Yachirologist yaku Germany idapeza koyamba mtundu wamtunduwu wa asodzi. Ludwig Doderline, yemwe adabweretsa kufotokozera kwa shaki ya mutu wakuda atapita ku Japan mu 1879-1881. Tsoka ilo, sakanakhoza kufalitsa zomwe amudziwa, popeza zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zanyama iyi zidatayika. Dziko lasayansi lidaphunzira za shark izi zitasindikizidwa kalekale kakuti "Expecional Shark" mu 1884, lolemba ndi American ichthyologist ndi katswiri wazamanyama Samuel Garman. Mu ntchitoyi, wasayansiyo adaganiza za mkazi wazaka 1.5, yemwe adagwidwa ku Japan ku Sagami Bay. Garman adapereka dzina ku mtundu watsopano "Chlamydoselachus painineus", kuchokera ku Greek"сhlamy"(toad) ndi"selachus"(shark), komanso Latin"kuwawa"(Njoka). Pambuyo pake adatchedwa"shaki", "bulu wa buluzi", silika ndi choyaka moto Shaki.
Shaki yokhala ndi mafinya amapezeka kokha m'madzi otentha komanso ozizira a Pacific Ocean. Ngakhale panali kulanda kwa nsomba pakuya kwakuya kupitirira 1.5 km. Kwenikweni, shaki imasungidwa pamtunda wa 500-1000 mamita kuchokera pamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayo imakhala yakuya mosiyanasiyana kutengera komwe ikukhala. Ku Japan Gulf of Suruga, shaki imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi - pakuya kwa 50-100 m. Ndipo imatsikira pokhapokha nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwamadzi kukayamba kutentha mpaka madigiri 15 Celsius. Koma pazonse, kudya kwa nsomba kumawonetsa kuti amasuntha pafupipafupi. Nthawi zina, shaki imadziwikika ngakhale pamadzi pomwe.
Ali ndi ziphuphu zakumaso. Popeza kupezeka kwa shaki, nthawi zambiri kuyerekezedwa ndi njoka yam'nyanja yopeka. Mutu waukulu komanso wosalala, womwe umakhala ndi maso akuluakulu popanda chopindika, umakhala kutali. Pafupifupi mano 300 apakatikati apezeka kumapeto ndi m'mizere ingapo. Mapeyala a pectoral ndi afupiafupi, mawonekedwe a dorsal nawonso samapangidwa kwambiri. Ziphuphu za ma anal, m'malo mwake, ndizazikulu, zazikulu komanso zokulungidwa. Pamimba pake pali khungu lozungulira, ntchito zomwe sizinadziwikebe bwinobwino. Mafotokozedwe a zofanizirazi akufufuza zikusonyeza kuti anyamatawa amakula mpaka 1.7 m. Akaziwo ndi okulirapo, amafikira kutalika kwa 2 mita.
Shaki wamutu wakuda amatha kusintha malo kuti akhale mozama kwambiri. Ali ndi chiwindi chachikulu chodzazidwa ndi ma lipids (mafuta acids), omwe amathandizira thupi la chinyama m'khola lamadzi popanda kuchita khama kwambiri. Shaki ndi amodzi mwa ochepa omwe ali ndi mzere wotseguka "womwe umakupatsani mwayi wogwira ntchito ngakhale mutakhala kuti simukuwoneka bwino.
Amphaka amatenga gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa shaki wamutu wakuda. Izi zikusonyeza kuti, ngakhale pali nyanja yakuya, ili ndi njira yabwino yopezera chakudya, zomwe sizachilendo kwa anthu akuzama panyanja. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nsomba ili ndi 6 gill slits, ndipo pakamwa pamatseguka kwambiri, chifukwa cha nsagwada yotsika kwambiri. Kutsegula pakamwa mwachangu kumatha kuyambitsa "kuyamwa", kotero kusaka squid kumatha kukhala kungoyambira munthu wosazindikira. Koma uku ndikungoganiza chabe, popeza kuyang'ana shaki momwe akukhalira mwachilengedwe sikunakhale mwayi.
Njira inanso yosaka mbedza yodumphira m'madzi ndiyo kutsamira pakamwa pake potseguka nyama yomwe ikudutsa. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi mchira wautali, womwe umalola kuti nsomba ziziyenda mwachangu, ngati njoka. Kuukira kwakanthawi kochepa sikusemphananso malingaliro omwe ambiri ovomerezeka amakhala nawo okhala mwam'nyanja.
