Mwa mafakitale, pike perch mosakayika amatenga gawo loyamba pakati pa nsomba zonse zotentha. Maonekedwe ake amadziwika ndi aliyense. Imadziwika mosavuta ndi thupi lake lalitali komanso lalitali, lowongoka, ndikuwapatsa kufanana ndi pike, komwe imayandikira komanso komwe idalipo. Nsagwada za zander zili ndi mano amphamvu owoneka ngati ma fang, pakati pazochepa. Msana wake ndi wakuda wonyezimira, m'mimba muli zoyera, m'mphepete mwa thupi pali malo akulu otuwa, omwe nthawi zambiri amapanga mikwingwirima 8-10 yopingasa, zipsepse za dorsal ndi mchira wake wokutidwa ndi mizere yamdima. Kuzigawo zakumwera chakumadzulo, nthawi zina pamakhala ma pike akuluakulu a mtundu wakuda kwambiri, omwe amapanga mawonekedwe apadera, akuda, osiyanitsidwa ndi malo ndi asodzi omwe. Malinga ndi Yakovlev, akuba omwe ali m'munsi mwa Volga amasiyanitsa pakati pa kuthamanga - zander zam'madzi - kuchokera mumtsinje wamtundu: woyamba amakhala wopepuka pang'ono, koma atakhala kanthawi mumtsinje, pang'onopang'ono umakhala mtundu wakuda. Zikuwonekeranso kuti, zander, zitatulutsa, zimayamba kuda.
Zander wamkulu kwambiri amakhalanso woyamba pagulu lonse. Nthawi zambiri, imachokera ku 1.2 mpaka 2.8 kg, koma m'mitsinje yayikulu, makamaka m'munsi, ndipo m'madziwe akuluakulu nthawi zina imafikira masentimita 92 kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 6-10 kg, koposa, ndiko 12-16 kg, koma zimphona zotere ndi zodabwitsa kale ndipo zimawoneka pakamwa pa Dnieper, Don ndi Kuban zokha. Caspian zander nthawi zambiri imakhala yifupi, yomwe, komabe, zimatengera kuwonjezeka kwa usodzi. Malo okhala nsomba izi ndi zigwa za Nyanja Yakuda, Azov, Caspian ndi Aral ndi nyanja zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri. Komabe, ku Siberia, kumpoto kwa Russia komanso kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Europe, sikupezeka konse ndipo amazindikiridwa, ngakhale ali ochepa, m'mitsinje ya Baltic Sea mpaka mtsinje. Elbe.
Malo akuluakulu a pikeperch ndi mitsinje yayikulu komanso yapakatikati ya Eastern Europe, komanso nyanja zazikulu zomwe zimalumikizana ndi mitsinje (Chudskoye, Beloozero, Seliger, Ladoga ndi ena). Amakonda zakuya komanso nthawi yomweyo madzi oyera, otsetsereka, ndipo kotero mu Mtsinje wa Moscow, mwachitsanzo, zimachitika mwina kumtunda kwake, kumtunda kwa mzindawo, kapena pansi (kuyambira ku Ugreshsky Monastery) ndipo nthawi zambiri m'mabwalo amtsinje wa Moscow, okhala ndi mafakitole. sikawirikawiri. Ku Klyazma, zander ndizofala kwambiri kuchokera ku Pavlovsky Posad. M'mitsinje yaying'ono yolumala ndi mitsinje yaying'ono, ma pike perch amasungidwa kwambiri pansi pa dziwe, muzambiri, nthawi zambiri m'madziwe, ndipo ngakhale atakhala ndi malo, mchenga. Mwambiri, zander, ngakhale imakhala (yosinthidwa) ngakhale m'madziwe oyimbidwa okhala ndi makiyi olimba kwambiri, imapewa madzi osasunthika.
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zander m'malo okhala mchere wamchere. Nyanja za Azov ndi Caspian komanso kutsikira kwa mitsinje yomwe imatsikira imatulutsanso kuchuluka kwa ma pike, ndipo nsomba izi zimasamukira, pomwe pamwamba pake zimangopezeka mitsinje yokha. Sudak sachita mantha konse ndi madzi amchere, ndipo ngakhale amagwiritsabe ntchito malo amchere a nyanja izi, komabe, mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Caspian, imapezeka yambiri komanso m'madzi amchere oyera. pafupi ndi Mangyshlak, m'mphepete mwa Turkmen ndi Persian, ngakhale pagombe lotseguka, ngakhale O. E. Grimm amakhulupirira kuti mwina sangapezeke pano, pamaziko omwe sanazindikire kupitirira 43-64 m kuchokera pagombe. M'malo mwake, sangakhale konse m'madzi amtsinje wamatope, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amawonongedwa pakagwa mvula yambiri. Vutoli limafotokoza pang'ono kuchuluka kwa malo okhala, "okhala" omwe amapezeka kumapeto a Volga ndi mitsinje ina, kumayambika kwakeko komanso kupita patsogolo kwambiri m'dzinja ndi nyengo yachisanu.
Kwa chaka chathunthu, pike perch (yakhazikika) imasungidwa pansi, m'malo okuya kwambiri a mtsinje, pomwe pali mchenga kapena mchenga pansi komanso magombe. Imafika pamadzi, ndimayendedwe komanso kuwombera pokhapokha kutulutsa kapena kuthamangitsa nyama, nthawi zambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo, madzulo, pofikira usiku, pamakhala timiyala tambiri pamtunda. Mwambiri, amakonda kuposa nsomba zina kupita kumalo olimba, chifukwa chake amakhala kwambiri m'makola amtsinje m'mitsinje yaying'ono, pomwe pamitsinje yolowera amasankha maenje okhala ndi mabowo ndi zotchingira. Tizirombo tating'ono tating'ono, chimodzi, tating'ono tating'ono, timapezeka m'malo osaya kapena udzu, komanso malovu, magulu omwewo (nthawi zina mazana angapo, ngakhale m'mitsinje yopanda zambiri). Ambiri zander nthawi zambiri amabwera m'midzi yazinthu 5-10, pomwe zander zazikulu kwambiri zimapita zokhazokha komanso zimawoneka kuti zilibe nyumba yokhazikika.
Mwakuwongolera kwake, zander wamkulu umaphulika kuposa ndipo sakhala wotsika kuposa pike. Malinga ndi Radkevich, amakonda kwambiri kuthamangitsa kuti, ngati nsomba, amalumpha kumalo komwe madzi ake sanapite pansi pa 4 cm. Iyi ndi nsomba yolimba kwambiri, yolimba komanso yothamanga, yomwe, mwadzidzidzi, imawonekanso pakuwoneka. Pike wogulitsayo sapereka chisoni kwa m'badwo wawo womwe, koma, pokhala ndi kamlomo kakang'ono kwambiri, imakonda kuseketsa, kusachedwa, squint ndi minnuna koposa zonse, kupewa nsomba zambiri, mwachitsanzo. otonza. Atagwira nyama, mwachangu amabwerera m'madzi akuya. Mwambiri, chakudya chake chachikulu ndi nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo nthawi yotentha yokha amadya nsomba zazinkhanira ndi achule. Pike yaying'ono, mwachionekere, imakonda nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo, chifukwa sizitenga kawirikawiri mwachangu kuposa perch yaying'ono, ndipo imadutsa b. maola pa nyongolotsi. Ngakhale zili zadyera, zander ndiwofatsa kwambiri ndipo, malinga ndi asodzi a Volga, palibe nsomba imodzi yokha yokhala chete komanso yosalala kuposa zander.
Kupatula kufikira kumunsi kwa mitsinje, pomwe kumatuluka kwa pikeperch (kusamukira) kumayamba madzi asanatulukire (kumapeto kuno), nthawi zina, monga pakamwa pa Volga, kumapeto kwa Marichi, nsomba izi zimayamba madzi atagwa - m'mwezi wa Meyi, ngakhale koyambirira kwa Juni, panthawiyi. ma fangs awiri amakula kwambiri. Malinga ndi zomwe a Haeckel, nawonso a Yakovlev, kutulutsa kwa zander kumapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali, milungu 3-4. Kuti izi zitheke, amachoka pasadakhale kuchokera pansi kupita pansi pamawala (osatengera malo opezeka madzi osefukira), nyanja ndi nyanja zikulowa. M'malo otsika a mitsinje, mitsinje ya kasupe siyimera, komanso mu Volga, mwachitsanzo, mizikiti yomwe ili pakamwa, ngakhale m'malo opanda madzi komanso kultuk, makamaka, mumayendedwe ang'onoang'ono, ma erik, ilmeni ndi madzi obwerera. M'madzi ndi mitsinje yapakati pa Russia, imazungulira kumapeto kwa Meyi komanso mu June m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kutulutsa kumene kumachitika usiku kapena mbandakucha. Yophukira ndi nyengo yachisanu, yozizira ku Volga, m'malo mwake, imakwera kumtunda ndipo mwina pambuyo pake.
Kutalikirana kumachitika mwanjira yoyambirira. Malinga ndi Yakovlev, zander izi zisanadulidwe awiriawiri ndipo wamkazi nkuwerama mutu, pafupifupi ndikuwongoka, ndipo nthawi yotulutsa mazira sipangasunthike kwambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayendera limodzi ndi nsomba zina, koma zimagwirizana kwambiri "mahalka" , ndiye kuti, ndi mchira, kenako mbali imodzi, kenako mbali ina, yamphongo imayendanso mwakachetechete ndikuthira mkaka pamwamba pa mazira ndi mkaka. Mu nyengo yachete, pakuwotcha kwa ma pike, munthu amatha kuwona kuchokera kumtunda yambiri makhalka akutuluka kunja kwa madzi - "ngati ma beacon" - malinga ndi mawu a asodzi. Ma caviar awiri omwe amawombera nthawi zambiri amasankha malo amdima pafupi ndi gombe, pafupi ndi zipatso, pamizu yamitengo, burashi, ndi zina. Mazira, omwe mu pike perch ndi ofanana kukula, alipo 200-300,000, achikasu komanso osaya (1-11.5 mm) .
Pokhala ndi mazira okhathamira, ma pike amatuluka nthawi yomweyo amapita pansi pa mtsinje kapena kunyanja, ndipo malembawo nthawi zambiri amayenda munyanja, makamaka chifukwa samatha kulolera madzi amatope oyambira. M'milomo ya Volga, m'mwezi wa Meyi ndi Juni, panthawi yotayira, kulibe mitsinje mumtsinje, kupatula kutsika. Mofananamo, ana zander, ogwedezedwa kuchokera ku caviar, posakhalitsa amasiya magawo akuzama kwambiri amtsinje, komanso kupita m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'munsi mwa Volga, ena okha omwe amakhalabe m'misewu yambiri, ndikusankha malo abata kwambiri, pomwe madzi ndi osasangalatsa kuposa m'manda amtsinje. Sudak imakula msanga kwambiri, m'malo abwino, mwachitsanzo, pakamwa pa mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chaka chimodzi imafikira kulemera kwa 600 g, ndipo awiri - 1 kg. M'malo ena, mwachitsanzo, mumtsinje wa Moscow, ana amakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo mu Seputembala amaposa 9 cm.
Kuyambira pakati kapena kumapeto kwa chilimwe, njira yachiwiri ya zander imayambira kunyanja kupita kukamwa kwa mitsinje, ndipo chilimwechi, kapena m'malo mwake nthawi yophukira, kutulutsa (komanso nthawi yomweyo yophukira) ya nsombayi nthawi zambiri imakhala yochulukirapo kuposa masika. Madzi abwinowa mu Volga atayamba kutsika - nsomba za pike zikuyenda kale mumtsinje, koyamba pang'ono, pamenepo. ikayandikira nthawi yophukira, njira yake imakulirakulira, imangoyima kwakanthawi, chifukwa cha mphepo zoyipa, makamaka pamvula yamphamvu, kuchititsa madzi kusefukira. Monga mukudziwa, kayendedwe ka zander, ndi nsomba zonse zomwe zimapezeka munyanja, makamaka kuzama kosachepera, mpaka mita 8 kuya, zimadalira mphepo konse: Kumpoto kwa Caspian, mphepo kumpoto chakumadzulo nthawi zonse imayendetsa nsomba kutali ndi malo aku Volga kupita ku Urals, kotero kuti, pakusintha koyamba kwa mlengalenga imalowera mumtsinje wotsiriza, ndipo ndikawomba kumpoto chakum'mawa, zimachitika. Mwambiri, mkati mwamphepo yam'mwera (nyanja), njira yolimba kwambiri ya zander imawonedwa nthawi zonse kumapeto kwamvula komanso nthawi yozizira.
Autumn pikeperch, nyengo yachisanu m'malo otsika a mitsinje, samalowa m'mabowo ndipo samakhala ngati nsomba zofiira. Ku Volga, nthawi zambiri imasonkhana m'makola am'manja pakamwa, osakwana mamita awiri, ndipo amayembekeza mpweya woyamba wamadzi kulowa mumtsinje. M'nyengo yotentha komanso ndi nyanja yayitali, kuyenda kwamphamvu kwa pike pafupifupi sikuima, koma nyengo yotentha kwambiri imalowamo Volga kokha pakatentha. Chapakatikati, njira yayikulu ya ma pike imapezeka pakati, nthawi zina kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, kumayambiriro kwa Epulo kumakhala kale ma pike osakaniza ndi breamu, otchedwa. wolemekezeka. Kupatula komwe kumatsikira mitsinje, ma pike amakhala nthawi yonse yozizira kumakumba akuya ndipo zikuwoneka kuti samachoka kumeneko kupita kumadzi osavutikira; nthawi yotseka, imalowa m'madzi ambiri ndipo kumapeto kwake kumakhala kusefukira komwe madziwo amakhala oyera kuposa momwe amachitira. Zadziwika kuti m'malo ena (mwachitsanzo, ku Beloozero) pike yozizira imagona m'maenje pamodzi ndi bream. Usodzi waukulu wa zander kumtunda wamunsi wa Volga umapangidwa nthawi yamasika. Malinga ndi zomwe asodzi awedza, samayesa kutuluka muukondewo, ndipo ikamubwera, samathamangira mbali zonse, monga nsomba zina, koma mwakachetechete amamuthawa, mpaka amakakamizidwa kupita ku motuna, Nthawi zina, atafika pafupi ndi ukonde, amagwira mano ake ndikulendewera pamenepo osayenda. M'khola, amakhalanso odzicepetsa: ngakhale ataponyedwa m'mphepete mwa gombe sayesa kubwerera. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwa kuti nsomba iyi ndi yachifundo kwambiri: nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kugwedeza zander ndi mchira kuti igone. Ngakhale m'madzimo amiyala, amangoona zochuluka, makamaka ngati pansi pa khola pali kanthu, maso awo amawakoka ndi kanema wapadera, ndipo amakhala akhungu, thupi limakhalanso ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri. Pazifukwa izi, pike perch imayilidwa mosamala kwambiri, ndipo ina imatsitsa osiyidwa pamphasa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupendekeka, kutsekeka kwa mpweya wotopa.
M'mafakitale, pike perch ndi, pamodzi ndi bream, pambuyo pa nsomba zofiira, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuchokera kumtsinje wotsika wa mitsinje - Volga, Urals, Kuban ndi Don. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma pike kumagwidwa m'malo otsika a Volga, Urals, Kura ndi Terek. Nyama ya Pike perch sikhala yopanda mchere, chokoma komanso chopanda thanzi, sizivuta posachedwa, chifukwa chake imadyedwa pamiyeso yambiri ndipo ndi yamtengo wapatali.
Popeza zander ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zathu zamtengo wapatali, zikuwonekeratu kuti anayesapo mobwerezabwereza kuti athe kubereka m'madziwe ndi m'madziwe momwe munalibe zander. Kwambiri, komabe, zoyesazi zidatha polephera pazifukwa zambiri, chomwe chachikulu ndichakuti pikeperch imatha kukhala kutali ndi onse omwe amakhala otsika kapena otsika. Kenako, zander - nsomba ndizachifundo kwambiri, ndipo mayendedwe ake ndiovuta kwambiri. Komwe zander zimatha kukhala komanso kubereketsa komanso komwe sizitha kuwonekera pofotokoza malowa, koma ndimaona kuti ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zander siziyenera kuziika m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono komanso ang'onoang'ono komanso zazikulu, koma matope okhaokha. Amafunikira madzi oyera komanso oyera mchilimwe, kuya kwake mpaka 3-3,5 m m'malo ena, pansi ndi mchenga, dongo kapena marl. M'madziwe amenewa ndi maiwe, ngati, kuwonjezera apo, pali mabowo, chitsa, miyala, burashi, zander zosungidwa, sizingokhala ndi moyo zokha, komanso kubereka, chifukwa chake, ngati palibe malo abwino owerengera dziwe losavuta, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kukonzekera (nthawi yozizira pa ayezi ) malo owumbiramo zinthu kuchokera pamwambapa, mwachidziwikire, m'malo oyenera komanso pomwe mafayilo awa sangasokoneze usodzi wopanda madzi. Pike perch ndi wofunitsitsa kutulutsa burashi, chifukwa chake ndibwino kuti mupange wattle kuchokera ku msondodzi kapena bulangete ndikukhomera miyala pansi. Pike ya ana ndi yosavomerezeka ndipo ambiri ali pachiwopsezo kuchokera kwa makolo awo, chifukwa chake kumatula ndikofunikira m'madziwe momwe amazindikiranso pang'ono. Mwa njira, kusodza kwa njoka m'madziwe ndi dziwe, komwe nthawi zambiri kulibe phindu, matanga oterowo ndiofunika kwambiri (makamaka ngati stumps, Driftwood, mitengo ikuluikulu, mabasiketi ndi maboti ang'onoang'ono omwe atakwezedwa ndi miyala), chifukwa zander ndiye magulu m'malo awa.
Nthawi yabwino yosamutsira zander ili kugwa, Seputembala ndi Okutobala, mchilimwe ndizovuta kuvuta, komanso, ndizofowoka kwambiri nthawi imeneyo. Palibe choti muganize za mayendedwe a chilimwe, ndipo mayendedwe a nthawi yozizira amatha kokha mu thaw. Nthawi zambiri, zander kuchokera m'matayala sioyenera kuikidwira ndipo ndi bwino kuthamangitsa omwe agwidwa kumene, ndipo amawachotsa muukonde mosamala kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaikidwa m'mipipa, osapitirira muyeso umodzi wocheperako ndi 1/4 - 1/2 ya muyeso waukulu. Mbiya imadzaza m'mphepete kuti madzi asabweretsedwe mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti nsombazo zisamvulaze ndi zipsepse zake zobera. Mukamayendetsa, madzi amayenera kusinthidwa maola awiri aliwonse komanso kusinthidwa mwaluso, chifukwa simungathe kumasula madzi onse ndikusintha ndi madzi oyamba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti asamuke mayendedwe kwa asodzi omwe samayenda maulendo awo okha ndikulimbikitsa kuti azilipira mtengo wokwera mtengo wautoto wakuda okha, chifukwa phula loyera, loyera silimatuluka nthawi zonse. Ponseponse, ndizothandiza kusankha mitundu kuchokera pa 400 mpaka 800 g kuti ikwaniritse, popeza zing'onozing'ono zimatha kuwonongedwa ndi pikes, ndipo zazikulu ndizokwera mtengo komanso zovuta kuzinyamula. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa, monga momwe zimasinthira, kuti kuchuluka kwa zoyerekeza zosakanikirana zikuyenera kufanana ndi kukula kwa dziwe, chifukwa nsomba khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chosapezeka wina ndi mnzake. Ndikosavuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwake, koma siziyenera kukhala zosakwana 20 zidutswa zonse pa ha.
Usodzi wa ku Zander umachitika makamaka m'ming'alu yayikulu yam'mera ndipo nthawi zambiri maenje akuya am'madzi omwe ali ndi zinyalala zingapo zamatabwa, zomwe zimabisalira. M'malo ena, sagwidwa kawirikawiri, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono, mpaka 400 g (zaka 1-2), nthawi zina amagwidwa ndi unyinji, pamodzi ndi ma penti, makamaka kwa nyongolotsi. Zander yayikulu - nsombayi ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo imakhwima, chifukwa imakhala m'malo olimba kwambiri kuposa nsomba, kuti isodzi imafunanso kugwiranso kwamphamvu nkomwe kwa pike, i.e.olimba, osasinthasintha ndodo, mzere wosambira kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 20 tsitsi kapena mwina wakuda, silika, kokoka (osakwatiwa, wowirikiza kawiri) kuchokera ku No. 5/0, koma koposa zonse ndi No. 0, yotsimikizika ndi besque yopapatiza koma yolimba, popeza. Mano a zander ndi akuthwa kwambiri, kuyambira pamenepo pamakhala mabowo pa nsomba zovulazidwa, ngati misomali, yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi pike yomwe imaluma nthawi nyambo, nthawi zina imaluma.
Phokoso labwino kwambiri ndi mfuti, chikopa, char ndi gudgeon (chosungunuka kumpoto chakumadzulo), makamaka osati yotakata komanso yaying'ono, chifukwa pike perch ili ndi pike yopingasa ndi ma kilogalamu awiri ndi kukula kwake komwe sikumeza nsomba, yomwe imatha kumeza mosavuta ndi theka kukula kwa nsomba . Chifukwa chake, zander sizimachitika konse pa nyambo yotakata - scavenger, bream siliva, ngakhale yoyera ndi yofufumitsa - m'malo ena. Nyambo yamoyo imakankhidwira pang'onopang'ono pamlomo wapamwamba (ndi mphamvu yamphamvu) kapena kumbuyo kumbuyo, pansi pa fin (yofooka), kuyesera kuphwanya nsomba pang'ono momwe mungathere. Pike amalankhula mosafuna kugwira nyambo yosemphana, motero ndikofunikira kuti apite molimba mtima ndodo isodzi, osadzitchinjiriza kulikonse. Pikeperch, makamaka yayikulu, nthawi zonse imasunga (mu maenje) pansi, motero nyambo yokhazikika iyenera kusambira pafupi kwambiri, 4 kapena 9 cm kuchokera pamenepo. Nthawi zina, pike wanjala amakhala ndi nyongolotsi, chule, ndi khansa (nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyansa), chifukwa chake mabowo sangagwiritse ntchito.
Malangizo - kalozera wopezera chidziwitso choyambirira cha zikhalidwe ndi moyo wa zander. Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa asodzi.
Gawo "Fisher Alphabet" Zalumikizana - kwa nsomba iliyonse: