Njoka ya Caspian
Gulu la asayansi

Dolichophis caspius (Gmelin, 1789)

• Coluber jugularis caspius
• Coluber caspius
• Hierophis caspius

Njoka ya Caspian , kapena njoka yamkaka yachikasu (lat. Dolichophis Caspius) - njoka yayikulu kuchokera kubanja la omwe adalekanitsa kale. Kugawidwa kum'mwera chakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe kupita ku dera la Volga ndi Eastern Kazakhstan, komanso Western Asia. Kudziwika osati kukula kwake kodabwitsa, komanso chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake amtundu wosadziwika, amatha kuukira munthu ndikuluma magazi, koma sangathe kuyipitsa.

Kufotokozera

Imodzi mwa njoka zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe: kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika masentimita 200, nthawi zina, masentimita 250. Anthu ochokera kuzilumba za Aegean amafupikika kwambiri - mpaka 100 cm. Amuna amakhala motalika kwambiri kuposa akazi. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, wokhala ndi chopondera, chozungulira pang'ono ndi khosi. Maso amatuluka pang'ono ndi wophunzira wozungulira. Masamba achikasu nthawi zambiri amakapangidwa mozungulira maso. Masikelo ndi osalala. Makongoletsedwe a thupi lakunja la njoka yachikulire imatha kukhala ya bulauni ya maolivi, ya bulauni, yofiirira kapena yofiyira. Pali mitundu yakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi yakuda. Mimba yake ndi ya chikaso chopepuka, lalanje kapena lalanje. Malo ang'onoang'ono ofiira ndi achikasu pamimba amapezeka kokha mwa achinyamata omwe sanafikire mita. Zitha kuthandizidwanso ndi mutu wa imvi kapena wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawayilesi amdima kumbuyo. Pafupipafupi pamimba ndi 189-211, zotupa za caudal ndizawiriawiri - 80-110.

Pakati pa njoka yokhala ndi chikasu, nthawi zina amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka ya Balkan (Hierophis gemonensis) kapena njoka yamabulu. Loyamba mwa mitunduyi ndi lalifupi kwambiri ndipo limakutidwa ndi madontho akuda kumbuyo ndi pamimba. Njoka yamabulu imakhala ndi mawonekedwe, mutu wamakhola kuchokera kumtunda. Njoka ya azitona ndi yopapatiza ndipo imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka m'diso.

Kugawa

Amagawidwa kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Balkan Peninsula kumpoto kwa Hungary, kumwera kwa Moldova, zigawo za Ukraine, gawo la Europe la Russia komanso kumadzulo kwa Kazakhstan, republic of Transcaucasia, kumpoto kwa Turkey, ndi Jordan. Gawo lakutali likujambulidwa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Turkmenistan ndi kumpoto kwa Iran. Imapezeka kuzilumba za Andros, Kithnos, Tinos ndi Karpathos.

Imakhala malo otseguka komanso owuma otseguka - mapiri, zipululu, miyala yamiyala, shrubbery, malamba amtchire, malo otsetsereka ndi m'mphepete, m'matanthwe. Nthawi zina imakhala m'malo olimidwa - minda yamphesa, minda yazipatso, m'mbali mwa miyala, m'mabwinja a nyumba, m'malo osungirako zinyalala. Nthawi zambiri amafera m'misewu pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto. M'mapiri amapezeka mpaka 1500-1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Moyo

Amatuluka mosavutikira mu Marichi kapena Epulo, pomwe dziko lapansi limamasulidwa ku chisanu. Imasaka, monga lamulo, masana, komabe, nyengo yotentha, zochitika zimatha kulocha. Ndiwosavuta komanso wosasangalatsa, imadyera padziko lapansi, nthawi zina imangokulira pamitengo yamitengo yamitengo mpaka kutalika kwa 5-7 m. Amagwiritsa ntchito miyala yamiyala, ming'alu munthaka, komanso zomangira zam'madzi ngati potchinga. Imasaka makoswe mpaka gopher ndi abuluzi, ochulukirapo pa amphibians, njoka zina (njoka, efu, njoka) ndi mbalame (kuphatikiza mazira). Achinyamata amatengera abuluzi ndi tizilombo - nsikidzi, ziwala. Nyama yaying'ono imamezedwa ndi moyo, ikuluikulu imapha, ikukhazikika pansi.

Matching mu theka lachiwiri la Epulo - Meyi. Pambuyo pa miyezi 2,5, yaikazi imayikira mazira 5-18 45 × 22 mm kukula kwake. Achichepere pafupifupi 30 cm amatuluka mu Seputembala. Kutha msanga kumachitika zaka 3-4, kutalika kwa thupi kufika pa 65-70 masentimita. Kukhala ndi moyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 8-10.

Njoka ya Caspian imadziwika chifukwa cha nkhanza zake. Mosiyana ndi njoka zina, iye samayesa kubisala kwa munthu woyandikira, koma kumbali ina njoka yolusa ndikuponya mita 1.5-2, kuyesera kulowa pamaso pake. Kuluma kumakhala kowawa, koma sikuyambitsa ngozi yokhayo.

Zikuwoneka bwanji

Kutalika kwa njoka imeneyi kumakhala 2 mamilimita, koma mutha kukumana ndi oimira amtunduwu kutalika kwa 2.5 m, ndikujambulira kumatha kupitilira chizindikiro ichi. Mchira wa chimphona ichi chimakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwake. Ngakhale kutalika kwakeko, njokayo sikuwoneka yayikulu, chifukwa m'mimba mwake mulibe kupitirira masentimita 5. Mutu wa njoka ndi yaying'ono, wokhala ndi zikopa zazikulu. Mimba yachikasu imakhala ndi maso akulu ndi ana owazungulira, mawonekedwe amaso ake ndi amtundu wa lalanje wokhala ndi mawanga amdima.

Gawo loti njoka ilibe nthiti. Muli ndi miyeso yosalala, ndikutupa pang'ono m'mphepete mwa m'mimba.

Maonekedwe a mamba a thupi la njoka ndi osiyanasiyana:

Kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana ndi mithunzi, amapanga mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri. Mimba yamtunduwu, njokayo, imakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso, chifukwa chomwe idatengera dzina lake. Achinyamata ali ndi mizere ingapo yaimvi kapena ya bulauni yakumtunda. Mitengoyi imalumikizana tating'ono, timizere tatifupi timene timakhala molunjika. M'mphepete mwake mulinso mizere ing'onoing'ono.

Njoka yamtundu wamtambo (Caspian) ndi nthumwi yoyimira genus Dolichophis (lat.), I.e. njoka kuchokera ku banja odoriformes. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mitundu inanso itatu ya zofanana nazo:

• Dolichophis jugularis,
• Dolichophis schmidti - njoka yofiira,
• Dolichophis cypriensis - njoka ya ku Kupuro.

Dolichophis jugularis - wokhala m'zilumba za Nyanja ya Aegean, dera la Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait. Pali mawonekedwe ku Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania. Poloz amakonda malo otseguka pakati pa mapiri, minda. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka pansi, ngakhale imayenda bwino pamitengo. Ntchito zapamwamba zimawonekera masana.

Mutha kuzindikira zamtunduwo ndi mtundu wake wakuda, pafupi wakuda, utoto ndi mizere yaying'ono kumbuyo. Kutalika kwa njoka wamkulu kumafika mpaka 2-2,5 metres. Dolichophis schmidti - njoka yofiira, yodziwika bwino monga mtundu wina waposachedwa, isanayesedwe ngati subsgener ya Caspian congener. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumakhala mu utoto osati wamimba wofiira, komanso msana wamthunzi woterowo, wamaso. Amakhala makamaka ku Turkey, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Caucasus, Kumpoto kwa Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan.

Njokayo imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yokhala ndi nthenga zowuma, m'minda ya zipatso, m'malo otsetsereka mpaka 1500. Imabisala m'miyala yomata ngati ikuwopsa, koma imatha kuwombera ndi kuponyera kwa mdani, kuluma kowawa. Dolichophis cypriensis - Njoka ya ku Kupuro imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa azitona, wotuwa komanso utoto woyera kumbuyo. Mchira nthawi zonse umakhala wopanda, wopanda mawonekedwe. Imakula mpaka mita 1-1.15. Njokayo imakhala m'dera lamapiri, limayenda bwino m'makoma onse.

Dzinalo limafotokoza malo ake. Mimba iliyonse yachikaso pachithunzi imadziwika ndi mitundu. Ili ndi zambiri zomwe zimachitika ndi abale apafupi komanso akutali: masomphenya abwino, kuthamanga kwambiri, kuyankha kwadzidzidzi.

Mawonekedwe achikasu okongola komanso malo okhala

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi njoka yakamba msanga, yomwe ili ndi thupi lokongola komanso mchira wautali kwambiri. Mutu wokhala ndi mutu wachikaso umapangidwa bwino kutuluka m'thupi, maso ndi okulira ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ozungulira. Njoka izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maso opangidwa bwino, omwe, limodzi ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, zimawapangitsa kukhala osaka abwino.

Oimira mtunduwu sadziwika pachabe kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa njoka zina zomwe zimakhala ku Europe konse. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wapakati pafupifupi 1.5-2 metres, komabe, toyesa amadziwika omwe kutalika kwake kudutsa mamitala atatu.

Ngati mutayang'ana zithunzi zosiyanasiyana za m'maso achikasu, mutha kuwona kuti mitundu ya achikulire ambiri imawoneka ofanana: kumtunda kwa thupi kumakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wamtundu wakuda, maolivi kapena matalala akuda, kumbuyo kumakhala ndi mawanga ambiri, omwe amakhala m'mizere umodzi kapena awiri. Mimba imakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira woyera wokhala ndi mawanga ofiira kapena achikaso.

Mwambiri, mtundu wa anthu osiyanasiyana umasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malo omwe amakhala. Zomwe njokazi zimakhalamo pafupifupi ku Europe. Mpaka pano, alipo ambiri a iwo ku Balkan Peninsula, ku Asia Minor, ku Moldova, pakati pa mapiri a Ukraine, nkhalango za Transcaucasus komanso m'malo ena ambiri.

Kale, ma bulu achikasu amakonda mapiri otseguka, zipululu, mapiri atali ndi misewu, malo otsetsereka a miyala komanso madambo omwe ndi ovuta kufikirako anthu. Zikakhala kuti nyengo ina pachaka imadziwika ndi chilala chachikulu, amtambo wachikasu amatha kupita kumadzi osefukira ndi mitsinje ndikudutsa m'mitsinje. Nsomba zokhala ndi chikaso chambiri nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'malo okhala anthu, zimangolowa munyumba zingapo zomwe zili m'chigawo cha mafamu kuti ziikire mazira kapena kudikira kutentha.

Akhozanso kudzikonzera okha pobisalira m'nyumba zodyera ndi malo osungira, koma posachedwa amatha kupezeka kocheperako. Pogona pokhapokha pamimba yachikasu imatha kukhala pang'onopang'ono pansi, khoma lamiyala pafupi ndi bedi la mtsinje, dzenje la mbalame kapena dzenje la mbalame iliyonse yomwe ili kumtunda wotsika.

Wofiirawo amakhala ndi nyumba yake, choncho nthawi zambiri amayesetsa kuti asachokere m'malo mwake, kuti abwerere kwawo kuchokera kuulendo wautali. Nthawi zambiri imatha kupezeka pakati pa mabwinja a nyumba zakale, minda yamphesa ngakhale m'mapiri pamtunda wamtunda wokwana mamiliyoni awiri. Amayesetsa kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo amadzi, koma osati chifukwa amakonda kusambira, koma chifukwa nthawi zonse pali zochuluka zomwe zimafunidwa.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Njoka zokhala ndi ma yellow zimagwira nthawi yomweyo, kupenya bwino, zimayenda mwachangu - makhalidwe amenewa amawapangitsa kukhala osaka abwino. Amathamangitsa nyama yawo mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti buluzi wosakhotakhota kapena mbulu usathawe. Wokhala ndi chikasu amatha kupezanso chakudya chake chobisika chilichonse.

Kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi zimapatsanso mwayi kudya osati nyama zazing'ono zokha, komanso kumeza nyama zonse, agologolo pansi, mbalame, ngakhale abale awo - njoka zazing'ono. Zimadyetsanso dzombe, mbewa, zimatha kumeza chingwe, chule, ndikuwononga zisa za mbalame.

Njoka ikasaka pa mitengo yayitali, ikudikirira wovutayo, ikudumphira m'nthambi, ikulumpha pansi. Ngakhale kulumidwa ndi njoka, komwe nthawi zina imatha kugwira ndikudya, sikumupweteka kwambiri. Maluso akugwidwa ndi awa:

1. gwira nyama
2. lirani ndi thupi lanu kuti mutero,
3. sangalalani ndi chakudya chanu.

Kuthamanga kwakukulu pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumatsimikizira kusaka bwino kwa njokayo.

Kubwezeretsa njoka zamkaka zachikasu

Nthawi yakuswana, njoka zokhala ndi chikasu zimapezeka pawiri. Pokonzekera kukhwima, yamphongo imagwira mkazi ndi khosi ndi zibwano zake. Pakadali pano, njoka zimasiya kukhala maso.

Patatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi atachira, mkaziyo amaikira mazira 6-12. Kuganiza kumachitika mu ming'alu ndi m'maenje a mitengo. Mu zaka 3-4, njoka zokhala ndi chikasu zimayamba kutha msinkhu. Ndipo amakhala kuthengo pafupifupi zaka 7-8.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka zamphongo zachikasu ndi nkhandwe, martens ndi mbalame zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri amafera pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto, apa njoka zimakhala zopanda mphamvu ndikumakuwa ndikubweza.

Chifukwa chaukali wa njoka zokhala ndi chikasu, zimayambitsa kusakondera kwambiri mwa anthu. Popeza njoka zimakhala zodalirana, anthu nthawi zambiri amazichotsa. Zowonongeka kwa anthu zimayambitsidwa ndi kulima kwa malo otetezeka ndi kuswana ng'ombe, zomwe zimawononga malo okhala njoka. Pokhudzana ndi izi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu kunayamba kuchepa, koma posachedwa kutha kwa njoka zokhala ndi chikasu sikuwopseza.

Njoka zokhala ndi chikasu, monga njoka zina, nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'misika. Okhazikika omwe amakhala mumsinga amakhala ngati ali mu ukapolo mosasamala, koma mwachangu zizolowere moyo watsopano ndikukhala ankhanza kwambiri.

Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Dagestan, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wamtunduwu amakhala - njoka yofiira. Njoka izi zimakhala ndi msana wofiira, m'mimba komanso maso amtundu womwewo.

Khalidwe la Yellowbelly ndi Moyo

Opangidwa ndi chikasu, ngakhale sanakhale woopsa komanso chitetezo chochepa kwa anthu, komabe samasiyana mikhalidwe yawo yokonda mtendere. Mutha kuwonera kanema wamomwe nsomba yokhala ndi chikasu imangira mchira wake pa intaneti kuti mumve zenizeni zomwe zingatheke ndi njoka yayikuluyi.

Akakumana ndi munthu kuthengo, nsomba yokhala ndi chikasu nthawi zonse sidzakonda kumudutsa. Nthawi zambiri, amayamba kudzilimbitsa ngati mawonekedwe amodzimodzi, kwinaku akukweza kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikutsegula pakamwa pake, kuyesera kuluma munthu ndi mawu akulira.

Nthawi yomweyo, amalumpha ndikuwombera kwa mdani wake, akusunthasuntha malo ndi malo, kotero kuti kuchokera kumbali kumawoneka ngati njoka ikulumpha. Mtundu wachikasu umenya mchira wake ndipo imatha kulumpha mwachangu mtunda wopitilira mita imodzi, nkumenya munthu mwachindunji.

Makhalidwe achikasu amasiyana ndi oimira ena ambiri amfumu ya njoka pakusiyana kwake komanso chisokonezo. Njokayo ndi yopanda nzeru kwenikweni ndipo ili ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri, motero kuyigwira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.

Ndipo, kupatula apo, amatha kuluma, zomwe zimakhala zowawa kwambiri kwa anthu, popeza mano angapo akuthwa ali mkamwa mwa njokayo, pang'ono kumbuyo.

Zidutswa za mano opaka chikasu nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe chilondacho, ndipo ngati simungachikulitse kanthawi kochepa kuchokera pakuluma, mutha kufikira matenda. Ngati kuluma, chilondacho chiyenera kuthandizidwa mwachangu ndi antiseptic iliyonse ndikupereka thandizo kwa wovulalayo.

M'nyengo yotentha kwambiri, njoka zimatha kuwonda padzuwa, pambuyo pake zimakula kwambiri, pomwe mchira wachikasu wamimba ndipo imagwiranso ntchito zina zosokoneza. Izi ndichifukwa choti ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi, kagayidwe ka nsomba zamkaka zachikasu kumathandizira kwambiri.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Mazira achikasu achikasu amayikidwa mozungulira masiku omaliza a June. Mu malo amodzi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mazira sikisi mpaka makumi awiri, pomwe ana ake amawonekera kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe.

Omwe ali ndi chikasu amakhala ndi adani angapo, chifukwa chake iye yekha amatha kukhala msodzi wa mbalame zodyedwa kapena adani ena. Kutalika kwa moyo kuthengo ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zisanu ndi zinayi.

Kudyetsa ndi kubereka gulu la a Crimea achikasu

Mwachilengedwe, nyama zanyama zam'madzi izi zimadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo, ndipo zakudya zake sizosiyana kwambiri ndi buluzi wamba. Kunyumba, njuchiyi imayenera kudyetsedwa ndi nyongolotsi, maulesi, mbewa zatsopano, mbalame zazing'ono, zipatso ndi masamba. Ndizotheka kuti chiwetocho chimakonda kudumphira pansi abuluzi kapena njoka.

Kuchita bwino kwa pusher yamafuta kumafunika kuvomerezedwa kwakanthawi, komwe kumakhumudwitsidwa ndikukhazikika kwamtunda wotsika kwambiri ku terarium. Maloto oterewa amatha miyezi yambiri. Pafupifupi mwezi wa June kapena Julayi, njuchi zachikazi zimatha kuwerengera mazira khumi ndi awiri ochepa kukula ndi mawonekedwe ena obisika. Nthawi yodula matendawa imakhala mkati mwa masiku 30 kapena 45 ndipo imayenera kuchitika kutentha pang'ono kwa 30 ° C.

Zolemba Panyumba

Pakumapeto, kusintha kwakukulu kumatha kuchitika ndi chikasu-pusik chokhudza mawonekedwe ake. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, achinyamata akamakula, amasintha mtundu wawo wamtambo wachikaso kukhala utoto wonyezimira kapena wamkuwa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa za abuluzi zomwe sizikuwonetsa kukwiya kwachilengedwe kwa mwini wake, ngakhale ndi zibwano zamphamvu ndi kukula kwabwino kwamthupi.

Malingaliro akuti poyizoni wokhala ndi chikasu ndi poyizoni ndilolakwika kwambiri. Kope ili pafupi kutha ndipo lidalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine pachifukwa chosavuta kuti nthawi zambiri limalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka yoopsa komanso kuphedwa kosasangalatsa.

M'malo mwake, ndi buluzi wamkulu wokhala ndi miyendo yosinthika, yomwe imayimiriridwa ndi zikutilo zina zazitali mbali za thupi. Ndizofanana ndi mawonekedwe awa, komanso posapezeka mano komanso kupezeka kwa eyel, kuti canon yachikaso ikhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi ena onse, ndikuyimira chowopseza chenicheni, choyambanso.

Buluzi wopanda njoka ndi njoka zimawoneka zofanana, koma izi ndizoyang'ana koyamba. Zapezeka kuti pali zosiyana zingapo pakati pa izi zowonongera. Kodi amasiyana bwanji? Mitundu iti ya abuluzi opanda miyendo omwe ndiofala kwambiri? Werengani za nkhaniyi munkhaniyi.

Kufotokozera Mwachidule

Buluzi wopanda miyendo, lomwe tikukambirana m'nkhaniyi, ali ngati njoka. Alibe miyendo. Maimidwe awo am'maso ndi mafoni. Zobwerezabwereza izi zimakhala ndi moyo wapansi pansi: zimakhala nthawi yayitali pansi. Mothandizidwa ndi mutu wofanana ndi fosholo, komanso chifukwa cha mayendedwe ake amthupi, amasunthasuntha m'nthaka. Buluzi wopanda cholakwa amadya tizilombo, komanso zolengedwa zopanda nyama.

Izi zokwawa ndi ovoviviparous. Nthawi imodzi, wamkazi amatha kubweretsa ana angapo, nthawi zambiri - osapitilira anayi. Ziphuphu zimatha kutha msinkhu ndili ndi zaka zitatu.

Kusiyana kwa Njoka

Popeza adakumana ndi buluzi wopanda miyendo, anthu amatenga njoka yaululu ndikuyesa kupha nyamayo. Zachidziwikire, zokwawa ndi zofanana: abuluzi onse opanda miyendo ndi njoka zimayenda chifukwa chopotoza thupi. Komabe, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kupeza zosiyana zingapo zotchulidwa pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ya repitili. Ganizirani za kusiyana pakati pa abuluzi awiri: spindle ndi yellowfin.

Choyamba, amakhala ndi ma eyelone osunthira, pomwe adakulira limodzi mu njoka, potero amapanga mawonekedwe oteteza pamaso. Mikango imakhala ndi chitseko, chomwe chimakhala kumbuyo kwa ziwalo. Njoka zilibe.

Kachiwiri, mutu ndi thupi zimagwirizidwa pamodzi mosiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati spindle ndi yellowfin zilibe chopindika m'khosi, ndiye kuti amatchedwa njoka.

M'mabuluwa, mbali zamanzere ndi zamanja za nsagwada zimalumikizana kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo, nyama izi zimakhala ndi lamba.

Mtengo wopota

Buluzi lopanda mwendo (spindle whale) limadyera pa ma mbewa, nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi zazomera. Amagwira nyama ndi mano akuthwa, kumbuyo. Chifukwa cha izi, mphutsi zoterera ndi zotupa zimakhalabe m'malo mwake mwa mkamwa. Buluzi limamwa chakudya motere: chimameza pang'onopang'ono, kusuntha mutu wawo mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ngati nyongolotsiyo imasunthika kwinakwake koma osasiya matope, ndiye kuti chopondacho chimawongola thupi ndikuyamba kuzungulira mbali imodzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, amangochotsa gawo la zokolola. Kudya nkhono, chamoyocho chimasunthira pang'onopang'ono pachitetezo, kenako chimapukusa mutu wake pakamwa pa chigobacho.

Kubwanya Spindle

Banja la spindle limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya mitundu. Pali oposa zana a iwo. Kufotokozera kwapadera kwa ma spindle kwaperekedwa kale m'nkhaniyi. Tsopano tikambirana za oimirira banja kwambiri - bwazi losalimba. Mwa njira, buluzi wopanda njoka ndi woluka - sizili chimodzimodzi. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo: mwachitsanzo, ma spindles ali ndi mabowo olowa ndi zingwe zazifupi.

Kutalika kwa zokwawa izi kumafika masentimita 45. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a matupi awo ndi mchira wosunthika. Kuphatikiza apo, malire pakati pa thupi ndi mchira ndikuwoneka pafupi ndi maliseche. Milozo ya nyama imalimbitsidwa ndi mafupa. Nthawi zambiri spindles amakhala ndi miyeso ya imvi kapena ya bulauni yokhala ndi sheya wamkuwa. Komabe, pali ma albino payokha, komanso ma melanc, omwe mtundu wake ndi wakuda kwathunthu. Ana a malembawo nthawi ina amatengedwa molakwika, chifukwa adakali aang'ono mtundu wawo umagawa mbali ziwiri: chokoleti ndi golide. Mutha kukumana ndiwosokonekera m'nkhalango. Nthawi zina amalowa m'minda ndi m'minda. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama ina ikatha kusambira, nthawi zina imawoneka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.

Yellow-pusik

Buluzi wachikasu wopanda miyendo amatchedwanso kuti capercaillie. Ichi ndi nyama zambiri, kutalika kwake ndi mita ndi theka. Mtundu wachikasu si buluzi wopanda mwendo. Zotsalira za miyendozo zikuyimiridwa ndi zibwano ziwiri zomwe zili pamphepete mwa chovalacho. Amadziwika kwambiri mwa amuna akuluakulu. Zotchera zili m'gulu la Carapace Spindles.

Maonekedwe a abuluzi ndi awa: ali ndi thupi lalitali, lotetezedwa ndi mamba opaka. Amakhala ngati chipolopolo. M'mphepete mwa thupi muli zikwama za khungu. Pali awiri a iwo. Zimathandizira moyo wa abuluzi, zimathandizira kupuma kwake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chipolopolocho chikudya bwino. Mtundu wa thupi ukhoza kukhala wonyezimira komanso wachikasu, nthawi zambiri matupi ofiira amapezeka. Ndikosavuta kudziwa msika wa buluzi ndi mtundu wamtambo: anthu omwe sanakwanitse chaka chimodzi amakhala ndi mitundu yopingidwa, yoyimiriridwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda motsutsana ndi mtundu wachikasu.

Kalifonia wa ku californian

California buluzi wopanda miyendo siwambiri kwambiri. Thupi lake looneka ngati nyongolotsi limafikira pafupifupi ma 25 sentimita okhaokha, ndipo ndiwo okwanira. Mbali yakumwambayo ya penti imapaka utoto wa maolivi wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira. Ma subspecies ena amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kapena wakuda. Pansi pake nthawi zambiri pamakhala wachikasu, ndipo mutu umada. Mwa achichepere, mizere italiitali ya thupi pa thupi imawoneka bwino.

Katunduyu ndiofala ku gombe la California. Chifukwa cha ichi, buluziyo adadzipatsa dzina. Mutha kukumana naye ku San Francisco. Amasunthira pansi mwakuya masentimita 10-15. Imakhala nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala ndi masamba ndi dothi lamchenga. Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti sizingapezeke m'miyala. Mitengo yamtengo yokhala pansi, yopanda pansi pamiyala - m'malo onsewo buluzi amagwiritsa ntchito ngati pobisalira.

Zakudya za buluzi waku California ndi tizilombo tokhala m'nthaka, mphutsi zawo, akangaude, ndi ma arthropod osiyanasiyana. Amawapangitsa mobisa. Chamoyo chimasaka pansi panthaka, chimanunkhira malo omwe nyama zimadyapo ndikuchigwira mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi mutu womwe watuluka mumchenga.

Ndani wachikopa chamiyendo ndani - njoka, buluzi kapena chamoyo china chilichonse?

M'malo mwake, nyama iyi ndi nthumwi ya mtundu wa Pseudopus (Carapace spindleworms) wa banja la Anguidae (Spindleworms).

Kumanga

Buluzi loteroli lilibe kutsogolo. Miyendo yakumbuyo imayimiridwa ndi njira ziwiri zoyambira pafupi ndi anus. Chimafanana ndi njoka chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi miyendo komanso njira yoyendetsera thupi.

Zazikulu kwambiri zimatha kutalika mita ndi theka. Kukula kwakanthawi kwamthupi ndi mita imodzi. Phokoso limapendekera mphuno. Mutu wa nyama zam'madzi ndi tetrahedral, pomwe imasiyanitsa njoka. Kusiyanitsa kwina kwa chikasu ndi mabowo. Komanso apse ya Pseudopus imatha kununkha.

Chovala chomanga khungu chimakhala ndi sikelo yolumikizana bwino. Pansi pawo pali mbale zamafupa - osteoderm. Pali khungu lanu mbali zonse ziwiri thupi lonse. Thorax wa chikomachi sakhalapo.

Mtundu wa abuluzi akuluakulu ndi monophonic: maolivi, achikasu, bulauni, ofiira. Achinyamata obwezeretsa mpaka zaka zitatu amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingulo mthupi lonse, kukumbukira za "manambala" achi Roma, zigzags kapena arcs. Pankhaniyi, khungu lalikulu ndi toni imvi. Mimba ya abuluzi a m'badwo uliwonse ndi yopepuka kuposa thupi lomwe lili ndi mchira.

Habitat

Magawo a magawo omwe amagawidwa ndi malo ochepa okha kum'mwera chakumadzulo ndi Central Asia komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Buluzi lopanda miyendo limapezeka pagombe:

• Adriatic, Wakuda (Crimea) ndi Nyanja ya Caspian,
• ku Caucasus
• ku Russia ndi Kazakhstan,
• ku Turkey
• Israeli
• Iran
• Syria
• Iraq.

Malinga ndi malowa, agawika mabeleki akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa achikasu, omwe amakhala osiyanasiyana motalika. Pseudopus apodus, yomwe imapezeka ku Bulgaria, ndi yayikulu kuposa anzawo aku East.

Mitundu ya zolengedwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana iyi ndiyosiyanasiyana. Imatha kupezeka kumapiri, kumapiri, kumapiri, kumapiri kwamatchi, kumapiri, kumapiri opezeka ku 2.3 km kumtunda kwa nyanja, m'nkhalango zowirira ndi zigwa. Ndikotheka kukhala paminda yolimidwa: minda yokhala ndi mpunga ndi thonje, minda ya mpesa.

Ma yellowtopusik saopa madzi ngakhale - m'menemo amatha kubisala kwa adani.

Zitsamba ndi mabango, milu yamiyala, zometa za nyama zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba. Kuchokera pogona pofunafuna chakudya chikulowa mkati mwa mazana atatu metro.

Zabodza za buluzi wopanda miyendo

Ena amakhulupirira kuti miyendo yachikasu imadya njoka zapoizoni. Komabe, izi ndizolakwika kwathunthu. Ndi njoka ndi abuluzi ena a njoka, salowerera ndale. Chifukwa chake, oimira Pseudopus apodus amakhala kutali ndi mongoose kapena mbalame yolembera. Ngakhale ma supporate ndi ma eurenises angakhale chakudya chamiyendo yopanda miyendo.

Nthano ina - kodi njoka ya malamba achikasu kapena ayi? Nyama iyi ilibe poizoni m'meno mwake; siili lakuthwa kuti iphe mnzake. Kuphatikiza apo, buluziyo sungakhotetse mphete, ngati njoka, kuti ikolowere nyama yake. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, mapiritsi a Pseudopus amakhala otetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu ndipo pokhapokha pokhapokha amatha kuyiluma.

Kodi mumakonda nkhaniyo? Tengani khoma lanu, thandizira ntchitoyi!

Alibe miyendo, kunja kwake amafanana kwambiri ndi njoka.

Komabe, njira yellowness ndi yosavuta kusiyanitsa: ma eyel ake ndi mafoni ndipo amalola kuti atsegule ndikutseka maso ake. Njoka zimalandidwa mwayi wotere: ma eyeloni awo nthawi zonse amaphatikizidwa ndikupanga "windows" yowonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, buluziyo amakhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri, pafupifupi nthawi 1.5 kuposa thupi.

Chikumbutso chokhacho chakuti makolo akale a miyendo yachikasu nthawi ina anali ndi miyendo yaying'ono m'mbali mwa chovalacho. Izi ndi miyendo yamiyendo yakumbuyo, mwina osasewera mbali iliyonse pamoyo wa buluzi.

WOLEMBA Wachiwiri

Zheltopuzik ndiye yekha woimira mtundu wa spindles wooneka ngati chipolopolo. Monga abuluzi ena owoneka ngati ma spindle, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi mamba akulu ngati matayala, ndipo zishango zazing'onoting'ono zimasiyana pang'ono ndi zoyambira mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Pansi pa ziphuphu izi pali osteoderms (zotupa za khungu), chifukwa chomwe thupi la chikasu limakhala lolimba komanso lokwera mpaka kukhudza. Amapanga mawonekedwe otseguka kosatha komanso osasunthika mafupa, ofanana ndi makalata amtambo. Chifukwa chake dzina la mtundu - chipolopolo armworms. Pali kusiyana pakati pamimba ndi matumbo a chovalachi, chifukwa chomwe khungu lake limakhala lalitali kuyambira pakumutu mpaka kumapazi kwachikatikati komwe kumakhala mbali zachikasu. Amalola buluzi kusuntha mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo kuwonjezera, kukulitsa voliyumu yam'mimba pakumeza nyama yayikulu, komanso yaimuna komanso ikamatenga mazira. Chovala chachifupi, chochulukirapo kapena chocheperako chakumapeto kwa lilime la chikasu chimakhala ndi magawo awiri a kukula kwake, ndipo mbali yakutsogolo ya buluzi imatha kukokedwa mu nyini yapadera mkati mwa chomeracho.

South MALLUSTER AMATEUR

Chikasu chimapezeka kuchokera ku Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor ndi West Asia kumadzulo, komanso ku Iraq kummawa. Amakhala kugombe lakumwera kwa Crimea, ku Caucasus, ku Central Asia ndi kumwera. Imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana: kuyambira m'nkhokwe zamadzi osefukira ndi poyambira patadutsa kumapiri, kumapiri ndi m'miyala. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, ngozi ikalowa m'madzi, amasambira bwino. Sitimapewa kuyandikira kuyandikira kwa anthu, kulima minda yazipatso ndi minda yamphesa. Buluzi limagwira ntchito masana, limakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri masana komanso maola otentha kwambiri masana mumisasa: kuponya makoswe, m'maenje pansi pamiyala, m'nkhalango zowirira zamtchire.

Yellowfin ndiwosangalatsa. Nsagwada zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, mano osachedwa kumuloleza kuti athe kuthana ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono komanso gastropods zapadziko lapansi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala maziko a chakudya chake. Ngakhale nkhono zazikulu za mphesa zokhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba sizili pamaso pake. Makoswe onga mbewa, mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye, abuluzi ang'ono ndi njoka amatha kukhala agalu achikasu. Nthawi zina amagwiritsanso ntchito zakudya zam'mera, mwachitsanzo, ma apricot ndi zipatso za mphesa.

Nawonso abuluziwa, ngakhale amakhala ndi mwayi waukulu komanso “makoko” amtundu, amakhala amadyera ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinyama. Ma belu achikasu ndi mchira wowonongeka kapena wong'ambika ndi munthu wamba. M'madera ena, gawo la anthu otere limafikira 50%. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mchira wa zigamba za nkhonoyi siung'amba: kuyang'amba kapena kuluma, muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri. Ndiponso, sipamamera, imakhala yosadetseka, monga kuti idadulidwa. Ziphuphu zokhala ndi michira yayifupi sizingathenso kuyenda mwachangu pansi ndikukwawa kumakwawa amitengo yamitengo ndi zitsamba ngati anzawo athanzi.

Kusamalira MOM

Amuna abwinobwino mwachilengedwechi amapezeka nthawi pafupifupi kawiri kuposa akazi omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'misasa. Posakhalitsa nyengo yachisanu ikadzayamba, kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Novembala mpaka Epulo-Epulo, nyengo yakubala imayamba mu maluwa achikasu. Wamphongo amafunafuna mkaziyo, ndipo akunyamula ndi nsagwada, amamugwira mutu. Mu June-Julayi, buluzi padzenje kapena pogona pena amaikira mazira. Mu clutch chimodzi pali kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 12, amalemera pafupifupi 20 g ndipo adakutidwa ndi chigoba chakuda.

Masamba 10,5,5 cm kutalika mu Ogasiti-Seputembala. Amapaka utoto mosiyana ndi achikulire: pamaso achikasu achikasu pali mawonekedwe amizeremizere yamizeremizere yakuda yopitilira mutu ndi mchira. Utoto uwu umasungidwa m'mabuluwa mpaka 20 cm ndipo pang'onopang'ono umasintha kuchokera ku wamkulu kupita molt.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kuwona ana aliwonse ngakhale m'malo omwe mumapezeka kuchuluka kwake ndipo akulu akulu 5-10 amapezeka patsiku. Izi zili choncho mwina chifukwa chobisalira. Kuphatikiza apo, zazimayi sizimatenga nawo gawo kuswana pachaka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa ana asukulu sikokulira. Kutha msambo wachikasu kumachitika pazaka zapakati pa 3-4 ndi kutalika kwa thupi lopitirira 30 cm.

CHABWINO NDI MUNA

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe akunja kwa njoka yayikulu, koma yabuluzi yopanda vuto lililonse, msonkhano ndi munthu nthawi zina umatha chifukwa cha iye. Wokhala ndi miyendo yachikasu amayesa kutuluka m'manja, ndikulunjika ndi thupi lonse kapena kusinthasintha mwachangu mbali imodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, kumveka kulira kwa zigamba za mafupa omwe amaphulikirana wina ndi mzake. Ngakhale nsagwada zamphamvu, zokhala ndi chikasu pafupifupi sizimaluma. Chitetezo chake chokha ndi utsi wa ndulu zosanunkhira bwino za madzi, kukakamiza kuponyera buluzi "woyipa".

Milandu yokhudza kugwidwa mosaloledwa ndi kugulitsa ma belu achikasu posunga malo okhala ndi anthu osakhulupirika a zootorger amadziwika. Buluzi ambiri amafera m'misewu pansi pa matayala a magalimoto, komanso zitsime zosiyanasiyana, ngalande zamtundu wina ndi zina, momwe zimagwera ndipo sizitha kutuluka. Mitunduyi idalembedwa m'mabuku a Red of Kazakhstan ndipo, ku Russia, m'mabuku a Red of the Krasnodar Territory, Ingushetia, North Ossetia ndi Kalmykia.

Mbawala yachikasu imasungira mazira omwe adayikidwapo m'chipinda chonyowa, ndikumakutira mozungulira thupi lake.Chisamaliro chofananira cha ana abuluzi ndichosadabwitsa.

CHISONI CHABWINO

Mtundu: Zamoyo
Dongosolo: Ziphuphu.
Banja: buluzi wopota.
Mtundu: zopindika zopindika.
Mtundu: chikasu-pusik.
Dzina lachi Latin: Pseudopus apodus.
Kukula: kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira - mpaka 125 cm.
Kulemera: mpaka 500 g.
Colour: yellow-red-brown, pamimba - opepuka.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo wachikasu: mpaka zaka 30.

Zambiri

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi njoka yoyimira banja la omwe ali osiyana kale. Zowona, mosiyana ndi abale ake apamtima, amatha kukula mwachindunji kukhala ochulukirapo. Panali nthawi zina pomwe ofufuza adapeza anthu omwe kutalika kwake kudutsa mamita 2. Kutengera izi, sizabwino kunena kuti njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe.

Ndipo kupatula apo, mutha kukumana naye pafupifupi kudera lonse, kuphatikiza ku Russia. Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ya Crimea ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri kwa asayansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti pali ambiri a iwo pa peninsula. Ndipo izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzitha kuwona njoka m'malo awo achilengedwe popanda kuchita khama komanso kuwononga ndalama.

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu: mawonekedwe

Njoka iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe osaiwalika, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kuzisokoneza ndi mtundu wina. Makamaka poganizira za kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe afika zaka zisanu.

Chifukwa chake, kumtunda kwa njokayo kumakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, womwe umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi imvi mpaka bulauni, nthawi zina mpaka wakuda. Kwakukulu, kusintha koteroko kumadalira komwe njoka imakhala, chifukwa khungu lake ndi chobisika chomwe chitha kubisala nyama. Chifukwa chake, musadabwe kuti nthumwi za mtundu umodzi zitha kukhala imvi komanso zakuda.

Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti onse ali ndi gawo lotsika utoto wachikasu kapena lalanje. Kwenikweni, chifukwa cha izi, njokayo idatchedwa - "bel-yellow". Zowona, mumalingaliro ang'onoang'ono mitundu iyi samawonetsedwabe bwino ndipo imatha kuwoneka ngati malo osiyana.

Masikelo ali ndi gawo lomveka bwino, lomwe limapangitsa njokayo kukongola mwa njira yake. Pakatikati mwa sikelo opepuka pang'ono, nthawi zina zimachitika kuti amapeza utoto wa lalanje. Chifukwa cha izi, zikuwoneka kuti zimawala, ngati kuti kuwala kwadzuwa kumasewera pakhungu lake.

Kodi njokayi imakhala kuti?

Mutha kunena zambiri za chonde ichi pokhapokha mutamva dzina lathunthu - njoka yachikasu ya Caspian. Ndizosavuta kuganiza kuti mutha kumakumana naye pafupi pafupifupi mbali zonse za beseni la Caspian. Makamaka m'madera omwe mumakhala nyengo yotentha komanso yofunda.

Chifukwa chake, njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imakhala ku Crimea, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, kumwera kwa Ukraine komanso kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Caspian. Zimapezekanso m'maiko akum'mawa, monga Kazakhstan, Turkey, kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Azerbaijan. Pochulukirapo, njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imapezeka kuzilumba za Tinos, Kifnos, Andros ndi Karpathos.

Kunena za Russia, apa ikhoza kupezeka m'chigawo cha Rostov, Stavropol Territory, Volga Region ndi madera ena. Komanso, njokayo imakhala kumapiri a Greater Caucasus komanso kufupi ndi malire a Dagestan.

Zizolowezi ndi miyambo ya njoka yamanjala

Njoka iyi siyabwino posankha malo okhalamo, chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti pamakhala kutentha kokwanira, panali chakudya chochuluka. Chifukwa chake, mutha kukumana ndi chisa chake pabwalo komanso pakati pamapiri. Ngakhale sanakonde kutalika kwambiri, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti samakonda kukwera pamwamba pa 1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Amamanga chisa pakati pa mabowo opanda kanthu, miyala yaying'ono, ming'alu pamiyala ngakhale m'maenje a mitengo. Zimachitika kuti amatenga burashi ya wom'gwiririra, amakhala nayo limodzi ndi zabwino zonse. Ngakhale, zowona, nthawi ngati izi, mwiniwake wakale nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mimba ndi njoka.

Njokayo siopa phokoso ndi anthu, chifukwa imatha kukhazikika pafupi nawo. Ambiri owona m'maso akuti adawona momwe nyama zonyalanyaza izi zidakulira kwa iwo kuseri kwa munda kapena munda tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale kulimba mtima kotere nthawi zambiri kumatha momvetsa chisoni kwa iye, chifukwa anthu sakonda kwenikweni dera lino. Ndipo pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto oposa a njoka'zi ambiri adamwalira.

Kodi chimadya chiyani?

Maziko azakudya ndi makoswe ndi tizilombo. Popeza kukula kwa njokayo, titha kuganiza kuti amatha kumeza ngakhale gopher wamkulu kapena hamster popanda mavuto. Komanso, njoka ndi abuluzi sizimadana, kupatula apo, ndizosavuta kuzigwira.

Nthawi zina amakwera mitengo kuti apeze zisa mbalame. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zonse ndi mazira ake ndi abwino ngati nyama. Mwambiri, njoka imatsatira lamulo limodzi: Ndimadya chilichonse chomwe chili chaching'ono kuposa ine.

Njira ndi njira zosaka

Njoka yokhala ndi njoka ndi msaki wochenjera kwambiri komanso wowopsa, wokhoza kuukira kuchokera kwa obisalira. Komabe, samakhomera womugwira, koma amakufefa ndi mphete zake, ngati wothandizira wotsatira wa boa. Kuchita koteroko kungalepheretse ntchito kupanga masekondi angapo. Ndipo pambuyo poti wosauka yemwe wagwa aleke kupendekera, njoka idamudya modekha.

Ndipo ngakhale ngongole itapulumuka msampha, ilibe mwayi wothawa njoka yambewu. Zowonadi, chifukwa cha minofu yake, amatha kukhala othamanga kwambiri, omwe palibe angathe kupikisana nawo.

Njoka imakonda kusaka masana, popeza usiku, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kutentha, mayendedwe ake amagwa. Koma ngati pamakhala kutentha kwambiri pamsewu, ndiye kuti njira imeneyi ingasinthe kwenikweni.

Kodi njoka ndiyipazi?

Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi yankho la funsoli. Kupatula apo, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti njokayo ili bwanji kwa ena, makamaka kwa anthu. Monga nthumwi iliyonse yobereka, njokayo ilibe poizoni wakupha. Chifukwa chake, kwa anthu sizikhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Ngakhale izi, muyenera kukhala osamala naye kwambiri. Chamoyo ichi chimakhala ndi chikhalidwe choyipa kwambiri ndipo chimatha kuukira munthu mosakaikira, makamaka ngati adalowa gawo lake.

Zikatero, njoka yambewu imatulutsa mchira wake, ndikudumphira mphete ndikudumphira wothawitsayo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuchita zofananira nthawi zingapo mzere, kuyesera kupambana mdaniyo ndi mphamvu zake zonse. Kuyenera kudziwitsidwa kuti: amulume osakhala akumwalira, komabe akumva kuwawa, makamaka kwa mwana. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kutalikirana ndi njokayi.

Chiyembekezo chamoyo komanso nyengo yakukhwima

Mwambiri, njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 6-7. Koma njoka zochepa ndizofika m'badwo uno, pomwe zimayamba kukhala ozunzidwa ndi adani achilengedwe komanso zochitika zosayembekezereka. Nthiwatiwa ndi nkhandwe zimabweretsa vuto lalikulu kwa iwo, chifukwa kwa iwo njokayo ndi chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri.

Ali wazaka zakubadwa za 3-4, zotsalira izi zimatha kutha msanga ndikupita kukafunafuna gulu loyenerera. Amapangana kumapeto kwa nyengo yophukira, kuti ana atha kukhala ndi nthawi yomenyera mazira awo ndikulimba nyengo ya chisanu isanayambe. Pafupifupi, mwana wamkazi mmodzi yekha ndi anthu 5-12.

Paukapolo, njoka imakhala yomasuka, chifukwa apa ilibe mdani. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yotere imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10 ndikubala nthawi yambiri "olowa".

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi njoka yayikulu, yopanda poizoni yochokera ku banja lakale. M'mbuyomu, Colubridae (wobadwa kale) sanali gulu lachilengedwe, popeza ambiri a iwo anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu ena kuposa wina ndi mnzake. Banja lino lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "chotchinga" cha njoka zambiri zomwe sizigwirizana m'magulu ena. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa pantchito yama molekyulu phylogenetics adakhazikitsa gulu la "njoka" za njoka, ndi banja, lomwe pano limatchulidwa kuti ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali. Ngakhale kuti athane ndi zonsezi, kafukufuku owonjezera adzafunika.

Chiyambire kulongosola koyambirira kwa a Johann Friedrich Gmelin mu 1789, njoka yamkaka yachikasu ku Europe yadziwika ndi mayina ambiri.

Mndandanda wa mayina waperekedwa pansipa:

• C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789 g,
• C. acontistes Pallas, 1814 g,
• C. thermis Pallas, 1814 g,
• C. jugularis Caspius, 1984,
• Hierophis caspius, 1988
• Dolichophis caspius, 2004

Izi ndikuwona;

• Dolichophis caspius caspius - ochokera ku Hungary, Romania, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslav Republic, Albania, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey chakumadzulo, Russia, gombe la Caucasus,
• Dolichophis caspius eiselti - ochokera ku zilumba zachi Greek za Rhode, Karpathos ndi Kasos munyanja ya Aegean.

Ma arthropod ambiri alibe poizoni kapena ali ndi poizoni yemwe alibe vuto kwa anthu.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu m'chigawo cha Rostov

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imafika pamlingo wokwanira mamilimita 2.5, ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe, koma kukula kwake ndi 1.5 1.5 m. Mutu umakhala wowongoka, wamtali, wopatukana pang'ono ndi khosi. Msonga wa mphuno ndiwosalala komanso wozungulira. Lilime lalitali kwambiri komanso lambiri. Mchirawo ndi wautali komanso wowonda. Chiyerekezo chonse cha kutalika kwa njoka kutalika mchira ndi 2.6-3.5. Maso ndi akulu ndipo ali ndi ana owazungulira. Mano akuchulukitsa amakhala ndi kutalika kofanana, motalika kumbuyo kwa nsagwada, mano awiri omaliza nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi malire.

Kanema: Njoka yokhala ndi njoka

Zambiri za biometric m'mayeso oyesa anawonetsa: kutalika konse (mutu + thunthu + mchira) mwa amuna anali 1160-1840 mm (pafupifupi 1496.6 mm), mwa akazi 800-1272 mm (pafupifupi 1065.8 mm). Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi (kuchokera kumapeto kwa mphipi mpaka kutsogolo kwa kufunda kwamkaka) mwa amuna ndi 695-1345 mm (pafupifupi 1044 mm), mwa akazi - 655-977 mm (pafupifupi 817.6 mm). Kutalika kwa mchira: 351-460 mm (pafupifupi 409.8 mm) mwa amuna, 268-295 mm (pafupifupi 281.4 mm) mwa akazi. Kutalika kwamutu (kuyambira kumutu mpaka pakamwa): amuna - 30 mm, akazi - 20 mm. M'lifupi mwake mutu (woyezedwa pakati pa ngodya za kamwa) ndi 8-10 mm kwa amuna ndi 12 mm mwa akazi.

Yellowbelly imadziwika ndi mamba osalala a dorsal. Mizere khumi ndi isanu ndi inayi ikhoza kupezeka pakatikati pa thupi, ngakhale nthawi zina pamatha kukhala khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Milozo ya Dorsal ili ndi fossae iwiri yapamwamba pambali yam'mbuyo. Pakati ali opepuka kuposa m'mphepete. Kumbuyo kwa njoka ndi yaimvi ndipo imakhala ndi zisonyezo zomwe njoka zazing'ono, koma zimazimiririka ndi ukalamba. Mbali yam'mbali imakhala yachikasu kapena yoyera.

Kodi njoka ya chikasu imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Njoka yanjoka

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imapezeka ku Balkan Peninsula, kumadera a Eastern Europe kupita kudera la Volga komanso gawo laling'ono la Asia Minor. Itha kupezeka pamalo otseguka, kumapiri ndi m'nkhalango zamapiri, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zoponderezedwa, m'makwalala pafupi ndi misewu, m'chipululu, mumchenga komanso m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi ndi mitsinje, pakati pamakwalala otchingidwa ndi masamba, miyala ndi miyala, pamtsetse wa zigwa ndi mitsinje , m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mabango owuma.

Ku North Caucasus, nsomba zokhala ndi chikasu zimalowa m'malo opezeka ndi mchenga. M'nyengo yadzuwa, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje ndipo ngakhale m'madambo. Nthawi zambiri zimakwawa ikusaka chakudya ndi malo oti ikayikire mazira m'mabwinja osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mabwinja a nyumba, zomangamanga nyumba kapena ngakhale nyumba zogona, pansi pa nyumba zosanja, m'minda yazipatso, minda yamphesa ndi malo ena ofananirako. M'mapiri amakwera m'mwamba mpaka mamita 2000. Ku Caucasus imapezeka pamalo okwera kuyambira 1500 mpaka 1600 m.

Kuchulukitsa kwa njoka zamiyala yolembedwa kumayiko monga:

Ma Habitats amatha kugawidwa m'malo otsika pafupi ndi mitsinje yayikulu monga Danube ndi Olt. Poyamba anthu amaganiza kuti njoka yamanjayo imafa ku Moldova, kum'mawa kwa Romania komanso kumwera kwa Ukraine, komwe malo okhaokha ndi omwe adadziwika ndipo njokayo sinawonedwe kuyambira 1937. Komabe, malingaliro atatu anasonkhanitsidwa mu Meyi 2007 m'chigawo cha Galatiya ku Romania.

Ku Hungary, m'mbuyomu anthu amakhulupirira kuti a Njovu amakhala m'madera awiri okha, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wa m'derali adavumbula njoka zingapo zomwe sizimadziwika kale mumtsinje wa Danube. Kummwera kwa Crimea kuli anthu pafupifupi 1 km 2 km 2, kumpoto kwa Dagestan - njoka 3-4 km², ndi kum'mwera kwa Armenia - pafupifupi 1 km 1 km².

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe njoka yamanjayo imakhala. Tiye tiwone zomwe adya.

Kodi njoka yambewu imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Njoka yanjoka yachikasu

Amadyetsa makamaka abuluzi: miyala, kuthamanga, Crimea ndi mchenga. Pafupipafupi, anapiye, mbalame ndi mazira. Komanso makoswe: gopher, makoswe, mbewa, gerbils, hamsters. Nthawi zina njoka zina, kuphatikizapo zapoizoni, zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya: njoka wamba ndi mchenga wamchenga, momwe njoka yamkaka yamphongo ilibe chidwi ndi kuluma poyizoni. Njoka nthawi zambiri imadyanso anyani am'madzi; m'malo otentha mumakhala achule. Tizilombo zazikulu ndi akangaude amatha kukhalanso ndi vuto la chikasu.

Njoka imatha kuyendayenda kuzungulira mabowo ndikuwawononga. Pofufuza chakudya, amakwera mitengo komwe amawononga zisa za mbalame, zomwe sizikhazikika kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri amazigwiritsa ntchito mbalame zikagona pansi. Ku Crimea, chakudya chomwe chimakonda kwambiri njoka zam'madzi - abuluzi, njoka ndi zinyama - nthaka agologolo, ochenjera, minda yaminda, mbewa, hamsters.

Chochititsa chidwi: Kudera la Astrakhan, njoka yoipa kumadera opanda chipululu imadya mabuluzi amchenga ndi abuluzi othamanga (31,5%), buluzi wothamanga (22,5%), munda komanso lark laling'ono, komanso lark lark (13.5%), carnivores (9%), gophers (31.7%) ma gerbils (18.1%), mbewa (13.5%), hamsters (17.8%) ndi tizilombo komanso akangaude.

Akapolo, achinyamata amakonda abuluzi, achikulire amadya bwino ndi mbewa ndi makoswe oyera. Njoka yofulumira ndi yamphamvuyi imagwira nyama yake mwachangu modabwitsa. Mbawala yachikasu imameza kachilombo kakang'ono kamoyo popanda kuchisinja. Nyama zazikulupo zomwe zimawonetsa kukana zimaphedwa poyikakamira ndi thupi lamphamvu kapena kuzigwira pakamwa ndikuzimangirira, mphete zowomba mozungulira wozunzidwayo.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu

Njoka yamtundu wachikasu imabisala m'maenje ndi pogona zina. Hibernation imatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pa tchuthi cha dzinja, nthawi zambiri anthu opitilira khumi amasonkhana malo amodzi. Maluwa achikasu amatuluka m'khola kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo zochitika zimayamba kuwonekera mu Okutobala - Marichi, kutengera malowa, mpaka Seputembara-Okutobala. Ku Crimea ndi North Caucasus, njoka imawoneka patatha nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa Marichi - kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, kumwera kwa Ukraine pakati pa Epulo komanso ku Transcaucasia kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February.

Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi njoka yopanda sumu yomwe imabisala dzuwa, pang'ono pang'ono ndi chitsamba china, ndipo imabisala poyembekeza abuluzi. Mu nthawi yamasika ndi yophukira, njokayo imagwira ntchito masana, ndipo nthawi yotentha, nthawi yotentha masana, imapuma, ndipo imagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo. Njoka iyi ndiyofulumira kwambiri pa nyama zathu, ikuthamanga kwambiri, motero sitha kuiona. Kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kumathandizira kuti njuchi yolimba igwire ngakhale nyama mwachangu kwambiri.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Mbali yodziwika bwino ya njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ndi mkwiyo wosadziwika. Mwa njoka za anthu athu, njoka izi (makamaka amuna) ndizomwe zimakhala zankhanza kwambiri komanso zovulaza. Samayesa kubisala munthu akamayandikira, monga njoka zina zimachitira, koma amalira ngati njoka zapoizoni, ndikuponya pa 1.4-2 m, kuyesera kugunda nkhope yake.

M'malo a nkhalango okhala ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba, zimamera mwachangu mpaka kutha kumera masamba ataliatali (mpaka 5-7 m). Kuwala komweku kumadziwunikanso poyenda pakati pa miyala ndi miyala. Ngakhale ndi wamabanja achikasu komanso njoka yopanda poizoni, kuluma kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala kowawa, ndikutuluka magazi, ndipo nthawi zina kumatenga, koma sikuwopsa ku thanzi la munthu.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Wachikasu pang'ono

Mimba yachikasu imatha kutha msinkhu zaka 3-4 pambuyo pobadwa. Pakadali pano, kutalika kwa njokayo ndi 65-70 cm.Idimphphism yogonana pamtunduwu ndizodziwikiratu: Amuna akuluakulu ndi akulu kuposa zazikazi, mutu wawo umakulirapo. Nthawi yamasewera, njoka zimakumana awiriawiri. M'madera akumpoto kwambiri kwa masanjidwewo, matani amapezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi, komanso kumwera, mwachitsanzo, ku Crimea, kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Meyi.

Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Amitundu a njoka sakhala kunja kwa thupi kumunsi kwa mchira, chifukwa amabisalira mthumba m'munsi mwa mchira, lotchedwa cesspool, lomwe lilinso ndi kawonedwe kawo kamadzimadzi ndi zinyalala zolimba.Male genitalia - hemipenes - imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zolumikizana, chilichonse chomwe chimalumikizidwa pamiyeso imodzi, ndikupatsa mawonekedwe owoneka.

Njoka yamphongo yachikasu imagwira mwamphamvu pakhosi la mkazi ndi nsagwada zake ndikuiyendetsa, ndikukulunga mchira wake mozungulira, kenako ndikukhwima kumachitika. Mukamakalamba, njoka yamanjayo imatha kukhala tcheru. Njoka zikamaliza kugonana, zimabalalika.

Pakatha milungu 4-6, yaikazi imayamba kuyikira mazira pamalo osankhidwa dzulo. Zomangamanga zimakhala ndi mazira 5-12 (okwera 20) okhala ndi kukula kwama 22 x 45 mm. Mazira amaikidwa m'malo obisika: m'miyala yachilengedwe m'nthaka, nthawi zina pamiyeso kapena ming'alu mumitengo yamtengo. Mimba zazing'ono zachikasu zimapukusidwa theka loyamba la Seputembala ndipo zimafikira 22-23 cm (popanda mchira) mukamaswa. Panali malipoti oswana muukapolo. Njira yamoyo yokhala ndi chikasu ndi zaka 8-10.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka yanjoka

Chithunzi: Njoka yokhala ndi chikasu ku Russia

Monga malo okhalamo, nyanjayo imagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu m'nthaka, m'maenje akuluakulu, m'maenje amiyala, pamiyala pamiyala, m'matanthwe, m'maenje pafupi ndi mizu ya mitengo ndi maenje. Akakumana ndi mdani kapena atayandikira, njoka yambewu samayesa kubisala, kuthawa, m'malo mwake, imatenga malo owopseza, ikung'amba mphete ndikukweza kutsogolo kwa thupi ngati njoka zapoizoni, kuwomba pakamwa pake, ndikuthamangira mwamphamvu mdani ndikudumpha kwautali ndikuyesera kugunda. mdani.

Njoka zikuluzikulu za njoka zimatha kudumpha patali pafupifupi 1.5-2 m. Khalidwe loopsali likufuna kuthawitsa mdani yemwe ali mdani, ndikupangitsa kuti njoka ipulumuke. Khalidwe lofiirira la chikasu limatha kuopseza nyama yayikulu, ngakhale kavalo. Ngati njoka yokhala ndi chikasu yagwidwa, imakhala yankhanza kwambiri ndikupanga mawu okuwa, kuyesera kuluma kumaso kapena mkono wa wowukira.

Zimachitika kuti njoka zokhala chikasu zimagwera mbalame zazikulu, martens, nkhandwe. Zimawonongeka pansi pa matayala agalimoto: Galimoto si kavalo, singawopsyezedwe ndi kufuula kwakukuru ndi kudumpha koopsa.

Tizilombo ta njoka imeneyi timavulaza m'mimba yachikasu:

Njoka zokhala ndi chikasu sizipezeka kawirikawiri m'misika chifukwa chankhanza.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Njoka yanjoka

Kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka ndi kugawikana kwa malo okhala, kufutukula kwaulimi ndi madambo, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuyendera alendo ndi kutukuka m'mizinda, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza, kuwonongedwa mwachindunji ndi nzika zakomweko, kusonkhanitsa mosaloledwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepera kwa chiwerengero cha njoka zokhala ndi njoka.

Chikhalidwe chamtundu wachikasu chimayambitsa udani kwambiri mwa anthu. Izi zimawonjezeredwa pamachitidwe a anthu ambiri komanso kukula kwakukulu ndipo zimapangitsa kuti njoka iwonongeke pafupipafupi. Monga anthu ena okhala m'madambo ndi malo otseguka, nyamazo zimavutika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachuma. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa njoka yokhala ndi chikasu kukugwa mwachangu, koma kutha kwa njoka sikuwopseza posachedwa.

Chochititsa chidwi: Kutentha kwanyengo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyopsa kwambiri pazamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Zamoyo monga amphibians ndi zokwawa ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa nyengo zimawakhudza mwachindunji.

Zambiri zokhudzidwa ndi njoka yokhala ndi njoka yakusamalirayi sizikupezeka m'madera ambiri. Ngakhale zimadziwika kuti ndizofala m'dera la Dobrudja, ndizosowa ndipo ndizowopsa m'malo ena. Njoka zomwe zaphedwa mumsewu ndichizolowezi kwa anthu okhala komweko. Imfa zokhudzana ndi magalimoto zimatha kuchepa kwa anthu. Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kumapangitsa kuti mitundu ya nyama ichepetse ku Europe. Ku Ukraine, njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imakhala m'malo osungirako zigawo ndi makasitomala (m'malo ambiri amatengedwa ngati nyama wamba).

Alonda a Njoka

Chithunzi: Njoka yofiira kuchokera ku Buku Lofiira

Mndandanda wofiira wa IUCN Padziko Lonse Lapansi pazoteteza ku IUCN zouluka ku Europe, njoka yamkaka yachikasu imatchulidwa ngati mtundu womwe sunatayike ndi ma LCs - ndiko kuti, womwe umayambitsa nkhawa. Koma ndizovuta kudziwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kudziwa mtundu wa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Njoka yamtundu wachikasuyi idaphatikizidwa mu Red Book Appendix of Russia ndi Krasnodar Territory (2002).

Mu Bukhu Lofiira la ku Romania, mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi wosaopsa (VU). Dolichophis Caspius imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Book of Ukraine ngati mtundu wosaopsa (VU), mu Red Book of Republic of Moldova ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Romania, njoka yokhala ndi chikasu imatetezedwa ndi Law No. 13 ya 1993. Mtunduwu umatetezedwa ndi Berne Convention (Appendix II), ndi European Directive 92/43 / EEC ya European Community (Zowonjezera IV).

Chosangalatsa: Limbani la njuchi limatetezedwa ndi Lamulo lapadera la Boma lokhudza malo achilengedwe otetezedwa, kusungidwa kwachilengedwe, nyama zamtchire ndi zinyama, zovomerezeka ndi kusintha zina, kuwonedwa ngati mtundu wosauka womwe umafunikira chitetezo.

Madera otsika kwambiri monga mapondepo, mapiri ndi nkhalango, ndiwo malo omwe Caspian imakonda njoka zamkaka zachikasu, ndiosakhwima kwambiri ndipo sikusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo chifukwa cha phindu lawo ngati minda yolima ndi msipu. Kuphatikiza apo, maderawa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusinthasintha kwawunyontho ndi kutentha, ndiye kuti, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. M'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, njira zoteteza zachilengedwe zikuchitika pang'onopang'ono ndipo sizingakhale patsogolo.