Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timachokera ku India, timakonda kukakhala komwe kumatentha. Amawononga mbewu ndi kubereketsa mbewu zampunga, kuterera pakati. Maukonde a mpunga amakhala nthawi zambiri m'malo omwe mumasungira tirigu ndi tirigu.
Mitundu ya nsikidzi za weevil
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu ya 50,000 ya mavuvu (njovu). Ku Russia, anthu 5,000 adazika mizu.Zina la nsikidzi lidachokera chifukwa cha kutsogolo kwa mutu, komwe kumatchedwa cephalothorax.
Mayina amtunduwu amapezeka malinga ndi zomwe amakonda: ma acorn ndi rasipiberi, weevils ndi odya maluwa apulo, barani, weevils wa mpunga ndi ena ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nsikidzi zimasiyana kutalika kwa proboscis, kukula kwa thupi ndi mtundu.
Zomwe zimakhala ngati mpunga
Kukula kwa nsikidzi ndi 2-3 mm. Mutha kuwona chubu chamutu kutsogolo, chikuwoneka ngati proboscis, momwe zida zobisika zamkamwa zimabisidwira. Nsagwada izi.
Mtundu wa nsikidzi ndimtundu wakuda kapena bulawuni wakuda, wopanda gloss. Kumbuyo, mawanga ofiira kapena ofiira owoneka bwino. Makoswe a mpunga ndi msuwani amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amitundu.
Zovala zazikazi zimakhala zazing'ono, tinyanga timayandikana kuposa abambo, ndipo phenoscis ndiyifupi. Amuna amasiyana m'matumbo a elytra ndi miyendo yopindika. Ziphuphu zili ndi mapiko, motero zimatha kuuluka.
Kodi amakhala bwanji?
Utoto wamphesa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala ndipo timasamba pa kutentha kwa madigiri 27-30, koma osamwalira masiku 4 ngati chisanu chikugwa mpaka madigiri 5. Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda chinyezi cha 70-90%, ndi njere - 10-17%.
Izi ndi nsapato za marathon - zoyenda komanso zotheka kuthana ndi maulendo atali. Amabisala m'malo otetezedwa, ndipo ngati buluyo wavulala, ndiye kuti amakhala ngati wamwalira, koma osati kwa nthawi yayitali - amagona pansi ndikuthawa.
"Ogwiritsa ntchito mpunga", monga othamanga a marathoni, amapuma mwamphamvu, chifukwa chake, atapwetekedwa ndi mpweya, amafa ngati nsikidzi.
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'munda timayang'ana tchire pansi, makhoma kapena milu ndi nyengo yachisanu. Amakhala malo amodzi mpaka chakudya chimatha, kenako nkuwuluka kapena kupita kwina kosangalatsa.
Sitophilus oryzae L.
Calandra oryzae L., khola la mpunga
Coleoptera (Beetles) - Coleoptera
Mpunga weevil - kachilomboka kakang'ono kamene kali ndi mutu wokhala pamtunda. Kusintha kwatha. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tomwe timayambitsa matenda.
Amakhulupilira kuti komwe kudalako mpunga weevil ndi India, komwe iwo, limodzi ndi mpunga, amafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo adamupatsa dzina la "mpunga" ponena kuti adayamba kufotokozedwa ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimapezeka ndi Linnaeus pamupunga. M'malo mwake, imamera m'mera zamphesa zam tirigu, komanso mbewu zina za chimanga.
Ndi malo okhala ku Mongolia, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary.
Dinani pa chithunzi kuti mukulitse
Kodi zofukiza za mpunga zimadya chiyani?
Tizilomboti timatchedwa kuti "mpunga" timatchedwa kuti chifukwa chake woyamba amapezeka ndi Carl Linnaeus mu mpunga. Kuphatikiza pa chikhalidwe ichi, weevil amakonda:
Koma amangodya za zouma, zonyowa komanso zomenyedwa. Samakana kuwola zipatso zouma, ophika buledi ndi pasitala.
Poyamba, tizirombo timakhala ndi dicotyledonous mbewu, ndipo zimadzisintha ndi zobiriwira za mbewu, ndi maluwa, zipatso, ndi mungu, ndipo zimakonda mtundu umodzi wa mbewu.
Morphology
Imago. Kunja, ikufanana kwambiri ndi khwangwala wa weevil, wosiyana nayo ndiung'ono komanso kakang'ono kwambiri. Beetle 2.5 - 3.5 mm kutalika. Thupi limakhala lofiirira, lofiirira kapena lonyezimira pang'ono, expressionotum mu fossae yayikulu ikulu, paliponse pa elytra malo awiri ofiira, mapiko amapangidwa, ndipo kachilomboka kamauluka.
Elytra yokutidwa kwambiri ndi poyambira, ndi mipata yopapatiza pakati pawo yomwe ili ndi mizere yayifupi. Kafotokozedwe kameneka kamakutidwa kwambiri ndi madontho ozungulira ndipo ndi kwathunthu kotero kuti pakati mulibe mzere wopyapyala wamtali wopindika opanda mfundo izi, ngati khola weevil.
Magawo onse a chitukuko (dzira, mphutsi, pupa) ndi ofanana mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake pamlingo wofanana wa nkhokwe weevil.
Mphutsi yoyera, yamtundu wa 2.5-3 mm kutalika.
Zidole poyamba yoyera, kenako chikaso, mpaka 2.75 mm kutalika.
Phenology ya chitukuko (m'masiku)
Kukula
Imago. Nthawi yayitali ya kachilomboka ndiyambira miyezi itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi. Mikango yomwe imakhalabe nyengo yachisanu imakhala mpaka miyezi isanu ndi itatu, malo osungirako nyengo yachisanu ndi phokoso la chimanga, nyumba zosanja pansi, makomakona okhala ndi malo ena ndi malo ena obisika m'zipinda zosafikiridwa.
Rice weevil ndi chonde kwambiri kuposa barani, ndipo imayikidwa mpaka ma testic 500. Njira yokhazikitsira ndi chitukuko china chonse chimapitilira chimodzimodzi monga nkhokwe.
Zinthu za abotic. Rice weevil ndi thermophilic, ndipo kutentha kochepa kumamupha. M'madera akumwera kwa Russian Federation pachaka chimakula mpaka 4, ndipo kumpoto mpaka 2 mibadwo.
Kutentha kwakukulu kopitilira muyeso ndi 28-30 ° C, ndi chinyezi cha tirigu 18%. Pansi pa izi, gawo la chitukuko limatenga masiku 23-25. Kukula kwa mbadwo umodzi pa 21 - 25 ° C kumatenga masiku 40, ndipo pa 14 -18 ° C kumatenga miyezi 3.5 - 7.
Pamtunda wozungulira pansi pa +13 ° C ndi chinyezi cha tirigu (tirigu) pansi pa 10%, kukula kwa mpunga weevil sikuchitika.
Kupezeka kwachilengedwe
Zimagawidwa pamakontrakitala onse.
Ku Russia ndi mayiko a CIS amapezeka makamaka kum'mwera.
M'madera akumpoto kwambiri nthawi zambiri amalowetsedwa kuchokera kumwera, koma amakula, monga lamulo, muzipinda zofunda zokha. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, tizilombo tosaka tambiriyu tapezeka tambiri nthawi zambiri kuposa michere ina m'miyala yakutali, komwe kwatumizidwa kuchokera kumwera ndi mbewu, chakudya ndi tirigu wazakudya, komanso komwe kwakhala nyengo yabwino.
Malware
Mpunga umawononga mbewu ya mpunga, tirigu, rye, chimanga, barele, ufa, nyemba, hempseed, barele la ngale ndi zouma zouma, njere za mapira, mafuta a nyemba ndi nyemba.
Poyerekeza ndi khola, mpunga wa mpunga umavulaza kwambiri. Zomera za tirigu chifukwa cha kukula kwa mpunga wa mpunga zimachepa kuyambira 35 mpaka 75%.
Mosiyana ndi nkhokwe ndi mitundu ina ya ma weevils, mpunga womwe uli m'malo opezeka (Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories) ukhoza kukhala chaka chonse m'munda, koma osati m'malo otseguka, koma ku foci, malo osungirako.
Zomwe zimayambira ndi zinyalala za chomera zomwe zimadziunjikira chaka ndi chaka pamafunde ndi kukhalapo kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana za chimanga. Kudzikundikira kwa zinyalala kwa tirigu kosasinthika kumapangitsa kuti kafadala azikhala momwemo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri pamene chakudya chikugumuka chisanafike pomwe kukolola kumayamba kapena mafunde akale atha kukhalapo, zofunda zimawasiya. Nthawi yomweyo, amapanga ndege zochuluka asanakolole mbewu yatsopano.
Pali milandu yodziwika yaipitsidwa m'munda mtunda wamtunda wamtunda pafupifupi 1.5 kuchokera kumalo osungiramo zakudya omwe ali ndi kachilombo.
Kumanani ndi Tizilombo
Rice weevil ndi cholakwika chomwe kukula kwake kumatha kusiyana 23 mpaka 35 mm. Tizirombo tonse timakhala ndi matte akuda kapena a bulauni akuda okhala ndi rostrum yopyapyala. Pakumayipa kwamayendedwe okokomeza, munthu amatha kuwona malo awiri ofiira komanso mipiringidzo yaying'ono yolakwika. Ponena za expressionotum, amawoneka ofanana ndendende ndi elytra. Zovala zoyipa zimawuluka modabwitsa - izi zimathandizidwa ndi mapiko a kumbuyo akutsogolo.
Mazira a tiziromboti zovulaza timawumbidwa timiyendo kapena tozungulira ndipo timayaluka tinthu tating'ono ndi utoto pang'ono. Kuti ateteze mazira kuti asawonongeke, zazikazi zazimayimidwe zimapanga timabowo ting'onoting'ono mumbewu za mbewu. Ndipo amatula timabowo tating'ono tomwe timatulutsa tating'ono tomwe timakhala tokha. Chonde chonse chachikazi chilichonse pamenepa chimachokera ku mazira mazana awiri kapena atatu.
Pafupifupi masiku khumi ndi anayi mpaka anayi atayikira mazira, mphutsi zakufa zimayamba kuoneka. Malingaliro olondola koposa mawonekedwe awo amadalira mwachindunji pamlingo wa chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Mu nthawi ya mphutsi, majeremusi ovulala amakhala pafupifupi milungu itatu. Mphutsi zophukira zimangodya maphikidwe a mpunga, omwe samangokhala chakudya chokha, komanso malo odalirika. Zidole zawo zimachitika kumeneko, ndipo kwa masiku ena anayi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi zoluka zili pagulu la ana.
Kwakukulukulu, munthawi zonse, zovuta zonse zimadutsa mu chitukuko chonse (mazira - mphutsi - pupae - nsikidzi zazikulu) pafupifupi masiku makumi atatu. Ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo wa achikulire pafupifupi pafupifupi masiku zana limodzi zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu.
Kuphatikiza pa mpunga ndi mitundu ina ya mbewu monga chimanga, mpunga wa mpunga umatha kupezeka muzinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, pasitala kapena ufa, komanso zipatso zouma ndi zinthu zouma zophika. Mphutsi zazing'ono zonsezi ndi akulu onse zimachitanso zomwezo. Zowona, mbewu zambewu amayesa kusankha kumenyedwa konyowa, kunyowa ndi kuwonongeka chifukwa chodya ndikuyika dzira pambuyo pake - mbewu zonse zouma ndi zosafunikira kwenikweni.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kufalikira kwa mbewu kumaonedwa munthawi zonse za chitukuko. Maofesi owononga amatha kuwabzala mosavuta m'munda, kenako amapitilira kubereka osungidwa kale.
Mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mpunga nthawi zambiri zimataya pakati pa 35 ndi 75 peresenti ya kulemera konse kwa mbewu.
Momwe angamenyere
Monga lamulo, pofuna kuthana ndi mpunga, mpweya wa aerosol kapena chithandizo chonyowa ndikukonzekera kwapadera kumachitika - njirazi sizing kupewa zolengedwa zatsopano, komanso kuthana ndi zomwe zilipo. Pa chithandizo chonyowa, zinthu monga Fufanon, Decis, Actellik, komanso Karbofos kapena Karate ndizabwino. Malo osungira mbewu amayenera kukonzedwa ndi zida zonsezi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 50 ml yankho lamapulogalamu mita imodzi ya pansi.
Ndipo kuti mbewu zisakopeke ndi tizirombo, ayenera kukhala okonzekera mosamala kuti azisungika kwa nthawi yayitali. Kufikira izi, ziuma, kuyesera kukwaniritsa cholembera cha 15% (posungira kwambiri - mu 13 - 14%). Ndipo mbewuzo zikauma bwino, ziyenera kutsukidwa kuzinthu zilizonse zosayera ndi udzu ndi mbeu zonse zowonongeka.
Tizilombo ndi matenda ampunga. Njira zolimbana.
Mpunga ndi phala wodabwitsa, chikhalidwe chakale kwambiri Padziko lapansi. Monga chomera chomwe chimapereka tirigu wamtengo wapatali, mpunga wakhala umadziwika kwa zaka zoposa 10,000. Dzinali la mtundu wa Oryza limachokera ku mawu achi China omwe amatanthauza "tirigu wabwino wa chakudya, wopatsa chakudya anthu." Inde, mpunga ndi imodzi mwazomera zofunikira kwambiri. Ma grice ophatikiza amakhala ndi chakudya chambiri, ndichopanda mapuloteni, mafuta ndi phulusa, ndimakomedwe abwino, ali ndi digestible kwambiri, ndipo ndiwopamwamba kwambiri m'zakudya zina. Mapuloteni ampunga amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya ma asidi ofunika kwambiri monga lysine, valine, methionine, chifukwa amathandizidwa ndi thupi la munthu. Pakadali pano mpunga umalimidwa m'maiko 114 pa malo opitilira mahekitala 155 miliyoni. Opanga mpunga wamkulu kwambiri ndi India ndi China. Pamodzi amatulutsa 62% a mpunga waku Asia ndi 57% ya buku lonse la mpunga wapadziko lonse. Zokolola zapamwamba mdziko lapansi ndi 2.5 t / ha.
Kwa nzika zaku Russia, mpunga ndiwofunikira kwambiri popanga zakudya. Amalimidwa pamalo a 182.9,000 ha. Zokolola wamba ku Russian Federation ndi 7 t / ha. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu monga chimanga, gawo lawo limaposa 40%. Mu 2016, mpunga udabzalidwa pamalo a 142, ma 4,000 ha m'chigawochi. Mukatha kukolola, mbewu yakajambulidwa idapezedwa - 1 miliyoni miliyoni 26,5 miliyoni.
Chinyezi chachikulu chimakopa tizilombo zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale ndi moyo komanso kubereka mwapadera ku minda ya mpunga. Nthawi zambiri, tizilombo tomwe timakonda chinyezi timavulaza mpunga. Monga mpunga weevils, udzudzu, leech, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zina. Tizilombo timawononga mbali zonse zamadzi ndi zam'madzi.
Kumanani ndi ena a iwo.
- Mpunga weevil — Sitophilus oryzae L.
- Dongosolo: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
- Banja: Mavuto - Curculionidae
Rice weevil ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbewu monga chimanga. Zimachitika makamaka kum'mwera. Amadyera mpunga, tirigu, barele, rye, ndi chimanga. Mtunduwu suyenera kusokonezedwa ndi nkhokwe weevil. Mpunga imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni ndipo imawonongetsa mbewu zambiri. Tizilombo timouluka bwino. Akazi ndi achonde, amatha kuyikira mazira 600 pachaka. Tizilombo timavulala nthawi ya mphutsi ndi akulu, timadya tirigu. Mu mbewu za mpunga, imakopa dothi lonyowa komanso mbewu zotupa. Zikwera mkatikati mwa njere, nthenga zimalowa m'malo otetezedwa, pomwe zimapitilirabe kudyetsa ndi kubereketsa. Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kungakhale mpaka 75%.
- Udzudzu — Endochironomus amachititsa
- Dongosolo: Mapiko awiri - Diptera
- Banja: Mabelu a udzudzu -Chironomidae
Udzudzu wa mpunga umasamalira mpunga. Kugawidwa m'malo onse aulimi wa mpunga. Ali ndi utoto wachikaso. Akazi ndi achonde, amaikira mazira 100 pachaka. Udzudzu ukukula mwachangu. Gawo lovulaza ndi mphutsi, zomwe zimayamba m'madzi ndikudya masamba ndi masamba. Choyipa kwambiri pakubala. Masamba owonongeka amasanduka chikasu ndikufa, mphukira zazing'ono zimafa. Mibadwo itatu imakula mchaka chimodzi. Kugawidwa m'madambo.
- Womwa mpunga — Lema suvorovi jacobs
- Dongosolo: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
- Banja: Tizilombo ta masamba - Chrysomelidae
Mowa wakumwa ndiye wadwala kwambiri. Kugawidwa ku Europe ku Russia, Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia. Chikumbu ndi buluu wonyezimira elytra. Akazi amatha kuikira mazira 200 pachaka. Mphutsi ndi nsikidzi zimavulaza. Mabuu amapaka masamba, akuwononga madera akuluakulu a mbewu za mpunga. Beetles amawonekera kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, amawononga mbande, akumagwira gawo lalikulu la iwo.
- Phid wamba — Grizum ya Schizaphis
- Dongosolo: Diptera - Homoptera
- Banja: Aphidi - Aphididae
Ma nsabwe za m'mimba ndi tizilombo todabwitsa. Pansi pamikhalidwe yovuta, imatha kupanga mbadwo watsopano popanda mphutsi. Kugawidwa kum'mwera kwa Russia. Imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira. Mphutsi ndi vuto la kachilombo wamkulu, woyamwa juwisi kuchokera ku mbewu monga chimanga, kuphatikizapo mpunga. Wowonongeka masamba azipiringa, atembenuka chikasu ndikufa. Gawo lomwe lili pangozi kwambiri ndi mpunga ndi kupita ku chubu. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nsabwe za m'masamba chimawonedwa kumapeto kwa June-Julayi. Mukukula, mpunga umakula mpaka mibadwo 12.
- Ntchentche za m'mphepete mwa nyanja — Ephydra macellaria
- Dongosolo: Mapiko awiri - Diptera
- Banja: Mipira - Aphidridae
Ntchentche za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizovuta kwambiri. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi utoto wachitsulo. Mabuu ndi oyera, achikaso. Kugawidwa mu steppe zone ya Russia. Kuberekanso kumachitika patatha masiku awiri ndi atatu madzi osefukira. Yaikazi imayika mazira pafupifupi 100 pa nyengo pa nthaka yonyowa ndi muzu wa mpunga. Mphutsi mizu, kuwononga achinyamata mphukira ndi masamba. Makamaka owopsa ndi mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba, zomwe zimayamba kudya kumapeto kwa Meyi.
Tizilombo | Gawo lachitukuko cha mbewu | Chuma chachuma |
Mpunga weevil | mbande | 1,5 - 2 kachilomboka pa 1 mita 2 |
Udzudzu | mbande | 1 mphutsi pa chomera chilichonse |
Womwa mpunga | mbande yolimira | 3-5 kachilomboka pa 1 mita 2 |
Phid wamba | wopusa | 10 - 15 nsabwe za mitengo pa tsinde ndikulimira mbewu yoposa 50% |
Ntchentche za m'mphepete mwa nyanja | mbande | 35 mpaka 40 mphutsi pa 1 m 2 |
Matenda ampunga amathanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Pali matenda osiyanasiyana pachikhalidwe ichi. Ganizirani kwambiri.
Pyriculariosis
- The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Piricularia oryzae
- Kalasi: Deuteronomycetes - YambAw
- Dongosolo: Gifomycetales - Pandakawat
Matenda a mpunga owopsa kwambiri. Kugawidwa m'malo onse aulimi wa mpunga. Rice pyriculariosis imatsogolera TOP - bowa yambiri kwambiri ya phytopathogenic ndipo ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa njala ku Asia ndi Africa. Mafangayi amabzala mbewu zamera kuchokera pamera zodulira pamimba zinyalala ndi namsongole. Spores yomwe imagwera pamtengo pamalo abwino (kutentha pang'ono ndi chinyezi chambiri) imatha kumera patatha maola atatu. Zowonongeka pamera zimatha 15 mpaka 40%. Mitundu itatu ya mpunga pyriculariosis imadziwika: tsamba, nodular ndi mantha.
Mawonekedwe a tsamba amawoneka pamasamba masamba ngati mawonekedwe amizeremizere owoneka amaso amtundu wokhala ndi malire a bulauni m'mphepete. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu, masamba ake amapindika ndikumauma, mbewuyo imafa isanasesedwe.
Fomu ya nodular imachitika nthawi yamaluwa ndi kuphulika kwa sera, ndikupanga mawanga a bulauni pamunsi pansipa. Nthawi yomweyo, minofu ya node imayamba kuvunda, ndikuphimbidwa ndi zokutira imvi, tsinde limasweka.
Fomu ya mantha imakhudza maziko a panicle axis, madzi ndi michere amayima. Panicle imawuma kapena ikapatsa nthangala za puny.
Fusarium
- The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Fusarium graminearum schwabe
- Kalasi: Deuteronomycetes - YambAw
- Dongosolo: Hymofitsety - Pandakawat
Kugawidwa m'malo onse aulimi wa mpunga. Bowa untinters pa mbewu mu mawonekedwe a mycelium, pa mabwinja a mbewu - mu mawonekedwe a mycelium ndi sclerotia. Zinthu zoyenera kukhazikitsa bowa - kutentha kwambiri ndi chinyezi choposa 85%. Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndi 10-15%. Matendawa amakhudza mbande, mbande ndi mbewu zachikulire. Mphukira zimasanduka zachikasu, kupindika ndi youma. Pa mbande, muzu wamakhosi umawola, masamba amasanduka achikaso ndikufa. Zomera zazikulu, timadziti timakhala zakuda ndi zowola, kusweka kwa phesi kumachitika, ndipo mapangidwe amadzala. Mbewu ndi zofowoka, zonyansa imvi kapena zofiirira.
Alternariosis kapena Olive Rice Mold
- The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Alternaria tenuis Nees
- Gulu: Ascomycetes - Ascomycetes
- Dongosolo: Pleospore - Pleosporales
Kugawidwa kulikonse. The causative wothandizila matendawa amalimbikira pa mbewu ndi matenda zinyalala zinyalala mu mawonekedwe a mycelium ndi conidia. Matendawa amakula ndi chinyezi chowonjezereka, mphepo komanso chonde chambiri. Mu zaka zakumwa, kuchepa kwa mbewu kumatha kukhala 40%. Nthawi zambiri imadziwonekera mu theka lachiwiri la nyengo yakulima. Zimakhudza masamba, zimayambira, ndikupanga chidutswa cha azitona. Zinthu za panicle zimadzakhala nthaka. Chifukwa cha poizoni, tirigu amawonda.
Helminthosporiosis
- The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Helminthosporium oryzae B. de Haan
- Kalasi: Deuteronomycetes - YambAw
- Dongosolo: Gyphomycetes - Pandakawat
Matendawa afala ku Japan, China, India, m'zaka zaposachedwa pomwe adaziwona ku Russia. Mafangayi amakhudza mbali zonse za mlengalenga. Zowopsa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ndi mbewu ndi zinyalala za mbewu. Zikabowola zowola ndi mawonekedwe onika pakhosi. Masamba otuwa a maolivi amawonekera pamasamba. Mawanga amdima pamapanikizidwe. Kuperewera kwa mbeu ndi 5-10%.
Kulimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda mu mpunga ndizovuta, koma ndizotheka.
Polimbana ndi tizirombo ta mpunga, kampani ya Khimagromarketing ilimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa: Fostran, CE (dimethoate, 400 g / l) ndi flow of 1.0 - 1.5 l / ha, Nurimet Extra, CE (chlorpyrifos, 500 g / l + cypermethrin, 50 g / l) yogwiritsa ntchito 0,75 - 1,0 l / ha, Operkot Acro, KS (imidacloprid, 300 g / l + lambda-cygalotrin, 100 g / l) yogwiritsa ntchito 0,05 - 0 , 1 l / ha. Kumwaza kumachitika nthawi yolima.
Potengera matenda osiyanasiyana ampunga, kampani yathu imapereka mankhwala oteteza komanso kuchiritsa. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa nthawi yakula ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti kuchitike ndi Dr. Krop, KS (carbendazim, 500 g / l) ndi Fitolekar, KS (flutriafol, 250 g / l) ndikugwiritsa ntchito 0,5 l / ha. Nthawi yakula, pamagawo akukulidwe a mbendera - tsamba ndi chiyambi cha mutu, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Bizafon, SP (triadimefon, 250 g / kg) omwe amakhala ndi 0,25 - 0,4 kg / ha. Polimbana ndi pyriculariosis mu mpunga panthawi yomwe ikukula, njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa a Nurimet Extra, SP (tebuconazole, 500 g / kg) zidzathandiza. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi 0.25 - 0,4 kg / ha.
Kuti mupeze bwino mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi mbewu za mpunga, kampani ya Chemagromarketing ikufunsira kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chatsopano - chatsopano - organo-silicone surfactant adjuvant Super KAP (polyester trisiloxane). Chifukwa cha "atomization" ndi "kutsatira" njira yothetsera, zimathandizira zotsatira za mankhwala opha tizilombo pazovulaza.
Mpunga ndi mbewu yothiriridwa; kumafunika madzi kuti aulime. Super KAP imagwira ntchito bwino m'malo otentha - imatenga chinyezi pakatha mphindi 15, imathandizira polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda a mbewu zobzalidwa. Super KAP ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mpunga!
Tsoka ilo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo si mankhwala wamba pamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Russia, popeza ambiri sanakhale ndi nthawi yoti adziwe. Kutengera izi, Himagromarketing ikufuna kukhazikitsa chinthu chapadera pazoteteza mbewu!
Tikhulupirireni ndipo tidzakuthandizani kuthana ndi chiwopsezo cha kukolola kwanu!
Kufotokozera kwa mpunga weevil
Tizilombo tomwe talandila dzina lake silili ndi chifukwa chilichonse. Pofotokoza za nkhambakamwa, wasayansi wazachilengedwe Karl Linney adafufuza mpunga, womwe udakonzeratu zamtundu wa kachiromboka. M'malo mwake, zakudya za kachilomboka sizingokhala ndi mpunga - sizimanyoza zipatso za tirigu, tirigu, barele ndi mbewu zina za chimanga ndipo mwina zimapezeka muzinthu izi.
Mpunga weevil
Zinthu za Chikumbu:
- Msuzi wa mpunga mu chithunzi umasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri komanso malo ofiira owoneka bwino pa elytra.
- Makulidwe a akulu sapitilira 2,5-3 mm.
- Mtundu wa thupi umasinthika ndipo umatha kukhala wa bulauni mpaka woderapo. Msana wonse umakutidwa ndi madontho omwe amapanga mawonekedwe achilendo.
- Rice weevil ili ndi mapiko opangidwa bwino, motero imawonetsa luso louluka bwino.
- Bokosi lamutu limakhala ndi zida zam'kamwa zamphamvu, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti mudzule nyemba.
Tizilomboti timakonda kutentha, chifukwa cha momwe magawidwe ake ambiri amawonekera kum'mwera. Kutentha kwabwino kotukuka ndi 26-30 ° C ndipo chinyezi cha tirigu chimachokera ku 15%.
Rice weevil imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhokwe weevil. Mutha kuwasiyanitsa ndi chithunzi chakumbuyo. Tizilombo ta mpunga timadziwika ndi kuchepa kwambiri komanso kuvulaza.
M'munda, tizilombo timabisala m'makola mobisa, kupangira timiyala, pansi pa chimulu cha tirigu. Ngati pali chakudya chamagulu nthawi zonse, amakhala moyo wokhala pansi. Chakudya chikatha, miyala yampunga imasamuka ndikuuluka kupita kuminda ndikulima kumene.
Zomwe zimachitika pakubala kwa tizilombo
Oyimira mitundu ya miyala yampunga imadziwika ndi kusinthika kwathunthu. Yaikazi imakola dzenje mu tirigu ndi kuyikira mazira mmenemo. Chonde cha mayi m'modzi chimakhala ndi mazira 300-500. Pambuyo pakuikira mazira, kachilomboka chimakutira dzenjelo ndi maluwa ake. Kukula kwa mluza kumatenga masiku 6 mpaka 12.
Weevil Rice Weevils
Mphutsi zatsopano zoyera popanda mawonekedwe. Kukula kwa nyama zazing'ono ndi 2.5-3 mm ndipo kukula kwake kumapitilira mu njere. Mphutsi zimadya michere yonse ndipo pakatha masiku 20-30, zikapezeka zochuluka, zimadutsira gawo la ana. Poyamba, ziphuphu zimakhala zoyera, kumapeto kwa gawo zimasanduka chikaso.
Ngati zofukiza zimavulala mu mpunga, ndiye kuti crump imataya kuchokera 30 mpaka 70% ya kulemera kwake koyambirira.
Imago samakhala oposa miyezi 6. Zozungulira zathunthu kuyambira masiku 25 mpaka 210. Zomwe zimayambitsa mibadwo ndi chinyezi komanso kutentha. Ngati matenthedwe afika pansi pa 12 ° C, kukulitsa mazira ndi mphutsi za mpunga zimaleka. Kuyambira mibadwo iwiri mpaka inayi imakula pachaka.
Momwe mungachotsere tizirombo kunyumba
Kupatsirana kwa mbeu kumachitika m'minda. Kusungidwa kwa mbewu zosafunikira m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu kumachulukitsa vutoli ndipo tizilombo ndi chakudya timalowa m'nyumba. Nthawi zambiri weevils amabzala mpunga, buckwheat, tirigu groats, pasitala, ophika buledi, nyemba, ufa, zipatso zouma. Mpunga umacheka mosavuta mabowo m'matumba apulasitiki ndikulowetsa zonse zomwe zikupezeka.
Mpunga weevil
- Kuzindikira magwero ndi cholinga cha matenda. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kupenda mosamala mbewu zonse, ufa, pasitala kuti muzindikire mphutsi, akulu. Zinthu zodetsedwa ziyenera kutayidwa nthawi yomweyo.
- Ngati pali zokayikitsa kuti tizirombo tidayambira mumsika, koma sizinatheke kuzindikiritsa nthawi yowunika, yitenthengeni kapena musazizire mufiriji. Kutentha kocheperako komanso kotentha kumayipa vutoli panthawi zonse za chitukuko.
Pazifukwa zopewera, zochitika zingapo zimachitika:
- kukonza zinthu musanagule,
- kusungiramo chimanga, pasitala mumiyala yomwe ili ndi zingwe zomata,
- kuyendera pafupipafupi kwa zinthu
- Kuchepetsa nkhokwe zosungira chakudya,
- kupezeka kwa zotumphukira za kukhitchini.
Pakati pa mankhwala achikhalidwe, mbewu zokhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri zimatchulidwa kwambiri. Akuti nthambi za lavenda zizisungidwa mu zotsekera, ndi zovala za adyo zosavomerezeka mu chosungira.
Kufotokozera kwa tizilombo
Dzira la mpunga la mpunga limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena owoneka bwino ndipo ndi loyera ndi utoto. Kusunga dzira, mphutsi zachikazi zimagwiritsa ntchito dzenje laling'ono m'mbewu ya chomera kapena china chilichonse chomwe chimatafuna. Imakutula dzenjelo ndi khwangwala wapadera kuchokera kumiyeso yake.
Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amaikira mazira 200 300.
Mphutsi zimawonekera patatha masiku 4-14, kutengera kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi. Gawo lodzala limatenga pafupifupi milungu itatu. Pakukula kwake, mphutsi zimadya malonda, omwe amakhalanso pobisalira. Kukopa kumachitika apa. Gawoli, tizilombo timakhala kwa masiku 4-6.
Kuzungulira kwa mpunga “dzira-mphutsi” mu mpunga wa mpunga kumatha kukhala kwachilengedwe masiku pafupifupi 30. Nthawi yomwe kachikulire kena imakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi masiku 100-180.
Zowononga tizilombo
Ngakhale dzina lake, mpunga wa mpunga umavulaza osati mpunga wokha, komanso mbewu zina zambiri: barele, rye, tirigu, chimanga, hemp mbewu, buckwheat, nyemba, mapira a ngale. Komanso, tizilombo titha kupezeka muzinthu zopangidwa ndi zakudya: zinthu zouma zophika, zipatso zouma, ufa ndi pasitala.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo tonse akuluakulu ndi mphutsi. Pazitsamba, amasankha njere zowonongeka zokha, zonyowa ndi zomenyedwa kuti adye ndikuyika mazira, chifukwa sangadye owuma komanso athunthu. Matenda opatsirana ndi weevils amatha kuchitika mu gawo lililonse la chitukuko. Chifukwa cha kuuluka, tizilomboti timatha kuchuluka komanso kuwononga mbewu m'munda, zitatha, limodzi ndi zokolola zomwe zikupitilira, zimapitilizabe kukhalamo ndikusungira mosungira.
Nyemba za mpunga, mosiyana ndi nkhokwe weevil, zimatha kuwononga mbewu. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa tizilombo, mbewu zimataya 35-75 ya kulemera konse kwa mbewu. Mitundu iyi yazovala m'madera ena imatha kukhala chaka chonse. Ku Russia nthawi iliyonse pachaka amatha kubisala m'malo awo okhala m'minda ya Stavropol ndi Krasnodar Territories.
Njira zolimbana
M'dziko lathu, njira zothanirana ndi tizilombozi zimapangidwa kutengera ndi nyengo. Chifukwa chake, m'madera onse, njira zingapo zopewera ndi kuwononga mpunga wa mpunga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyimira chachikulu ndicho kutentha kwatsiku ndi tsiku pakukolola mbewu. Chifukwa chake, magawo atatu achikhalidwe ndi osiyana:
- Kutentha kwa mpweya sikudutsa madigiri 16. Maderaotsatirawa ndi a dera lino: Madera a kumpoto, Central, Northwest, West Siberian, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, East Siberian, Central Black Earth (Tambov Region), Volga Region (Republic of Tatarstan, Penza Region, Samara ndi Ulyanovsk Madera) ndi Far East.
Kutentha kwa mpweya nthawi yokolola kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 16-20. Gawoli limaphatikizapo zigawo za Kurgan ndi Orenburg zophatikizidwa m'chigawo cha Ural ndi madera onse a Central Black Earth, kupatula dera la Tambov. - Kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera mpaka madigiri 23. Gululi limaphatikizapo Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan ndi Volgograd madera.
- Mfundo zolimbana ndi mpunga weeever ndizofanana m'magawo onse. Amagawidwa muntchito zopewera komanso zowononga.
Carrot kuuluka amakonda mitundu ya kaloti monga "Chanson", "Nantes", "karoti". Mupezanso zambiri zosangalatsa za izi pa https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/selxoz/morkovnaja-muha.html ulalo.
Momwe zimaswana
Utoto wamphesa ndi tizilombo tambiri. M'malo abwino, mibadwo yatsopano ya 2-6 imapezeka m'miyezi 12, chifukwa chitukuko chimatenga miyezi 1-3.
Kuti ayike dzira, mkaziyo amatchera dzenje mu njereyo, kenako nkuwasindikizira ndi chinthucho. Pambuyo pa masabata 1-1.5, mphutsi zimatuluka mu dzira, lomwe limang'amba mkati mwa malembawo. Nthawi zina mazira amayika mbali zonse ziwiri za tirigu, kenako mphutsi ziwiri zopanda miyendo, zoyera chikasu.
Masabata 3-4, mphutsi zimadya zamkati za njere, ndikudya theka, kenako ana. Ma groats nthawi imeneyi amakhala opepuka ndi 30-70%. Pambuyo pa masabata 1-1.5, kachilomboka wachikulire amasiya coco, yemwe moyo wake umakhala mpaka miyezi 6.
Ntchito yoyeretsa, kukonza zipinda
Chithandizo cha mankhwalawa ndimakonzedwe apadera kapena aerosol disin Assembly kuteteza mawonekedwe a mpunga kapena kuwononga omwe alipo. Kusintha kwa madzi kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mota kapena knapsack sprayer ndi yankho la mankhwala (karate, CE, karbofos, actellik, decis, fufanon). Kusanthula ndi mbali zonse za nkhokwe yamtsogolo. Pa lalikulu. mita kudya pafupifupi 50 ml. yankho.
Mbewu iyeneranso kukonzekera yosungika yayitali.. Kuti muchite izi, youma, ndikupanga chinyezi chofunikira cha 15%, komanso posungira nthawi yayitali - 13-14%. Mbewuzo zikauma, zimatsukidwa ndi njere zowonongeka ndi zosafunikira zosiyanasiyana za udzu.
Asanayikidwe tirigu mnyumba yosungiramo zinthu mothandizidwa ndi sprayer, amakonzanso magawo oyandikana ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Njira yothetsera vutoli imagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi ngati mkati mwa chipindacho, koma kuchuluka kwake kumachulukitsidwa nthawi ziwiri.
Munthawi yoyamba yanyengo, kuti muchepetse kukula kwa tizilombo zoyipa zomwe tisonkhana njereyo imakhazikika mpaka kutentha pang'ono.
Gawo lachiwirilo limatsatiranso njira yozizira bwino kwa tirigu, koma kuwonjezera pamenepo limakwaniritsa zokolola ndi kulumikizana ndi chitetezo.
Mu gawo lachitatu, m'malo mwake, njira yayikulu ndikugwiritsira ntchito chitetezotoacaricides, ndipo njira yotentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera nthawi yophukira kapena yozizira.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mukamakonza njira zoyendetsera matenda amafunika kutsogoleredwa ndi malangizo apadera omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi boma.
Njira zopewera
- Kukonzekera Kwosungirako musanavomereze ndikuyika mbewu kuti izisungidwa: kuyeretsa ndi kupopera mankhwala oyamwa ndi chinyontho kapena chida cha aerosol, kuwunika kwathunthu kwa zinthu zonse kuti ziipitsidwe.
- Kukonzekera kwa tirigu: kuyanika njere kuti ikhale youma kapena sing'anga yowuma, kuyeretsa zosayera zamiyendo ndi tirigu wosweka, kutsika kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa tirigu, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mbewu zokhudzana ndi tirigu.
- Kuyang'anira matenda tizilombo ndi nkhupakupa ziyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi.
Njira zoyeserera
Kuti muwone tizirombo mu nthawi, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku kukhitchini nthawi zambiri. Zomwe zimayambukiridwazo zimatayidwa, ndipo zina zokayikitsa zimakonzedwa mu uvuni madigiri 50 kapena mazira kwa 1 ora mufiriji.
Mu makabati ndi mashelufu, fumbi limachotsedwa. Mbewu zogulidwa zimasanjidwa ndikusungidwa mumtsuko, osati m'mapaketi.
Mwachilengedwe Anti Mpunga
Zomera zamankhwala zimathandizidwa mpaka kukolola, kapena malo osungira. Osagwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba.
Chithandizo chamawonekedwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tikulimbikitsidwa:
Mwa azitsamba wowerengeka, amagwiritsa ntchito sopo yankho la kutsuka muli ndim'malo osungira, ndikukonzanso ndi viniga.
Kununkhira kwa nsikidzi za mpunga kumawopsya kununkhira kwa adyo kapena masamba a lalanje, lavenda kapena mbewu za clove, masamba a timbewu kapena bay akufalikira pafupi ndi zomwe amapereka. Tsabola wofiyira wowuma umathiridwa m'matumba ndi nandolo, ndipo ndikofunika kuyika chidutswa cha waya wachitsulo mchikwama chokhala ndi ma groats.
Njira zopewera
Kuti muchepetse chiwopsezo cha kubereka kubereka mnyumba, tikulimbikitsidwa:
- Mukasunga malonda, pre-process,
- Thirani mbewu monga chimanga, pasitala, zipatso zouma kuchokera m'matumba apulasitiki mumbale zokhala ndi lids oyenera,
- Kuyang'ana zambiri nthawi zambiri, nthawi yachilimwe 1 masiku 14-15,
- Osagula chimanga "pamalo osungira" ndipo osasungira miyezi 4,
- Musasiye chakudya padzuwa,
- Chitani zotsuka pafupipafupi ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo kukhitchini.
Njira zosavuta komanso kuthekera kuzindikira tizilombo mwamaonekedwe kudzateteza chakudya chakunyumba ndikusungira banja.