri. Zovuta za nyengo yozizira komanso kusowa kwa chakudya kumabweretsa kufa kwakukulu: 60-70% ya ana achinyamata ndi pafupifupi 30% ya nkhunda zazikulu zimafa.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Kuban nthawi zambiri nyengo yachisanu imakhala yozizira. Makamu zikwizikwi amachepetsa pang'ono osaka, popeza chilolezo chowombera sichimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse komanso mpaka Disembala 31. Ndi kukuwa pakati pa nkhunda, mliri wa candidiasis uyamba, womwe umavulaza kuposa kusaka. Amawonedwa kuti ndizowonjezera nthawi yowombera kuti achepetse kuchuluka ndi kupewa kuchulukana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Padziko lonse lapansi zahura ndi lalikulu kwambiri - alipo pafupifupi 51 - 73 miliyoni paokha. Kuphatikiza ku Europe, yomwe imakhala ndi 80% ya masanjidwewo, anthu 40,9 - 58 miliyoni amakhala (malinga ndi Google data). Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chilipo ku East Baltic. Pazonse, mtunduwo ukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chofutukuka kumka ku Scandinavia ndi ku Islands Islands (Denmark). Cholinga cha izi ndi chitukuko cha nkhunda za agrolandscapes komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya m'malo ano. Kusaka kumaloledwa ku England, France, Hungary, Scotland.
Momwe amagawidwira, ma vitiuti amapezeka osapezeka komanso osagwirizana, monga momwe zimakhalira wamba ku Russia, koma osachulukana. Pali anthu amodzi kapena gulu lochepa lomwe limakwana mbalame 15. Gulu lalikulu la mbalame, 80 mpaka 150 mbalame iliyonse, ndi masango awo amathanso kuwunika pakakhala ndege kapena nthawi yozizira. Nkhunda zambirimbiri zimasonkhana ku Kuban nthawi yozizira, yomwe nthawi yozizira pano pakati paminda ya mpendadzuwa.
Ndipo m'chigawo cha Moscow magulu awiri tsopano ali ndi zisa, ngakhale zaka 30 zapitazo za magulu omaliza a mbalame 40-50 adapezeka. Kudera lakumpoto chakumadzulo, kuchuluka kwa nkhunda kunakhalabe pamlingo wokwera mpaka 70s, makamaka, ku Leningrad Region, zisa 10 pa 1 km yolowera. Koma kuyambira 70s, mbalame zachisoni zakhala zikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zosaka ndikukula kwawo kwayima. Ngakhale sanakhale achilendo m'malo awa.
Mwambiri, kusaka sikuoneka ngati chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nkhunda. Kusaka kwa Vahir kuli ndi njira zake ndipo osaka pang'ono amalabadira. Chifukwa chake m'dera la Kaliningrad, momwe mbalame zilili zambiri, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa deta ya 2008 - 2011. osaka 35 okha mwa 12,000 omwe anali ndi chidwi ndi vyakhir. Mkhalidwe wamtunduwu malinga ndi IUCN ndi "mtundu wokhala ndi kuchuluka" ndipo sikutanthauza chitetezo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mapulogalamu a Azores a vahir adalembedwa mu IUCN CC, popeza idangopulumuka pazilumba ziwiri zokha: Pico ndi San Miguel. Mabizinesi a Madeira adatha pa chimaliziro cha zaka zana zapitazi.
Munthu atha kutsutsana kosatha ngati zoipa zili zabwino pa ufumu wa nyama. Asaka ali ndi zifukwa zawo zotsimikizira komanso kuwombera pofuna kupewa kuchuluka ndipo, chifukwa chake, njala ndi miliri, zomwe zimawakhutiritsa kwambiri. Chofunikira pankhaniyi ndikuchita zinthu mwanzeru, poganizira kuchuluka kwa mbalame kamvuluvulu ndi momwe amasinthira.
Vahir: nkhunda yakuthengo yomwe imakhala ku Africa ndi Siberia
Kodi mukudziwa kuti mitundu ya nkhunda imayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu, yambiri yomwe anthu wamba mumzindayo sanamvepo? Munkhaniyi tikambirana za amodzi mwa mitundu yochepa komanso yosamala ya mbalame zodabwitsazi - vahir.
Makhalidwe
Khalidwe silosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya nkhunda: mbalame imadzuka m'mawa kwambiri, kuuluka kwawo kamawomba kamphamvu kwambiri komanso mokweza. Kufikira kovuta kwa mbalameyo kumachitika chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa kudzisunga - ngakhale nyamazo zimakonda kupeza chakudya osati kutali ndi malo odyera.
Chakudya chachikulu cha vyakhir ndi zipatso za mitengo yodziyimira ndi yowuma: zipatso za chulu ndi ma acorn. Paulendo wopita kumalo otentha, Vyahiri amayesa kuyimitsa tchuthi m'malo osatheka nyama zanyama - pamatanthwe a mapiri ndi ma gorges.
Zosiyanasiyana Zosiyanasiyana
Mitundu ya vakhir imayimiriridwa ndi magulu ambiri am'mbuyomu, ambiri omwe adawonongedwa kale ndi munthu, ndipo ena adalembedwa mu Red Book. Pansipa mutha kudziwa nokha oimira ena omwe sanatchulike ku Vitutnitsa:
- Azores Vahir ndi nthumwi ya chisumbu chachikulu cha dzina lomweli ndipo amakhala pachilumba chake ambiri, koma tsopano adalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo - mutha kukumana ndi oimira ake kokha kuzilumba za San Miguel ndi Pico (osamvetseka mokwanira, mutha kusaka ku San Miguel mbalame iyi)
- Njiwa ya ku Asia ya nkhunda (nkhunda yokhala ndi mawanga) - poyambirira idakhala lalikulu la Asia, ndipo zaka 400 zapitazo, malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, adayamba kukulitsa malo okhala. Njiwayo imangoyang'ana malo okhala anthu, omwe amalola kuti idye nthawi yozizira ndi chilimwe osawononga mphamvu paulendo wautali,
- Nkhunda zamtchire kumpoto kwa Africa (nkhunda zowala) zimakula mpaka 40 masentimita, kulemera osaposa magalamu 400, zokhala ndi mikombero yoyera pamapiko ake, omwe kuchokera patali amawoneka ngati madontho oyera. Amadyanso nyemba za ma cones, mbewu ndi mtedza. Malo omwe amakhala ndi akuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Somalia,
- Vahir yaku Irani (imakhala ku Iran) - chochitika cha mbalameyi ndi kutalika kwake kuuluka, nthawi zina anthu amawoneka okwera kwambiri kotero kuti amakhala osatheka ndi maso a munthu. Mitundu yonse ya Irani ndi yofanana, koma ndiyosiyana pamiyeso ndi maonekedwe.
Mwachilengedwe, mwatsoka, ndizovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi mfiti-ntchentche, komabe, m'malo osamalira nyama zazing'ono pali mabanja athunthu a nkhunda, ndipo mlendo aliyense amatha kuwona zokwanira mbalame zosowa.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala vahir
Wahir - Awa ndi nkhunda zamtchire zamtchire, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti wicker. Ichi ndikuyimira banja la nkhunda, lomwe ndi lalikulu kuposa anzawo. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi pafupifupi 40 cm, koma nthawi zina amakhala pafupifupi theka la mita.
Mapiko a mbalame amafika masentimita 75 ndipo pamwamba pake, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 450 g, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kochepera 1 kg. Mbalame zoterezi ndi abale apafupi a mizinda yonse ndi nkhunda zoweta ndi nkhunda, komanso oyimira banja lakutchire, koma ochepa kukula.
Monga mukuwonera chithunzi vahir, utoto wa mbalame ndiwosangalatsa: kumbuyo kwenikweni ndi imvi kapena imvi, chifuwa chofiyira kapena chamtambo, kukhosi pakhungu ndi utoto wachitsulo, goiter turquoise kapena lilac.
Pamenepo, mbalamezo zikauluka kutalika kwambiri, zingwe zoyera zopangidwa ndi mawanga omwe ali pakhosi, komanso m'mbali mwa mawonekedwe, zimawonekera bwino pamapiko ndi mchira uliwonse.
Kupendekera kwamapiko pafupifupi 75 cm.
Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndi wachikaso kapena yapinki pakhungu, maso ake ndi achikaso chikasu, miyendo ndi yofiyira. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa kuchokera kwa achibale ena a nkhunda, kupatula kutalika kwakukulu, pang'ono, poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake, mapiko ndi mchira wake wautali.
Mbalame zotere zimakhala m'nkhalango zowuma za Scandinavia ndipo zimapezeka kumapiri a Himalaya. Ku gawo la USSR yakale, ndizofala kumadera a Baltic komanso ku Ukraine. Ku Russia, nkhunda zamtchire zakutchire zimatha kupezeka kawirikawiri kumadera a Leningrad, Gorky ndi Novgorod.
Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhalako, vortex imatha kukhala mbalame yokhazikika kapena mbalame yosamukira. Wokhala ndi ziwonetsero zina, wokhala kumadera akumpoto kwambiri, nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyengo yotentha. Koma nyengo ya Crimea ndi Caucasus ili kale yabwino kwa nthawi yozizira mbalame, komwe zimafika chaka chonse.
Pafupifupi kumpoto, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira, koma kumwera zimapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, komanso minda yazipatso, komwe zimakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Nthawi zina kufalikira m'nkhalango-steppe zone.
Vahir - nkhunda yayikulu yayikulu
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame zina zakutchire, zimawetedwa kunyumba. Chifukwa chokopa kwake komanso kukula kwake, chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa nkhunda ndi vahir. Ndi imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nthumwi za banja la nkhunda lomwe limakhala m'nkhalangomo.
Mbalameyi ili ndi dzina limodzi linanso - mfiti. Thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 45, mapiko amatha kupitirira 75 cm, mchira - 66-77 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kuli mulingo 690-930 g.
Mitundu yamaluwa amtambo ndi amimvi okhala ndi makosi ofiira m'khosi ndi m'mawere, ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino wamakhalidwe onse awiri. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mulomo wapinki wokhala ndi mutu wachikasu.
Nkhunda zamtchire zamtchire zimakhala m'nkhalango zowongoka, zosakanikirana komanso zowola kutali ndi anthu, chifukwa nthawi zambiri mitunduyi ya njiwa imakonda kusaka. Nthawi zina ku Western Europe imatha kupezeka m'mizinda.
Wituiten ndi mbalame yosamukasamuka yomwe imawuluka kuchokera malo otentha kumapeto kwa Marichi ndipo imanyamuka nthawi yachisanu mu Okutobala. Nthawi zambiri, nkhunda nthawi yozizira m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndipo nthawi zina amasamukira ku Algeria ndi Morocco. Pambuyo pobwerera nyengo yozizira, mbalamezo zimangokhala pagulu kwa kanthawi, kenako zimagawika magulu awiriawiri kuti zimange zisa ndi kubadwa kwa anapiye.
Zisa za njiwaizi zimakhala ndi nthambi zosankhidwa bwino zomwe zimayikidwa mu mafoloko a nthambi zamitengo pamtunda wamtunda wa 10-12 kuchokera patali ndi anthu olusa. Amafika masentimita 32 mulifupi.
Chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha vahir
Kupatula nthawi yolerera ana, nkhalango chimphepo chamtchire chamkuntho Nthawi zambiri amakonda kukhala m'gulu la abale limodzi ndi abale, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka komwe kumakwana mbalame zochuluka. Makamaka a masisitere akuluakulu a vyakhire amapangidwa nthawi ya ndege yophukira.
Ngakhale mbalame zimangokhala chete pakati pa nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zosakanikirana (nthawi zambiri kunja kwake), zimakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali m'minda momwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka.
Vahiri amakonda kunyamula
Izi ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu. Popereka mawu, iwo, monga nkhunda zonse, akulira: "Kru-kuuuuu-ku-kuk". Ndipo ikukwera pansi, kamvuluvulu amawombera mapiko ake mokweza, ndikuyimba mluzu wakuthwa.
Wahir Hunt Ndiwosewera pamasewera angapo ndipo ndimasewera osangalatsa kwambiri. Zowona, kusamala kwachilengedwe kwa mbalame izi kumabweretsa zovuta kwa mafani okonda zosangalatsa izi, koma kufunafuna kutulutsa mbalame ndi kukopeka kumawonjezera chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo. Ndipo mlenje amafunikira kudzikhuthula, kusamala, kupirira komanso kudekha.
Chapakatikati, m'malo omwe amaloledwa, amateurs amathamangira nyama zanyama kukasaka nkhunda zamtchire ndi zovunda. Nthawi yomweyo, asaki odziwa ntchito amatsata mawu a mbalame, potero amawakopa.
M'chilimwe, nthawi zambiri amasaka wahir ndi chodzaza. Iyi ndi njira ina yodziwika pokopera msonkho wotere. Mbalame yopanga chifaniziro cha nkhunda yakuthengo wahir, kugula zosavuta, ndipo zoseweretsa zoterezi zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo apadera.
Ndipo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi moyo, wozolowera kukhala m'matumba, amawona "abale" awo, ali okondwa kuwuluka ndikukhala pafupi, zomwe ndizomwe zimasaka ochenjera amagwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhalanso chambiri, kumakhala kosavuta kukopa njiwa zamtchire zochuluka. Kusaka vyakhire ndi ma pneumatics ndizoletsedwa m'dziko lathu, ngakhale ophwanya malamulo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamtunduwu.
Chifukwa chofuna kusaka mbalame, ma subspecies ambiri a nkhunda zakutchire, Columba palumbus azorica, anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndikuopseza kutha, chifukwa chake adalembedwa mu Red Book.
Kafukufuku wina wa vahir, womwe nthawi ina unkakhala zisumbu za zisumbu za Madeira, mwatsoka, udawonongedwa kwathunthu m'zaka zana zapitazi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa Azores Vyakhir kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kwamtundu woyenera, kumakhala zilumba zonse zazikuluzikuluzi, koma tsopano zimangosungidwa pazilumba za Pico ndi San Miguel zokha.
Chiwerengero cha vyakhirei sichambiri masiku ano. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa nkhunda zakuthengo kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, osati mokulira ndi kuwombera kwawo kokha, komanso kuwonongeka kwakachisawawa kwa nkhalango komwe anali kukhala kale.
Kuyang'ana Mwendo Wamtchire
Panthawi inayake ya chaka, mbewu zikapezeka, nkhunda zamtchire zimapezeka pamunda - amatenga tirigu pamenepo. Ku Western Europe kuli ambiri a iwo mumzinda, m'mapaki, m'minda. Njiwa yowoneka bwino imatulutsa mawu ake. Nkhunda yowopsa ikuuluka pamakona amitengo, ikuwulutsa mapiko ake mokweza. M'malo ambiri momwe anthu amadyetserako mbalame, amatenga chakudya pololera ndipo amalola kuti zawafikire.
Vahir ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa banja la nkhunda m'nkhalango za ku Europe. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 44 cm, kulemera - 630 kg. Amapanga zisa m'mitengo ndikuyika mazira awiri aliyense. Mtunduwu umachotsa ngakhale akhwangwala kuchokera pachisa chake. Choyamba, amadyetsa anapiye ndi mkaka wa nkhunda, womwe umaperekedwa kwa goiter makolo, ndiye - ndi mbewu ndi mbewu. Chakudya chomwe mumakonda ndi mtedza wa nsungwi ndi ma acorn, omwe amameza kwathunthu. M'nyengo yozizira, kuwuluka kumayiko akumwera m'magulu akulu a anthu 500.
Zakudya wamba zamtchire
Nkhunda zazikulu zakutchire izi zimadyera makamaka zakudya zam'mera. Vyakhir amadya pamitengo yambiri kuposa oimira ena a banja la nkhunda. Amadya zipatso, zipatso, mtedza, masamba ndi masamba. Kuti zitheke, chinthu ichi chimakonda kupendekera pansi. Kumbali inayo, ngati kuli kofunikira, wosula amalandira chakudya pansi, akutola mbewu, zipatso, mtedza, nkhonya, mabulosi abwinoko, malalanje.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyongolotsi ndi mbozi ndi chakudya chovomerezeka cha njiwa. Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizosamala kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kudyetsa m'mawa kapena m'mawa kwambiri.
M'nyengo yotentha, mbalame zimasamala kwambiri ndipo zimabisala pokayikira pang'ono pangozi. Nthawi ya nthawi yophukira ikafika, nkhunda zimasonkhana pagulu ndipo zimawulukira poyera.
Chofunika kwambiri kwa iwo ndi mbewu zotsalira m'minda mutakolola tirigu, nyemba. Chakudyachi chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kwa nkhunda. Pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, zinyalala za chakudya zimatha kukopa mbalame.
Ndi nthawi imeneyi yomwe nkhunda zimakhala zosatetezeka kwambiri, chifukwa zimatha kukhala zochuluka za asaka.
Adani akuluakulu a vehirei
Choopsa chachikulu kwa mfiti kuthengo chimayimiriridwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Kuphatikiza pa kambuku ndi mbawala, nkhunda zimavutika ndi khwangwala imvi, maula, ma jay, agologolo omwe amawononga zisa zawo, kuwononga mazira. Mbidzi imatha kusaka vyakhir, chifukwa imatha kuyenda pakati pa korona wamitengo.
Chifukwa cha kulemera kwakukulu ndi kukula kwake, mbalamezi sizitha kuchoka mwachangu, chifukwa chake, zikafika pansi, zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha nkhandwe ndi ma bad.
Pamodzi ndi zinthu zonse zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa nkhunda zamtchire zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi munthu amene amawona mtundu wamtunduwu wa tizirombo tokhala ndi mbewa ndikuziwonongeratu. Kuphatikiza apo, m'madera ena, masewera osakira vahir adadziwika. Kuwombera njiwa, osaka amagwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba, nyambo ndi misampha.
Zotsatira zamachitidwe otere nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mbalamezi mpaka zowopsa. Pamodzi ndi masoka achilengedwe, zinthu ngati izi zimasokoneza nkhunda za m'nkhalango.
Utithandiza kwambiri ngati mumagawana nkhani pagulu locheza komanso ngati. Zikomo chifukwa cha izo.
Tumizani ku njira yathu.
Werengani nkhani zina zambiri pa bird House.
Malo ndi malo okhala
Vahir imapezeka kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala ku Western ndi Eastern Europe, Iran, Iraq, Himalayas, Northwest Africa, Asia Minor ndi North Asia.
Nkhunda zamtchire ndizofala kwambiri m'gawo la USSR yakale. Itha kupezeka m'malo ngati awa:
- Volhynia.
- Masiketi.
- Dera la Novgorod.
- Dera la St.
- Siberia Yakumadzulo.
- Dera la Azov.
- Caucasus
- Crimea
Vahir ndi mbalame yosamukira. Masamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ku Crimea ndi Caucasus. Munthu wokhala m'nkhalango amanyamuka nthawi yozizira osati kale kwa Seputembala, ndipo oyamba kufika kale amadziwika kale koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Nguluwe za pigeon zimatha kukhazikika m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana. Kumpoto, amakonda kugona malo okhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe ndi zonunkhira. Kusamukira kumwera, nkhalango zimasakanikirana, ndipo mbalame zimamva bwino mkati mwake. Akapezekanso mphiri, amakhala m'maguluwo. Njiwayo siyakana pamitengo ya oak. Amapezanso malo othawirako mdera lomwe kuli nkhalango zambiri. Amakonda nkhalango za beech komanso birch.
Wahir Hunt
Kusaka mbalameyi ndi chochitika chosangalatsa. Komabe, kusamala kwa mlenje ndi vuto lalikulu. Mukamasaka pamafunika kudekha komanso kupirira. Si onse osaka omwe akuchita kusaka vahirey, popeza kuchuluka kwa ma cartridges kumathera pa iwo.
Chapakatikati, asaka amatengera nkhunda zakutchire, kuzisilira motere.
M'chilimwe, kusaka anthu owopsa pamakhala ponseponse. Monga nyambo, gwiritsani ntchito chowotchera vakhir kuchokera sitolo. Kukhala vahiri, kukhala wochezeka, mosangalala kuuluka nyambo zamtunduwu, zomwe ndi zomwe asaka amagwiritsa ntchito.
Njira zina zausaka zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito:
- m'malo othirira,
- m'malo odyetsa,
- kupeza malo opumira,
- ndi njira.
Kusaka mbalame zakutchire kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti za mpweya ndizoletsedwa. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kutha kwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Mitundu ina ya vahir idawonongedwa chifukwa chosaka.
Chiwerengero cha vyakhirei chimatsika osati chifukwa chongowombera, komanso chifukwa cha kudula mitengo, komwe kunkakhala nyumba yawo.
Kukula kwamawu ndi machitidwe
Ngakhale mbandakucha, vahir imayamba kupanga mawu ofuula a "kru-kuu-ku-kuk". Njiwa zimapanga maulendo amphamvu, ndikupanga likhweru lamphamvu. Pakuswana, mbalame zamtunduwu zimabisala mobisa, zibisala masamba a mitengo ndipo zimangokhala chete ngati zimva kuti nyama kapena anthu akubwera.
Njiwayo imadyetsa m'dera lomwelo, pafupi ndi chisa. Imakhala mosamala pa ntchentche, nthawi zambiri imayima m'malo a mapiri, momwe zimavuta kufikira nyama zina.
Mkhalidwe Wopezeka ndi Chitetezo
Nkhunda yamtchire yamtchire ndi cholengedwa chomwe chimakonda kuchita bata. Zikuwoneka kuti kutukuka kwam'mizinda kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu akumidzi, chifukwa chomwe chingakhale chete m'nkhalango. Koma chifukwa choti kuyenda ndi kuyenda kwa magalimoto kukukula kwambiri, nkhunda zimasiya malo omwe amakhala. Nkhunda zakuthengo zatsala pang'ono kusiya kukhala m'nkhalango zamtchire zomwe oyendera bowa amatenga pafupifupi nyengo yonse yachilimwe.
Kuchuluka kwa mavitamini kunayamba kuchepa kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chifukwa chomwe izi zinali kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa muulimi - kuchuluka kwawo kudapangitsa kuti mbalame zizifa. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa mbalame masiku ano sikupheratu chifukwa kwa iwo, kusaka nkhunda zakuthengo ndi njuga. Nkhunda ya nkhunda imawulukira mosavuta, ngakhale msaki atalowa, chifukwa sizovuta kupeza mbalame yakufayo, ndipo izi zimatsogolera kuti kusaka kukupitirirabe.
Ku Azores mumakhala masamba azaka zakhir - Columba palumbus azorica, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book. Anakhala m'nkhalangozi pazilumba zonse zazikuluzikulu zazisumbuzi, koma lero zimapezeka pazilumba za Pico ndi San Miguel zokha. Ndemanga ina ya vahir, yomwe idakhazikika pazilumba za Madeira - Columba palumbus maderensis, idawonongedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi.
Moyo & Nthawi
Monga nyama zambiri zamtchire, nkhunda zimakonda kusamala. Cholinga cha izi ndikuti a Wyahiri alibe thandizo pamaso pa adani ambiri. Koma zimawathandiza kupewa ngozi ya mwayi yopanga kuthamanga. Ngati wadyera ali pafupi, njiwa zimangokhala chete ndikuwumitsa, motero os kudzipereka. Ndipo nyamayo ikhoza kudziwitsidwa kuti pali kamvuluvulu pafupi, mapiko a mbalamezo, chifukwa pothawa mumatha kumva phokoso lalikulu longa mluzu.
Mbalame sizimakonda anthu. Amakonda kupangira zisa pafupi ndi 2 km kuchokera malo okhala. Koma pali nthawi zina zomwe zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu, komabe simungathe kuwapeza m'mizinda yayikulu. Amakonda nkhalango zakutali - kumeneko amakhala omasuka, otetezeka, amapeza mwayi wolera ana awo.
Pakati pawo, vahiri amakhala ndi mphamvu, amakhala ochezeka. Ali ndi zoweta zazikulu, mbalamezi zimatha kufikira anthu awiri.
Mukakhala malo abwino okhala, nkhunda zakutchire zitha kukhala zaka 16.
Kodi amapangira bwanji njiwa?
Nkhunda zimatha kutha msinkhu pofika miyezi 10-11 kuchokera pa kubadwa. Ndi nthawi iyi kuti akope anyamatawo, amphongo amakhala pamitu ya mitengo ndikuyamba kulira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amayamba tsiku lawo kuchokera pamenepa, chifukwa amakonda kupeka m'mawa.
Akaziwo atayang'anira njiwa, amapita pansi, ndikumuzungulira, osaleka kulira. Masewera olimbitsa thupi oterewa pambuyo pake amatsogolera pakuyika mazira.
Makatani
Asanayambe mazira, mbozi amapangira chisa choyenera. Iwo ali ndiudindo kwambiri pamakonzedwe ake. Musanapange nthambi yoti mumange, mbalame zimasanja mosamala ndi mulomo, ngati mukufuna mphamvu. Mbalameyi ikangotsimikiza kuti mtundu wa zinthuzo ndioyenera, ichitenge kuti ipange chisa.
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kuthamanga komwe vahiri amakonzekeretsa chisa chawo; zimangotenga masiku ochepa kuti amange. Amapanga chimanga cholimba pogwiritsa ntchito nthambi zakudera, pakati pa nthambizo zimalumikizana mosavuta, timitengo yaying'ono. Zotsatira zake, ndikutheka kupeza chisa chokhala ndi lathyathyathya pansi ndi coco lotayirira yokhala ndi mabowo angapo omwe amatuluka pakati pa nthambi.
Nkhunda zimapeza zisa zawo kutalika kosaposa mita ziwiri kuchokera pansi. Ma vahiri aulesi okha ndi omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zisafa za mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, falc, maula, makungubwi.
Adani achilengedwe a Vahir
Zinyama zomwe zimadya nyama zambiri za nkhuku zimadya nyama zodya nyama. Nkhunda sizimangokhala ndi mavuto onama komanso zabodza, komanso njuchi, agologolo, akhwangwala amphongo, mphutsi - zimawononga zisa za vyakhire, zimawononga mazira. Marten amasakanso njiwa.
Popeza ma wyahiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi unyinji wawo komanso kukula kwawo kwakukulu, samatha kuchoka mwachangu kwambiri. Ikamatera pansi, nthawi zambiri imakhala chakudya cha akatumbu ndi nkhandwe.
Ma Vitutnits amavutika kwambiri ndi anthu, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwake kwa mbalame kumachepera. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti nkhunda za m'nkhalango zimavulaza mitengo motero zimawononga mbalame.
Vyahiri - nkhunda zamtchire, ngakhale zili zakutchire, koma osati owopsa kwa anthu. Mawonekedwe akunja a mbalame ndizodabwitsa kwambiri: ndizokwanira zokwanira, koma mwachangu: zowopsa, zimabisala nthawi yomweyo. Mbalame zimatha kudzipanga bwino. Amasamalira ana awo, kudyetsa ndi kuphunzitsira ana awo.
Kuopsa kwa nkhunda
Pakadali pano pali mitundu pafupifupi 290 padziko lapansi. Akatswiri amadutsa mtundu umodzi ndi wina kuti akonze kapena kuti akhale ndi makhalidwe abwino amtunduwu. Koma, ngakhale atakula makampani opanga njiwa, pali mitundu ya nyama yomwe yasiya kupezeka chifukwa chakupulula.
Trisulfone - malangizo a ana olipiritsa, akalulu ndi ng'ombe
M'malo ovomerezeka, kusaka vahir ndichisangalalo chomwe anthu amakonda. Pochita chidwi ndi chisamaliro cha mbalame, osaka masewera amasangalala ndi ntchito yokopa mbalame kosangalatsa. Zosangalatsa nyambo yokhala ndi mbalame amapanga chowonekera mwapadera monga mtundu wa swirl, chomwe chizikhala cholimbikitsa pakuwoneka nkhunda. Ndipo osaka ena amatha kutengera mawu a mbalame.
Chifukwa cha chisangalalo chotere, mitundu ina ya mbalame zapadera zidalembedwa kale mu Red Book ndipo imatetezedwa. Pali chaching'ono, koma chiyembekezo choti anthu omwe sapeza ntchito pazokondweretsa zawo, akangodya zodzitchinjiriza za abale athu ocheperako, abwereza zomwe asangalatsa ndi kuyang'ana dziko lodzala ndi mgwirizano wachilengedwe - ndi maso osiyana!
Zinthu zosasangalatsa
Kuchuluka kwa nkhunda zamtunduwu kumadalira zochita za anthu. Pazinthu zosavomerezeka za vehire, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kufala kwa ntchito zaulimi wa mchere feteleza ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, chifukwa chaichi chiwerengero cha nkhunda zamtunduwu chinayamba kuchepa m'mbuyomu m'ma 1940 mpaka 1950. Kuphatikiza apo, vituniten sakonda nkhawa, ndipo tsopano m'nkhalango zam'mizinda komanso m'malo osangalatsa a mbalamezi sipuma. Chifukwa chake, m'nkhalango zomwe anthu nthawi zambiri amabwera, ngakhale atakhala alendo wamba omwe sangachite zoipa kwa mbalamezo, nkhunda izi zidasiya kukhazikika. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwakukulu kukuchepa kwa anthu kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwombera kwa nkhunda, zomwe ndi osaka, makamaka kuchokera pakusangalala pamasewera, popeza mbalamezi zilibe phindu lililonse lachuma. Ndipo palibe Chovulaza kuchokera kwa iwo. Mosiyana ndi nkhunda za buluu, zahiri sizonyamula matenda owopsa, makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizana kosowa ndi nyama ndi anthu.
Pali zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kukhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Izi ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana komanso zosiyana nyengo zomwe nthawi ndi nthawi zimapezeka kumalire akumpoto chakumadzulo chakumalo komwe njiwa zimapezeka.
M'nthawi yozizira, yotentha kapena nthawi yachilimwe, nyengo za mbalamezi zimachedwetsedwa mpaka June kapena ngakhale Julayi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti padzangokhala dzira limodzi lokha.
Ziwonetsero zachabe ndi adani achilengedwe a Wyahira mwachilengedwe. Izi ndi peregrine falcon ndi goshawk. Koma a Wyahiri amathanso kuvutika ndi zilombo zazing'ono (Crow, Jay ndi Magpies). Zotsalazo zimawononga mazira a wyahirai. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, amafufuza mpaka 40% ya mazira omwe amawonongeka. Agologolo amatha kuwononga zisa za njiwa izi.