Pazochepa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika pofalikira kwa shaki-wakuda. Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti pakuya kwa 1 km. kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa nyengo sikuwonekera, komwe kukusonyeza kusodza kwa chaka chonse. Akazi alibe placenta, koma ndi viviparous. Awo. zazikazi sizimayikira mazira, koma zimanyamula mkati mwao. Nthawi zambiri, shaki yoyembekezera imatenga mazira 2-15. Nthawi yonse ya kubereka pakati pa nyama imatenga zaka 3.5, zomwe zimakhala zazitali kwambiri kuposa zina zamtundu uliwonse. Mluza umawonjezera masentimita 1.4 pamwezi ndipo umayamba kuunika kale mpaka 40-60 cm.
Kwa munthu, shark yokhala ndi nkhawa siziopseza anthu. Chofunika chokha ndikuwopa ndi mano akuthwa kwa shaki. Asayansi ena anavulaza manja awo kwinaku akuwunika nyama zomwe zinagwidwa. Nthawi zambiri chimagwera m'maukonde a munthu, koma nsomba imafa isanakwere mumlengalenga. Kwa osoka panyanja, kugwidwa kotereku ndikosasangalatsa, chifukwa ntchentche zakuzama panyanja, lopangidwira kunyanja komanso shrimp, imasokonezeka chifukwa chokhala ngati shaki, yomwe imabweretsa kuwonongeka. Ngakhale nthawi zina anthu ogwidwa amangogulitsa, koma nthawi zambiri amapita kukapanga nsomba.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala shaki
Shaki wokhala ndi mutu wakuda ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zomwe sizisowa kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zozama panyanja komanso zofanizira. Mwanjira ina, imatchulidwanso kuti.
Ma lapid aul amakhala pamlingo wokulirapo, wochokera pa 600 mpaka 1000 metres. Shaki yokhala ngati njoka imeneyi idakwanitsa kupulumuka nthawi zonse zovuta zammbuyo zakale mpaka lero zimamva bwino kwambiri.
Kukhazikika kotero, mwina, nsomba iyi idadzipatsa yokha chifukwa cha njira yayo yakuzama panyanja. Pali adani ochepa kapena oyimbirana naye akuya mamita 600.
Kudziwika koyamba kwa munthu wokhala ndi chinsomba cha shaki kudachitika mu 1880. Katswiri wazachipembedzo wa ku Germany dzina lake Ludwig Doderlein koyamba adawona chozizwitsa ichi m'madzi akuchapa Japan. Adafotokozeranso zomwe anali nazo shaki yabwino yomwe adawona.
Koma popeza malongosoledwe awa anali a mbiri yakale kuposa a sayansi, owerengeka adawazindikira. Nkhani yasayansi yolembedwa ndi a Samuel Garman, yemwenso anali katsthyologist wodziwika bwino, adapatsa anthu mwayi wokhulupirira kuti nsomba zimakhalapo. Ndipo zitatha izi ndiye kuti shaki yoyaka imayamba kuonedwa ngati nsomba yeniyeni ya mitundu ina.
Kodi mayina achilendo komanso okongola a shaki odabwitsa amenewa amachokera kuti? Chilichonse ndichopepuka. Amachitcha kuti lacrimal, chifukwa cha placenta yake yodabwitsa komanso yachilendo, yomwe imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni ndipo mawonekedwe ake onse amafanana kwambiri ndi chovala.
Amakhala wonenepa chifukwa amakhala ndi thupi lonse lalitali. Asayansi amati mawanga oterewa ndi mtundu wa nkhokwe kuti chigulu chachikulu chiikidwa m'mimba mwa chinsomba.
Kupatula apo, nsomba imeneyi imatha kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndipo imameza nyama yakeyo. Mano ake amakumbukira singano kwambiri, amadzipinda mkatikati mwa pakamwa pake ndipo safunika kuphwanya kapena kutafuna chakudya.
Pali pafupifupi 300 a iwo. Koma ali ndi mwayi umodzi wopambana, ndi chithandizo chawo, shaki imatha kugwira nyama pakamwa pake ndikulepheretsa kuti isatuluke, ngakhale wozunzayo atakhala wosalala kwambiri.
Shaki yakuda ali ndi ang'ono. Akazi ake amatha kukula mpaka mamita awiri. Amuna ndi ocheperako pang'ono - 1.5-1.7 metres. Nsombayo ili ndi thupi lokhala ngati chimbuzi ndi mutu wambiri komanso wosalala.
Pa chithunzi cha shaki ambiri adakopa chidwi chake ndi maso osayerekezeka. Ndizachikulu, zonunkhira zomwe zili ndi mtundu wodabwitsa wa emerald. Amangosintha modabwitsa pokhapokha pozama kwambiri.
Ndi komwe kuti pafupifupi moyo wonse wa shaki wamutu wansomba umadutsa. Nthawi zina nsomba zodabwitsazi zimakwera pamwamba pa madzi. Izi zimachitika usiku, nthawi yomwe shaki imapeza chakudya.
Nyama yamchere imeneyi imakhala yabwino kwambiri m'madzi ofunda a nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Pamenepo mungathe kukumana naye. Adakumana m'madzi akutsuka Brazil, Australia ndi New Zealand, Norway. Malo ake sanaphunziridwe kwathunthu. Mwachidziwikire kuti imatha kupezeka m'madzi a Arctic.
Kukhala m'malo ozama kwambiri nsomba imeneyi kumathandizira chiwindi chake, chomwe, kuphatikiza kukula kwambiri, chimadzaza ndi lipids yochulukirapo, ndipo, nawonso, amathandizira kuti thupi la shark lizike mu madzi akuya popanda mavuto.
Makhalidwe ndi moyo wa Fiery Shark
Nsomba iyi ndi cholengedwa chokongola kwambiri. Amachita zinthu modabwitsa, makamaka pankhani yosaka. Potere, shaki imamuthandiza wazaka zambiri. Kuti akope mnzake, nsomba imagona modekha komanso mwamtendere m'madzi, pomwe mchira wake umakhala kumapeto kwa nyanjayo.
Chakudya chansomba chikangowoneka chapafupi, chimatsika chamkamwa ndi pakamwa pake ndipo chimameza nyama yomwe ili hafu ya kutalika kwake.
Nthawi yomweyo, gill yake imatseka, ndipo shaki imayambitsa kupanikizika, komwe kumabweretsa chakudya mkamwa mwachindunji. Nthawi yomweyo, mchira wake umathandiza kuti nsombayo iyende mwachangu, chifukwa chake imathamanga ngati njoka.
Kusuntha koteroko kumatsutsa kotheratu kuti shaki imakhala moyo wokhalamo. Nsomba iyi ili ndi malo otseguka. Izi zimathandizira kuti ma receptor ake akhazikike mwachangu komanso patali kwambiri kuti akwaniritse cholengedwa.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Zochepa sizidziwika momwe nsomba izi zimaberekera. Koma popeza kuzama komwe shaki yozizira imakhala, kutentha kwa kunja sikuwonekera mwanjira iliyonse, ndiye kuti asayansi ali ndi chifukwa chilichonse chokhulupirira kuti shaki yoyaka imabereka chaka chonse.
Akazi alibe placenta, koma amawerengedwa ngati viviparous. Chiwerengero cha mazira omwe amadzinyamula palokha chimachokera ku mazira awiri mpaka 15. Mimba Shark Mimba Kutalika kwambiri kuposa ma vertebrates onse. Wamkazi waswa mazira kwa zaka 3.5.
Kwa mwezi uliwonse wa pakati, mimbulu yake imakula ndi 1.5 cm ndi 40-50 masentimita abadwa kale, omwe mkazi samasamala nawo nkomwe. Asodzi amoto amakhala pafupifupi zaka 25.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Shaki yowonongeka ili ndi katundu wodabwitsa - mzere wotseguka. Ndiye kuti, posaka mozama mumdima weniweni, akumva mayendedwe onse opangidwa ndi nyama yake. Amadyashaki yoyaka squid, stingrays, crustaceans ndi amtundu wawo - asodzi ang'ono.
Komabe, zimakhala zosangalatsa momwe munthu amene amangokhala, ngati shaki yoyaka moto, amatha kusaka amphaka mwachangu. Chosokosera chinaikidwa patsogolo pankhaniyi. Mosayembekezeka, nsomba ili pansi pamdima wathunthu imasuntha nyamayo ndi kukukutira mano.
Ndipo kenako amugwera modzidzimutsa, amaponya ngati cobra. Kapena potseka mipata m'matimu, kupanikizika kwina kumapangidwa pakamwa pawo, komwe kumatchedwa kuti koyipa. Ndi chithandizo chake, wovulalayo amangoyamwa mkamwa mwa shaki. Nyamayi yosavuta imabweranso - odwala, ofooka omwe akukonda.
Shaki yakuda siyimatafuna chakudya, koma imameza yonse. Maso ake akuthwa, owongoka kuti agwire nyamayo mwamphamvu.
Panthawi yophunzira za asodzi awa, asayansi adaona kuti ma esophagus awo nthawi zonse amakhala opanda kanthu. Chifukwa chake, pali malingaliro kuti atha kukhala ndi mipata yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa chakudya, kapena dongosolo la chimbudzi limagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti chakudya chimakimbidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Chifukwa chiyani shaki imatchedwa yamoto?
Nyama yakaleyi idatchedwa dzina la njoka yakutali, pafupifupi mamilimita awiri bulauni ndipo khungu lozungulira lophimba ma gill. Zilonda zotumphukira, zopingasa pakhosi, zimapanga chikwama chonse chachikopa chofanana ndi chovala.
Mtunduwu ulibe kope, ndipo msana suugawika kukhala vertebrae, womwe umatsimikiziranso kuchuluka kwa nsomba zosalala. Zitsamba zonse zimapezeka pafupi, ndipo mtengo wa caudal umakhala ndi tsamba limodzi.
Mawamba a plucker ndi kunyada kwake kosiyana. Choyamba, kamwa sikhala pamunsi pompopompo, koma kumapeto kwake. Mano amakulungika, owoneka ngati asanu, owoneka bwino, ofanana ndi korona, ndipo adakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana kwa asodzi - ali ang'ono kutsogolo komanso akulu kumbuyo. Pali pafupifupi mano 300 akuthwa kwambiri nsagwada.
Onerani kanema - Shark Wamutu Wakuda:
Chilombo choyambirira chimakonda madzi otentha a Nyanja ya Atlantic, malo otentha, komabe, adawonedwa mu Nyanja ya Barents komanso pafupi ndi Norway.
Shaki yakale imakhala ndi moyo wa benthic, imakhala mozama mpaka 1,500 metres ndipo imadyetsa makamaka ma cephalopods, flounder ndi crustaceans. Komabe, sadzakana shaki zamtundu wina monga chakudya.
Posachedwa kwambiri, chidziwitso chalandira kuti mtunduwu umatha kusuntha kwamtondo - ndikusintha kwa kutentha kapena kusowa kwa chakudya, nsomba ya Chimera imayandikira pamwamba.
Zambiri za Shark ya Prehistoric
Khosayo imagwira pang'onopang'ono, kenako, ndikuwombera kwambiri ndi thupi lake lonse, ngati njoka, ndipo nsagwada zazitali zokhala ndi zokutira zachikopa zimakupatsani mwayi wogwira nyama yonse. Shaki yokhala ndi mutu amatha kumeza nyama pakudya kutalika kwake.
Kuphatikiza apo, amapanga zovuta kuti atseke ma gill, ndikuyamwa ozunzika mkamwa.
Mitembo yomwe idapezeka ya njoka zidalepheretsa kudziwa zomwe zili m'mimba, zomwe zikusonyeza mipata yayikulu pakati pa chakudya kapena chimbudzi mwachangu.
Shaki wamutu wakuda ndi viviparous. Mimba ya akazi imakhala pafupifupi zaka 2, ndipo imakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 3.5, ndipo pambuyo pake ana obadwa awiri odziyimira ngati ana abadwa.
Nthawi ya bere pamtunduwu ndiwopambana kwambiri pamtundu uliwonse wam'magazi. Shaki yatsopano yapa prehistoric shark imakhala kutalika pafupifupi 50 cm.
M'nthawi zakale, asodzi akale amayenda pamadzi akuya, ndikuwopa anthu okhala pamenepo. Koma ngakhale pakadali pano, asodzi amtundu wachizungu sakupereka ufulu wawo mtsogoleri munyanja - ndizovuta kupeza chinyama champhamvu komanso champhamvu kuposa shaki yamoto.
Maonekedwe okongola a shaki yakale yamoto:
Kupeza kosangalatsa kwa 2013
Kugwidwa kwa asodzi aku China ku Shandong mu Marichi 2013, nthawi yomweyo kunakhala chiphokoso kuchokera kudziko la asodzi mu zaka chikwi zatsopano: zotsalira za shaki yoyaka moto isanakwere mu maukonde asodzi.
Kukula kwa skeleton ya shaki ya chimera ndi chodabwitsa - mamita 3.5. M'mbuyomu, anthu amakhulupirira kuti shaki zakale ngati shaki zimakwana mita 2-2,5.
Mwachiwonekere, izi zipeza kusintha kwakukulu pa zosowa zaubwino zamtunduwu wa shark ndipo zidzaukitsanso mutu wa kudzutsidwa koyamba kwa "zoopsa" zapadziko lapansi zam'madzi, makamaka, shaki zosowa.
Onerani makanema - Otsala a shark prehistoric shark:
Popanda kuyembekezera zotsatira za kafukufuku woyamba, zokambirana zaukatswiri zidachitika kuti athane ndi vutoli - yemwe ali ndi mafupa - nsomba kapena nyama, ndi zenizeni kapena zopeka, etc.
Malingaliro adanenedwa kuti ichi chinali chotupa chosungidwa cha mtundu wina wa shaki chosadziwika, chomwe chidadulidwa ndi zipsepse ndikuponyedwa pamadzi, ndipo tsopano chagwidwanso. Mutu waukulu poyerekeza ndi thupi udatumiza asayansi ku mitundu yoyamba ya akhwawa pansi pamadzi, ndi mawonekedwe amchira ku superorder ya shaki.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso, zidapezeka kuti kapangidwe kake kameneka, Chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwa nsomba zazing'onoting'ono ndichofunikabe.
Januware 2015 - mawonekedwe a shaki yoyaka m'madzi a Australia
Pa Januware 21, chochitika china chidachitika chomwe sichidapitilira zamakono zamakedzana ndipo ndizotheka "kugwedeza" zitsimikiziro zawo zonse zasayansi zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo ndi moyo wa asodzi akale.
M'madzi aku Australia - mdera la Gipsland lomwe lili mphepete mwa Victoria - shaki woopsa adagwidwa ndi asodzi!
Chifukwa chake, kwanthawi yachitatu mu Zakachikwi zatsopano, nthumwi ya moyo wa banja la shark idakwezedwa pamwamba pa nyanja, kukhalapo kwake, komabe, sikunatsutsidwe mwatsatanetsatane, koma mwanjira yake kunalibe chifukwa chofufuzira kwakukulu kwasayansi kapena kulosera zamtsogolo.
Kuphatikiza pa zachilendo zodziwika kuti shaki yokhala ndi shaki yapezeka, malo ake ndiwodabwitsa. Malingaliro awa adagwidwa mu Indian Ocean, yomwe imatsutsana ndi malingaliro omwe alipo akuti "ma ploskatos" sangakhalepo m'madzi ofunda (kumbukirani, ichthyologists akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mtunduwu mpaka pano ku Atlantic ndi Pacific Ocean).
Shaki payekha adakhala wathanzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti powerengera asayansi za "zomwe" zomwe zimakonda mtunduwu, zimatha kukhala zolakwika kapena zolakwika chifukwa cha mitundu yomweyi.
Komabe, malinga ndi woimira bungwe la Australia of Fishermen, zopezeka zoterezi sizinalembedwepo m'maderowa.
Kukula komwe sampuli yaku Australia idakwezedwa pafupifupi mita 700, yomwe ikufanana ndi malire omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale pamtunda wake.
Kukula kwa shaki yodziwika bwino kunali pafupifupi mamita awiri, komwe ndikofanana ndi kutalika kwake kutalika.
Zonena za akatswiri pa shaki yakale zomwe zinagwidwa ku Australia
Ndemanga ya wasayansi wa ku Yunivesite ya Australia ponena za nsomba zamawanga zinali izi:
Chinthu choyamba komanso chofunikira kwambiri pamkhalidwewu, ndizachidziwikire, kupezedwa kwapangidwe. Mtunduwu, mwina, walandira kale kusintha kwa chisinthiko kuti usala, ndipo mwinanso kupitilizabe patsogolo.
Potsutsa njira yakubwezeretsa kutentha kwanyengo, kusuntha kwa nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana kukhala ndi njira "zowoneka" zakumpoto, i.e. m'madzi ozizira am'mawa ambiri.
Apa tikuwona modabwitsa, poyang'ana koyamba, kusunthira m'madzi ofunda. Zomvekazo ndizovomerezeka kuti shark lacquered, monga mitundu yakale kwambiri, chisinthiko chamkati chimathamanga kuposa zina, i.e. adazolowera kale kutentha kwambiri, kuti tsopano athe kuyesa thupi lake ngati kuti likhala mwa iwo.
Mwanjira ina, zitha kukhala zofunikira kuti wopala matenthedwe asanakonzeretu nyengo yozizira, popeza zikuwonekeratu kuti pambuyo pake sipangakhale kokwanira kwa onse omwe amadyera madera akumpoto, chifukwa adzakhala ndi akhaki amphamvu, ndipo arthropod imayenera kukhala m'malo ovuta, kutentha. ndi kupsinjika.
Sayansi idziwa kale milandu pomwe shaki yomwe ikuwombera idalandira "kuvulala" kwakukulu kwa asodzi anzawo - izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mpikisano woyambira pakati pa olusa awa. Chifukwa chake, anthu ena adagwidwa popanda zidutswa zazingwe, zomwe zitha kulumidwa ndi zilombo zazikulu.
Chifukwa chake, kuti zithere kukhalanso m'mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi, nyamayi imafunikanso kuzama kwambiri.
Pokomera mtunduwu, munthu akhoza kutchulanso zachilendo za chimphona chachikulu chamadzi cham'madzi, chomwe chidayamba mu 2014-2015. zunza gombe la Japan.
Jellyfish, yomwe ndi nyama “zakale kwambiri” kuposa nyama zazikuluzikulu, mwina imakhala ndi chisankho chosintha - kufa mikhalidwe yotentha yam'madzi, kapena kusinthana nayo.
Ku Australia, shaki yoyaka moto ikugwidwa:
Poganizira zomwe tafotokozazi, wasayansiyo akuti, kutsatira mtundu wamadzi am'madzi otchedwa lamellar shark, jellyfish ndi mitundu ina "yakale" yapadziko lapansi m'madzi ofunda, posachedwa, mwina zitha kujambula mawonekedwe a mitundu yazing'ono zazing'ono zamadzi zam'nyanja, komanso mitundu yatsopano kapena yosasankhidwa ya nsomba ndi nyama. .
Zachidziwikire, iwo adzawoneka ngati zigwiriri zazikulu "kubwerera" kumadzi akumpoto, popeza chiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko kuchokera kwa iwo chikadali chinthu china chotsimikizira chisinthiko.
Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi akuyenera kuyang'ananso nkhani zakufanizira malo okhala ndi zakudya za mitunduyi, chifukwa, mwachiwonekere, zonsezo ziyenera kukonzedwanso m'magulu atsopano a chakudya m'malo otentha madzi, motero, kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zosakira.
Mwa njira, kufufuza kwathunthu kwamatumbo ndi zamkati zamkati mwa shaki yamoto waku Australia kungatipatse mayankho ku izi.
Titsatila zatsopano zakatunduwu.
Mawonekedwe
Thupi la shaki zonyansa ndizitali kwambiri, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti afanane ndi njoka kapena eel. Mutu ndiwotambalala komanso wosalala. Muzzle amafupikitsidwa ndi chithunzithunzi chozungulira. Mphuno yake ndi yopapatiza, yokhazikika. Makatani azikopa amagawa mphuno m'mabowo awiri - kulowetsa ndi kutulutsa. Maso ndi okulirapo, popanda kupindika pang'onopang'ono, yoyang'ana mozungulira. Pakamwa pake pali pafupi ndi nsonga ya pomwepo. Nsagwada ndizazitali komanso zam'manja, chifukwa zimamangiriridwa mwachikuda ndi chigaza, zomwe zimathandiza kuti asodzi azitsegula pakamwa pawo mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Palibe zikopa za pakhungu pakamwa.
Gill wautali amadula awiriawiri. Amakutidwa ndi ulusi wa gill, ndikupanga khungu lokwanira, chifukwa chake mtundu wamtunduwu wa shaki udatchedwa dzina. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa koyambirira timadutsa pakhosi ndipo, tikalumikizidwa, timakhala khola lalikulu. Mafupa a m'mitsempha amakhala osinthika kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha vertebrae ndi 160-171.
Zipsepse (kupatula pectorals) zili mchira. Zipsepse zamkati ndizokulirapo, zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi anal fin. Pamwamba pawo ndiye kokha dorsal fin. