Lingaliro la "chilengedwe cha anthu" linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito zaka pafupifupi 100 zapitazo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, lakhala lokhazikika muzolemba za sayansi, zolemba, komanso pamitu yazokambirana zosiyanasiyana. Amuna ndi chilengedwe ndi zogwirizana kwambiri. Anthu amagwirizanitsa mkhalidwe wazachilengedwe ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'moyo. Zamoyo zamunthu ndi sayansi yokhazikika yomwe imawerengera momwe dziko lapansi liziwonekera.
Malo amakono azachilengedwe
Chaka chilichonse, malo okhala akuipiraipira. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukula kwachuma kwamakampani, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto m'mizinda komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Phenol, kaboni monoxide, sulufufufufu ndi zinthu zina zakupha zimalowa mumlengalenga kudzera m'mapaipi a mafakitale ndi makina. Chilengedwe chamakono chikuwonetsa mavuto akulu akulu kwa anthu owazungulira chifukwa chakukula kwachangu:
- kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zinyalala za mafakitale,
- kutentha kwanyengo ndi kukwera kwamadzi m'madzi,
- masinthidwe a tizilombo ta virus, miliri, matenda oncological,
- kuchulukana kwa nyama, kudula mitengo,
- kuwonongeka kwa ozoni pamlengalenga,
- kukomoka kwa mchere wa mchere.
Zowononga chilengedwe
Malo padziko lapansi pomwe zochitika zachilengedwe sizingawonongeke ndi zovuta za makampani zimayang'aniridwa mosamala. Amakonzanso madera osungira, kupangira malo, kumakhazikitsa malo azachipatala komanso malo okhala. Kusamba kwa mpweya ndi kuyenda ndizothandiza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opuma, ndipo kumwa madzi oyera kumathandiza kupewa matenda a ziwalo zamkati.
Kafukufuku wazaka zambiri akuwonetsa kuti chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo m'malo okhala ndi zachilengedwe chimaposa zomwe zimapezeka m'mizinda komanso pafupi ndi mabizinesi azinthu. Kutengera izi, munthu akhoza kumvetsetsa momwe chilengedwe chimalumikizirana komanso munthu.
Kodi chilengedwechi chimakhudza bwanji thanzi?
Zowononga zachilengedwe paumoyo wa anthu ndizofunikira. Kukhala m'mizinda yayikulu yamafakitale, kuyandikira mafakitole ndi mafakitera nthawi yayitali kumakhudza chikhalidwe cha chamoyo chilichonse - ichi ndi chilengedwechi. Makamaka omwe amazindikira chilengedwe ndi ana. Zamoyo ndi thanzi la munthu zimadalira kwenikweni mpweya ndi madzi.
Mpweya
Zamoyo zoyipa zimawononga thanzi la munthu. Matenda ambiri kupuma amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. Chifukwa chaichi, anthu amakonda matenda a bronchitis, mphumu, chifuwa ndipo ali ndi mkhalidwe wowonjezereka wa khansa.
Madzi okhala ndi zinyalala zowopsa salinso oopsa. Malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, matenda ambiri padziko lapansi amayamba chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi owonongeka.
Matenda odziwika pakumwa madzi akuda:
- masinthidwe amtundu
- oncology
- matenda am'mimba thirakiti
- mavuto osadziteteza
- kusabereka
Ichi ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la mndandanda wonse, kotero muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kukopa kwachilengedwe pa thanzi la anthu ndikokulira.
Zaukhondo komanso chilengedwe cha anthu
Zamoyo zamunthu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ukhondo waumunthu. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tosiyanasiyana, ma virus, mphutsi ndi mabakiteriya titha kukhala mumlengalenga, madzi, nyama yanyama ndikuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Zowopsa zake ndi malo osungira, mitsinje, nyanja. Mowa womwe uli ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pamakhala chiopsezo chotenga matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mpweya monga diphtheria, chimfine, mumps, bronchitis, ndi zina zambiri.
Ngati chitetezo chamthupi chitachepetsedwa ndi zovuta za chilengedwe, chiopsezo cha matenda chikuwonjezeka kangapo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsatira miyezo yonse yaukhondo ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mankhwala omwe amasintha chitetezo chamthupi.
Zomwe chilengedwe cha anthu chimachita ngati gawo lapadera lasayansi
Ecology mokhudzana ndi umunthu ndi sayansi yophatikiza mitundu yomwe imasanthula kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi dziko lapansi, zochitika zamphamvu zopezekamo komanso kusiyana kwachilengedwe kwamunthu wamakono. Mtundu wosinthika ndiwomwe anthu amachitidwira zomwe zimachitika palokha m'malo azinthu zofananira m'malo omwe mwina sangakhale ogwirizana. Chikhalidwe cha machitidwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chilengedwe pamunthu amaphunzira kwambiri.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za sayansi iyi ndikuthandiza anthu kuti azichita bwino zachilengedwe popereka chidziwitso kwa mabungwe ndi atsogoleri m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kafukufuku amatenga magawo ambiri:
- Zotsatira zakuyang'ana kwa anthu,
- manambala azachipatala komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu
- Zowonera za Habitat
- Zotsatira zakusanthula kwachuma komanso ziwerengero.
Zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zodziwitsa anthu:
- kuchuluka kwa kubadwa, kufa, kufooka, kulemala,
- zaka ndi jenda
- mulingo wachitukuko chakuthupi, ndi zina zambiri.
Ecology mogwirizana ndi munthu, monga sayansi, imatenga gawo lofunikira. Zimathandizira kukhazikitsa gawo laudindo pazisankho, kapangidwe kake ndikuwadziwitsanso akuluakulu pazotsatira zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha ntchito zopanga ndipo zimathandizanso kugwira ntchito mosalekeza kuti apange zamakono zamakono zomwe zimateteza chilengedwe.
Mavuto akulu azachilengedwe pamaso pa munthu amakono
Mavuto akulu azachilengedwe ndi awa:
- kutentha kwadziko
- kuwononga chilengedwe padziko lapansi,
- kuwonongeka kwa ozoni
- kunyansidwa kwa nyanja
- kukomoka kwa madzi abwino,
- kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka,
- Kuchepetsa mitundu ya nyama,
- kuchepa kwa zachilengedwe ndi michere.
Akatswiri amakono asayansi komanso akatswiri ena asayansi amadziwa kufunika kachilengedwe mu moyo wa munthu, chifukwa chake, amapereka njira zambiri zothanirana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe. Ambiri aiwo amatsika kuti achepetse mpweya wochotsa, kutaya zinyalala za mafakitale, ndikusintha kumagwero amagetsi ena.
Zamkatimu
- Mbiri
- MUTU 1. MUTU: Mutu wa chilengedwe cha anthu. Cholinga, zolinga ndi zomwe zili pamalangizo. Ikani dongosolo la sayansi
- Phunziro 2. MUTU: Mbiri yachitukuko cha anthu komanso mavuto azachilengedwe
- Phunziro 3. MUTU: Zachilengedwe cha munthu
- Phunziro 4. MUTU: Zinthu zachilengedwe kwa anthu
Chigawo choyambirira cha bukulo Zamoyo zamunthu. Kosi Yokambirana (I.O. Lysenko, 2013) choperekedwa ndi bwenzi lathu lamabuku - kampani ya malita.
MUTU: Mutu wa chilengedwe cha anthu. Cholinga, zolinga ndi zomwe zili pamalangizo. Ikani dongosolo la sayansi
1. Lingaliro la chilengedwe cha anthu.
2. Mutu ndi zinthu zachilengedwe cha anthu.
3. Mapangidwe a chilengedwe.
4. Chiyanjano cha chilengedwe cha anthu ndi sayansi ina.
5. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga chilengedwe cha anthu
1. Lingaliro la chilengedwe cha anthu
Zamoyo - iyi ndiye dongosolo lokhalo lomwe limatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa malo okhala zamoyo zapadziko lapansi, kuphatikiza anthu, pakasokonezedwa chilichonse. Palibe chifukwa chokhalira ndi chiyembekezo chakutha kumanga midzi yopanga zinthu zomwe zimakhazikitsa chilengedwe kufikira momwe magulu achilengedwe amathandizira. Kuchokera pamenepa zikutsimikizira kuti chilengedwechi ndi chilengedwe komanso kufikira tsopano malo okhazikika a anthu amakono komanso akunenedweratu mtsogolo mwa anthu.
Munthu amagwira ntchito zachilengedwe zachilengedwe chake, osangowononga zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, komanso amasintha zachilengedwe, kuzisintha kuti zizitha kuthana ndi mavuto ake azachuma. Chifukwa chaichi, zochitika zaanthu zimakhudza chilengedwe, kuzisintha momwe zimakhudzira iye mwini. M'mbiri yonse ya chitukuko, nkhalango za ⅔ zidadulidwa, mitundu yoposa 200 ya zinyama ndi zomera zidawonongeka chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu, malo okhala a oxygen adatsika ndi matani biliyoni 10, malo pafupifupi mahekala 200 miliyoni adasakazidwa chifukwa chaulimi wosayenera, wopanda nzeru. Zaka makumi awiri ngati zana la kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kwachulukitsa kwambiri kukakamiza kwachuma cha anthu pachilengedwe. Tsiku lililonse, chifukwa cha zochitika zopanda pake za anthu, mahekitala 44 amasandutsidwa malo, zipululu zopitilira 20 zimawonongedwa pamphindi, mitundu imodzi ya nyama ndi mbewu zimasowa tsiku lililonse, ana oposa 40,000 amafa ndi njala chaka chilichonse. Zochita zoyipa za anthu mokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zimawonekera motsimikizika m'mitundu itatu yolumikizana. Uku ndi kuwononga chilengedwe, kuchulukitsa zachilengedwe, kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kupezeka kwachilengedwe kwa anthu kwachitika komanso kuyankha monga zosowa za anthu, okhudzidwa ndi malo omwe akukhala komanso thanzi lawo. Pankhaniyi, panali zofunika kuphunzira zakunja (zachilengedwe), zamkati (thupi laumunthu ndi zaumoyo wake) komanso zatsatanetsatane zokhudzana ndi machitidwe ofunikira aanthu.
Zamoyo zamunthu - iyi ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira malamulo a kulumikizana kwa magulu a anthu ndi malo awo omwe akukula pafupipafupi, zachilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, mafakitale, zachilengedwe ndi zaukhondo, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe, miyambo, chipembedzo, kuti mudziwe kuwongolera ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi anthropoecological , komanso zifukwa zopezekera.
Cholinga cha chilengedwe cha anthu - kupatsa anthu chidziwitso chofunikira chomwe chimathandizira kukonzanso chilengedwe ndi momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito ndikuwunika zotsatira za moyo wa anthu.
Ntchito yothandizadi kwa chilengedwe cha anthu - kukhazikitsa malo ochezeka, otetezeka komanso amtundu wa anthu.
2. Mutu ndi zinthu zachilengedwe cha anthu
Cholinga cha chilengedwe cha anthu - mwamunayo payekha komanso malo ake. Mutu wa chilengedwe cha anthu ndi anthropoecosystem - gawo logawanitsa chilengedwe cha anthu, m'mawonekedwe ake onse, okhala ndi kufanana kwa chilengedwe, zachuma, zachilengedwe, ukhondo, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonekera kwa dziko komanso kuzindikira zachilengedwe, mulingo waumoyo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, mawonekedwe aumoyo, ntchito maluso, moyo, miyambo ndi miyambo, kusankha chipembedzo, zofuna za akatswiri ndi zina zambiri. Dongosolo lililonse la anthropoecosystem limadziwika ndi homogeneity inayake yamkati (homogeneity) ndipo limasiyanitsidwa ndi heterogeneity (heterogeneity) yooneka ndi oyandikana nawo. Chitsanzo cha anthropoecosystems ndi mzinda ndi madera ena ozungulira.
Mapangidwe a chilengedwe cha anthu amaphunzira ma anthroposystems a magawo osiyanasiyana - kuchokera padziko lonse lapansi mpaka wamba komanso ma microlocal. Dziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi ma emvulopu ake amlengalenga komanso malo ena akunja kungakhale chinthu chimodzi chophunzirira zachilengedwe.
Njira yodziwikirayi imaphatikizapo kuunikiridwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga anthu:
- kuchuluka kwa madera aanthu ndi anthu onse,
- zaka ndi jenda
- kuchuluka kwa thanzi la anthu, komwe kungathe kufotokozedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo, matenda omwe ali ndi matenda ambiri komanso zomwe zimayambitsa imfa,
- limafotokozera za thanzi la anthu am'badwo uliwonse, zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu, njira zakukonzera kwake
- mtundu wa ntchito, njira ndi zida, magwero amagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi mabanja,
-kukhala ndi zikhalidwe komanso zaukhondo,
- moyo wathanzi komanso chitukuko cha anthu,
- kusanthula kwakaderako,
- kasamalidwe ka gawo la ntchito ndi nkhani za ogula,
Mavuto omwewa amaphatikizidwanso mumtundu wa ntchito zomwe zimathetsedwa ndi chilengedwe cha anthu.
3. Mapangidwe a chilengedwe
Maphunziro aumunthu, monga sayansi, ali ndi kapangidwe kake, kamene kamagwirizana ndi chilengedwe, mkuyu. 1.
Chithunzi 1. - Malo omwe chilengedwe chimakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu.
4. Chiyanjano cha chilengedwe cha anthu ndi sayansi ina
Mwachidziwitso komanso machitidwe, chilengedwe cha anthu chimagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi zambiri zomwe zimathandizira.
Kuwerengera kwa kulumikizana kwa munthu ndi chilengedwe ndizosatheka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso ndi njira za chiwerengero sayansi zapadziko lapansi. Pogwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha anthu, nkhani za mgwirizano wa zomwe zimachitika pakati pa anthu ndi nyengo, madzi achilengedwe, kuphimba kwa nthaka, masamba, zoopsa zachilengedwe, komanso zochitika zachilengedwe zimakambidwa pafupipafupi.
Zamoyo zamunthu ndizogwirizana kwambiri sayansi. Akatswiri azachilengedwe amagwiritsa ntchito zambiri kuchokera kuntchito za majini, zachilengedwe, matenda obadwa nawo, kusiyana kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo cha mthupi, allergology, toxicology ya chilengedwe, narcological toxicology, radioecology, ndi bio-cybernetics.
Zamoyo zamunthu ndizogwirizana mankhwala, makamaka ndi mayendedwe ake aukhondo. Anthropoecologists amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu kuchokera kumagawo azotsatira zamankhwala: mbiri yamankhwala ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, maziko azomwe amapezeka azachipatala, mankhwala azachipatala, matenda opatsirana komanso opatsirana, ukhondo wamba, ukhondo wamagulu, ukhondo wam'deralo ndi ukhondo wa chilengedwe, ukhondo wa chakudya, komanso ukhondo wama radiation.
Chilengedwe chaumunthu chabwereza mfundo zina mwanjira, njira za njira ndi njira zofufuzira kuchokera miliri Matenda opatsirana - sayansi yomwe imasanthula malamulo a mliriwu ndikukhazikitsa njira zothanirana ndi matenda opatsirana anthu. Mliri wamatenda osapatsirana amatanthauzidwa ngati njira yowerengera kufalikira kwa matenda osapatsirana mwa anthu, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ziwerengero.
Zamoyo zamunthu zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ambiri sayansi yazachikhalidwe. Maulalo akuya kwambiri alipo pakati pa chilengedwe cha anthu ndi demographic, popeza maulangizi onsewa amawerengera anthu pazinthu zomwezi.
Ubale wapakati umakhala pakati anthropoecology ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu, yomwe imawunikira ubale wamachitidwe osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe ndi njira zamakhalidwe a anthu.
Kulumikizana kwanzeru kwa chilengedwe cha anthu ndi sayansi yazachuma kumawonekeranso momveka bwino pakuphunzira kwina kulikonse. Kupezeka kwa chilengedwe kwa anthu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mitu ya magawo otsatirawa asayansi yachuma: chilengedwe zachilengedwe, zochitika padziko lonse lapansi, magawidwe antchito padziko lonse lapansi, magawidwe azida, mphamvu zachigawo, kutukuka kwamatawuni ndi chuma chamizinda, zachuma, zaumoyo wazachilengedwe, komanso zosangalatsa zachuma.
Poganizira za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa anthropoecology ndi madera ena asayansi, ndikofunikira kuti uzikhala pamalangidwe ofunikira monga kapangidwe ka chigawo ndi kulinganiza kwamatauni. Gawo lotsatirali likugwirizana ndi zokonda za chilengedwe cha anthu: theoretical and science maziko a kukonzekera madera ndikukonzekera madera, kukonza ndi chitukuko cha madera ndi madera akulu, kukonzekera ndi chitukuko cha mizinda ndi madera ambiri, mizindayi ndi mizinda yam'mizinda.
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha anthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira yakale, komanso chidziwitso chochokera ku ntchito ya akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, akatswiri azamakhalidwe, komanso akatswiri a anthropology.
Katswiri wa kafukufuku wa anthropoecological akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wapakati pa chilengedwe cha anthu ndi zama psychology.
5. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga chilengedwe cha anthu
Njira mwadongosolo imapitilira maphunziro a anthropoecological, popeza munthu mwiniyo komanso gulu lina lophunzitsidwa ndi gawo la dongosolo chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa zinthu zonse zamoyo.
Njira zolembera ndi kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi gawo lofunikira pakufufuza kwachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza kuwunika kwa nyengo, miyeso ya kutentha, kuwonekera kwa mchere, kuphatikizika kwamadzi ndi madzi, kutsimikiza kwa mawonekedwe a nthaka, kuyeza kuwunikira, maziko a radiation, kulimba kwazinthu zakuthupi, kutsimikiza kwa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi bakiteriya zachilengedwe, zina ndi zina. kuyang'anira - kuwunika pafupipafupi kapena mosasamala kwa malo a malo azachilengedwe ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe.
Chofunikira kwambiri ndikulembetsedwera kwa kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zosafunika m'madzi, m'mlengalenga, nthaka, mbewu m'malo a anthropogenic, komanso maphunziro a kusamutsidwa kwa zinthu zodetsa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, njira zowunikira chilengedwe zikukula msanga pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaposachedwa kwambiri za kusanthula mwachangu, kuzindikira kwakutali, telemetry, ndi kusanthula kwakompyuta.
Njira zofunikira pakuwunika chilengedwe, kulola kuti pakhale kuyesedwa kophatikiza mitundu ya chilengedwe kuphatikiza ndi kuyesa - gwiritsani ntchito poyang'anira momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhalira chidwi kwambiri ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe komanso kuwoneka koyipa kwina.
Kafukufuku wazomwe zimakhudza zinthu zachilengedwe pamiyoyo ya anthu monga zamankhwala Njira - panthawi ya mayeso azachipatala, ndizotheka kuzindikira kusintha kwa thupi poyankha machitidwe a zinthu zachilengedwe. kuyesa kwa labotale - kupanga mwanjira zosiyanasiyana komanso kuphunzira masinthidwe amthupi. Mwa izi, nyama kapena odzipereka aumunthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira zowerengetsera amakulolani kuti mumve malingaliro pazosintha zabwino kapena zoipa paumoyo wa anthu motsogozedwa ndi chilengedwe.
Malinga ndi cholinga cha phunziroli, njira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu umunthu (sayansi yasayansi, demographic, psychology, etc.) ndi / kapena sayansi yachilengedwe (physiology, psychophysiology, biochemistry, etc.).
Kapangidwe ndi kakonzedwe ka malingaliro a anthropoecological amayendera limodzi ndi kukonza ndikusintha kwa njira zakufufuzira zomwe chilengedwe chaumunthu chimalandira kuchokera kumalangidwe amtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, demology, chikhalidwe cha anthu, sayansi ya zachilengedwe, ndi mankhwala. Malo akulu amaperekedwa pakuwunika zachilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, zachuma, zandale, zachilengedwe, zaukhondo ndi zina, kuphatikiza kwa ma cadastres omwe ali ndi mndandanda wawo, omwe amakhudza ntchito yofunikira ya anthu.
Kuti athane ndi mavuto asayansi komanso ogwiritsa ntchito mu chilengedwe cha anthu, kufufuza kumachitika m'malo osiyanasiyana, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magawo atatu akuluakulu - apachigawo, am'deralo ndi apadziko lonse lapansi. Iliyonse ya izi ili ndi malingaliro ake ofufuza komanso kukula ndi kuya kwa njira zomwe zikuwululidwa zomwe ndizodziwika pakadali pano. Gawo lililonse lili ndi mtundu wake wa zojambula, zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zojambulajambula komanso zojambulajambula pamapeto omaliza a kafukufukuyu.
Kufufuza mavuto anthropoecological kumathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zopezera zambiri zomwe zapezeka mu sayansi, zomwe zidakhala maziko a mapangidwe a chilengedwe cha anthu.
Mwa njira izi ndi kuyerekezera, kulinganiza, kupanga mapu, kuyang'anira dera ndi kuneneratu.
Kuyesa kwa Habitat - Uku ndi kufanizira kwa osadziwika ndi odziwika. Mu anthropoecology, kuwunika kumachitika nthawi zonse m'magulu a anthu. Koma munthawi zosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kudziwa - zomwe gulu la anthu liyenera kuwunikira. Mitu yowunikira ikhoza kukhala: chiwerengero chokhazikika, anthu osakhalitsa (anthu omwe akuchita zolowa kapena zotuluka, magulu a anthu omwe nthawi zina amabwera kuderali - alendo, oyembekezera, ndi ena otero).
Kuvuta kwa kuphatikiza koyeserera kwa zochitika za anthropoecological kumachitika chifukwa chakuti palibe chilichonse mwazinthu zachilengedwe komanso moyo wapagulu zomwe zingakhudze moyo wa anthu ndi mulingo waumoyo wawo pawokha, padera. Zotsatira zakuchitika kotereku zimatengera kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri. Kusintha ngakhale chinthu chimodzi chowoneka ngati chocheperako kumatha kubweretsa zosiyana kwathunthu (motsutsana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeka)
Anthropoecological taxonation (dera). Pakufufuza kwachilengedwe kwa anthropo m'deralo, kusanthula kwa zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha zomwe zimayambitsa chiwopsezo pa anthu, ndikuwunika kwazomwe zalandilidwa, zimagwira kuphatikiza msonkho, i.e., kugawa dera kuti likhale laling'ono la taxa (kukhala machitidwe oyambira kapena zigawo). Misonkho ya Anthropoecological imatha kupangitsa kuti mavuto ambiri azasayansi azikhazikitsidwa komanso azigwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera zaumoyo wa anthu, kuteteza zachilengedwe, kuyang'anira ukhondo ndi miliri, kukhazikitsa mfundo zokomera anthu, kukonza madera,
Kutengera. Pazachilengedwe chaumunthu, njira zopangira zitsanzo, kapena kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutsata anthropo-zachilengedwe kapena zochitika, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Zidziwitso zakutali pantchito za chilengedwe cha anthu. Pothetsa mavuto anthropoecological, njira zakale zakufufuzira ndi luso (kujambula kwa mlengalenga, kujambula zithunzi, kuwunika mwachindunji kuchokera kumalo) zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Njira izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino mu geology, geodesy, geology, Oceanology, meteorology, etc. Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakutali (kuphatikiza kafukufuku wokhazikitsidwa pansi), chikhalidwe, chuma, kapangidwe ka bungwe lachitetezo cha anthu, momwe chilengedwe chimayambira matenda owopsa, komanso kusokonezeka kwachilengedwe kungaphunzire. kukhazikika kwa anthu ndipo, chomwe ndichofunikira kwambiri, zochitika zamphamvu pakukonzekera zochitika izi ndi njira zake.
1. Pokhudzana ndi zomwe zidafunikira kuphunzira chilengedwe cha anthu?
2. Pangani tanthauzo la chilengedwe cha anthu.
3. Kodi cholinga ndi chiyani ndipo ntchito zachilengedwe zamunthu ndi ziti? Kukula kofunikira kwa maphunziro omwe aphunziridwa.
4. Kodi chinthu kapena nkhani yachilengedwe cha anthu ndi chiyani?
5. Tiuzeni za ubale wa chilengedwe cha anthu ndi sayansi ina.
6. Lembani ndi kufotokozera njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zachilengedwe.
Mayendedwe otheka kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe
Umunthu umafunika kusamalira malo otetezeka. Chifukwa chake, titha kulingalira njira zothetsera mavuto amdziko monga:
- Zovomerezeka. Kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse oteteza chilengedwe.
- Zachuma. Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta za anthropogenic pazachilengedwe, jakisoni wamkulu wazachuma amafunika.
- Zaukadaulo. Kukhazikitsa zatsopano ndi kukonza matekinoloje omwe agwirapo ntchito kuti ateteze chilengedwe kuti chisatengeke ndi anthu.
- Zokongoletsa. Kusamalira mizinda, kukonza madera otetezedwa ndi zachilengedwe, kupangira lamba wamtchire kuzungulira mabizinesi ndi misewu.
Pozindikira kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo, anthu akhoza kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ndikuwongolera zomwe zikuchitika.
Njira zoteteza
Njira zodzitetezera zikuphatikiza:
- Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala, zapakhomo ndi zamafuta.
- Kusintha kwa magwero amagetsi ena, kusiyidwa kwa zida zamphamvu za nyukiliya, mipando yamalasha, kusintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wachilengedwe, mphamvu ya dzuwa, kumanga kwa magetsi amagetsi.
- Ntchito yomanga zitsamba zamakono zochotsa zinyalala.
- Kubzala nkhalango, kuteteza malo kuti asakokoloke.
Udindo waukulu mu izi umachitika ndi mabungwe amakono azachilengedwe. Amakhala akufalitsa pafupipafupi pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe, iwo pang'onopang'ono amasintha malingaliro a anthu ndikuwakakamiza kuti aganizenso malingaliro awo ndi chilengedwe.
Malangizo a Ayurvedic Okweza Thanzi Lathupi Lathupi
Kuwongolera kwakumwa kwa mitundu ina ya Ayurveda kumapatsa anthu njira yotetezera ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pobwezeretsa bwino. Filosofi ya Ayurvedic imakhazikitsidwa pamlingaliro wamunthu ndi chilengedwe. Zinthu zofunika kuzitsogolera ndi mpweya, madzi, moto, dziko lapansi ndi ether.
Malangizo a Ayurvedic okonzanso thanzi pogwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe:
- Kulimbitsa dongosolo lamanjenje, Ayurveda amalangizidwa kuti azikhala ndi moyo wabwino, azilimbitsa thupi, komanso azitha kumwa yoyera pakudya kakang'ono tsiku lililonse.
- Palinso dongosolo lake lalikulu lochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, lomwe limasinthidwa pochiza matenda ena.
- Ayurveda adalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ofunikira, kudya zitsamba zamankhwala, kupanga maulendo pafupipafupi kupita kumadera oyeretsa zachilengedwe, ndikupanga makalasi a yoga.
Ayurveda amatiphunzitsa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso wosangalatsa, ngakhale zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda chitetezo padzikoli.
Mayiko onse ali ndi nkhawa yosamalira zachilengedwe. Misonkhano yapadziko lonse imachitika, mavuto azachilengedwe amayankhidwa ku UN. Kuletsedwa kupha nyama zamtchire kumayambitsidwa, ndipo kuwedza kumayendetsedwa. Asayansi ochokera kumaiko onse akugwirizana mogwirizana njira zopititsira patsogolo chilengedwe.
Mabungwe aboma pofuna kuteteza zachilengedwe amalimbikitsa anthu kuti azikhala ndi udindo waukulu, kuti aganizire za zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu mosavomerezeka ndi kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kukula kwa mbiri
Zoyambira zachilengedwe monga mwambo wotakata zimazika mizu ku Greece ndipo zimatitsogolera ku mndandanda wautali wazokwaniritsa pantchito zasayansi zachilengedwe. Ecology yakhazikitsidwa kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zina. Chidziwitso chachikhalidwe, monga momwe amatchulidwachi, chimaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha munthu chidziwitso chodziwikiratu, maubale aluntha, kumvetsetsa ndi kusamutsa zidziwitso zakumalo ndi zochitika zamunthu. Mawu akuti "ecology" adayambitsidwa ndi Ernst Haeckel mu 1866 ndipo akufotokozedwa mwachindunji mokhudzana ndi chuma zachilengedwe.
Monga akatswiri ena amakono a nthawi yake, Haeckel adatengera mawu ake kuchokera kwa Karl Linnaeus, yemwe mayendedwe ake aumunthu adadziwika. Mu 1749, m'buku lake "Zapadera maphunziro a oeconomia naturae"Linnaeus wapanga sayansi yomwe imaphatikizapo ndondomeko zachuma ndi chilengedwe. Mfundoyi ili ndi mizu yachi Greek m'magulu andale (koyambira boma), ikugawana mizu yake ndi mawu oti" apolisi "pofotokozera kukula ndi kukhazikitsa bata pagulu. komanso woyamba kulemba za ubale wapakati pa anthu ndi anyani. Linnaeus adapereka malingaliro oyambilira omwe amapezeka m'zinthu zamakono pakupezeka kwa chilengedwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe, uku akugogomezera kufunikira kwa ntchito zachilengedwe: "Mu Posinthana ndi zogwira bwino ntchito zake, chilengedwe chimapatsa thupi zofunikira pamoyo. "Ntchito za a Linnaeus zidalimbikitsa Charles Darwin ndi akatswiri ena a nthawi yake, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito terminology ya a Linnaeus ndi tanthauzo lenileni kwa anthu, zachilengedwe, komanso zachuma.
Ecology sikuti ndi yachilengedwe zokha, komanso yothandiza anthu. Herbert Spencer anali woyamba wodziwika bwino pa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Spencer adalimbikitsa ntchito ya Charles Darwin ndikubwezeretsanso zomwe adachita. Herbert Spencer adalemba mawu akuti "oyenera kupulumuka," anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, omwe adapanga lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo adakhazikitsa njira yoyambirira yotsogolera chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chinali cholinga chotsatira ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe cha anthu.
Chilengedwe chaumunthu chili ndi mbiri yakale yophunzitsira, ndipo chitukuko chikufika pamachitidwe ambiri, monga: banja, geology, anthropology, socialology, zoology ndi psychology. Olemba ena amati jogoramu ndiye chilengedwe cha munthu. Chifukwa cha kukambirana kwakukulu kwa zomwe zimapanga chilengedwe cha anthu, ofufuza aposachedwa aposachedwa ayesa kugwirizanitsa gawo lasayansi, lomwe amalitcha "lolumikizana machitidwe aumunthu ndi chilengedwe malinga ndi ntchito zakale, koma kupitirira." Madera ena kapena mafakitale ena okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mbiri yakale ya anthu momwe machitidwe angakhalire amaphatikizapo zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe zam'mizinda, zachilengedwe, chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
Kugwirizana kwanyumba
Kuphatikiza pa kulumikizidwa ndi miyambo ina, chilengedwe cha anthu chimagwirizananso ndi banja. Komabe, kale mu 1960s, mayunivesite angapo adasinthanso madipatimenti azachuma, masukulu ndi makoleji kuti akhale mapulogalamu a chilengedwe cha anthu. Mwa zina, kusintha kwa dzina kumeneku kunali kuyankha pamavuto omwe akuti amadziwika kuti ali ndi chuma chazachuma mdziko lapansi momwe zinthu ziliri zatsopano ndipo zikuwonetsa kuvomerezedwa kwa chilengedwe cha anthu monga imodzi mwanjira zoyambirira zosankhira mwambo womwe uyenera kukhala wachuma panyumba. Pakadali pano, mapulogalamu azachilengedwe a anthu akuphatikiza Cornell College of Human Ecology ku Cornell University ndi dipatimenti ya Human Ecology ku University of Alberta ndi ena.
Ntchito mu matenda ndi matenda
Kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro achilengedwe mu mliri wa miliri kumaderanso mizu yofananira, Carl Linney akutenga nawo mbali pamenepa. Komabe, mawuwa, zikuwoneka kuti, adakula kwambiri m'mabuku azachipatala ndi azaumoyo mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Mu 1971, anthu ambiri adaphunzira za izi, chifukwa cha kufalitsa kwa buku la "Epidemiology monga Medical Ecology" ndipo mu 1987 - buku lotchedwa "Public Health and Human Ecology". Lingaliro la "chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe" linatulukira monga gulu lolumikizana lochita kafukufuku ndi zochitika m'malo monga kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe, zaumoyo, zachilengedwe, ndi chitukuko cha chuma. Kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa malingaliro monga mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe, chilengedwe cha anthu chaphatikizika ndi mayendedwe akuluakulu a mabuku apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani yaumoyo.
Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo
Chigawo chophunzirira zachilengedwe cha anthu ndi anthropoecosystems. Izi zitha kuphatikizaponso machitidwe ang'onoang'ono, omwe ndi malo ochepa omwe amakhala ndi gulu la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi fuko la Papuans. Koma nthawi zambiri, zinthu zophunziridwa ndizinthu zazikulu - mwachitsanzo, mzinda, mudzi kapena nyumba.
M'makhalidwe a chilengedwe cha anthu, malangizo otsatirawa ndi osiyana:
- Urboecology,
- Psychological
- Makhalidwe azachilengedwe
- Ethnoecology,
- Paleoecology,
- Makhalidwe azachilengedwe ndi ena.
Maphunziro a chilengedwe cha anthu ali mu njira ina yofananira ndi autecology, ndi kusiyana kwakuti mu chilengedwe cha anthu chinthu chophunzitsidwa ndi dongosolo la anthropo.
Kakhalidwe kazachilengedwe kamafanana ndi chilengedwe cha anthu, kusiyana kwake ndikuti mu chilengedwe cha anthu tikulankhula za munthu payekha kapena gulu la anthu ngati woimira nyama. Osatengera izi, akaganizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu - umunthu wa gulu, gulu - ndizofunikira kukambirana za chilengedwe.
Monga sayansi ya ecology yokha, chilengedwe cha anthu chimakhala ndi njira zambiri. Ngakhale mawu oti "ecology" lero apitilira kale kamvekedwe ka mawu pano. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwa pomwe sayansi yamphepo yamzimu yayamba kuchitika, ikhoza kumvetsedwa ngati "chiyero cha mzimu", sayansi iyi imachitika pamsewu wa biology ndi psychology, imafufuza mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Zodabwitsa ngati "zachilengedwe" zalumikizidwa kale ndi lingaliro la chilengedwe cha anthu. Makamaka, nthambi iyi ya sayansi imawerengera momwe mzimu umagwirira ntchito, imangophunzira momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira pa mzimu wa munthu.
Zolinga Zophunzirira Sayansi
Kubadwa kwa chilengedwe cha anthu kunapangika kalekale sayansi isanatulukire yokha, imangotchedwa mosiyana. Komabe, pazochitika zonse za mbiri yakale, sayansi iyi idada nkhawa ndi mafunso omwewo:
- kuchuluka kwa madera aanthu ndi anthu onse,
- zaka ndi jenda
- mulingo waumoyo wa anthu, womwe ungathe kufotokozedwa kudzera mu nthawi yayitali ya moyo, matenda ofala kwambiri komanso zoyambitsa imfa,
- matchulidwe azakudya za anthu am'badwo uliwonse, zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu, njira zake,
- mtundu wa ntchito, njira ndi zida zogwirira ntchito, magwero a mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi nyumba,
- Kukhazikitsa nyumba
- luso lazikhalidwe komanso ukhondo.
Kusanthula kwathunthu kwa mfundo zonse pamwambapa kumapereka chithunzi chonse chokhudzana ndi momwe munthu amachitikira ndi chilengedwe chomwe akukhala.
Thanzi laumunthu
Pakati pazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimathetsedwa ndi chilengedwe cha anthu, thanzi la anthu limayenderana. Zaumoyo wa anthu ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zikuwonetsa bwino momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira anthu. Mu malo oyamba pakati pazisonyezo zaumoyo wa dziko nthawi zonse zimakhala chizindikiro chathanzi komanso moyo wautali. Mukamakonda kwambiri malo okhala, matenda ocheperako, nthawi yayitali yokhala moyo. Momwe ngozi yamatendawa imachitikira imatchedwa "chiopsezo".
Zinthu monga:
- zinthu zachilengedwe
- machitidwe azachuma komanso chikhalidwe,
- kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe
- machitidwe opangira.
Sayansi, tekinoloje, zamankhwala, zamphamvu komanso zokongola zina zamasiku ano, zapanga zida zodalirika zomwe zingateteze anthu ku zikhalidwe zoyipa za nyama zamtchire. Komabe, poteteza, zinthu zomwe zimachitika munthawi yomweyo anthropogenic zimayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa "matenda a chitukuko", omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwamavuto, phokoso losalekeza, kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi zina.
Zinthu za anthropogenic
Munthu wamakono amakhala m'malo okhala zachilengedwe. Koma nthawi yomweyo, amakhalabe wokhalapo, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana pakati pa chinthu chachilengedwe cha munthu ndi chilengedwe cha mafakitale. Zinthu za Technogenic zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wamunthu ndi thanzi:
- Kuchepetsa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito komanso ntchito zothandiza anthu athanzi labwino
- Matenda ambiri amtundu akutuluka omwe akukhudza mibadwo yamtsogolo mokulira.
- Chiwerengero cha matenda a oncological chikukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pamakhala kuchuluka kwa ana ndi achinyamata
- Ana obadwira m'malo okhala ndi zovalazo amakhala ocheperako, nthawi zambiri amadwala.
- Chiwopsezo cha matenda opatsika mwa achichepere ogwira ntchito chikuwonjezeka.
- Chiyembekezo cha moyo wa anthu omwe akukhala m'malo okhala ndi kachilombo chikucheperachepera.
Munthu wamakono amakhala m'tawuni amakhala pangozi zambiri tsiku lililonse. Zinyalala za mafakitale, kuwonongeka kwa mizinda, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi madzi - izi ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira zokhala kukhala mumzinda wamakono.
Zachilengedwe Anthu - Ecology
Kukhala mdera linalake, zochitika zachilengedwe zimatha kusintha thupi. Chilengedwe cha anthu chimawona zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa anthu. Thanzi la anthu limadalira.
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Mothandizidwa ndi malangizowa, mavuto am'deralo komanso apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akukhudza anthu amawaganizira. Momwe nkhaniyi ikuwonekera, moyo wa okhala m'mizinda ndi zochitika za akumidzi zimaganiziridwa. Malo apadera amatanganidwa ndi nkhani yakukonzanso thanzi la munthu.
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Mavuto a chilengedwe cha anthu
Chilango ichi chili ndi ntchito zingapo:
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- - kuwunika chilengedwe ndi moyo wa anthu,
- - Kupanga makadi okhala ndi zizindikiro zamankhwala,
- - kusanthula kwakaderako,
- - Kuzindikiritsa madera okhala ndi zachilengedwe zodetsedwa,
- - tanthauzo la madera okhala ndi zachilengedwe zabwino.
Pakadali pano, chilengedwe cha anthu ndi sayansi yofunika. Komabe, zomwe adakwaniritsa sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu, koma m'tsogolomu chithandizochi chithandiza kukonza moyo ndi thanzi la anthu osiyanasiyana.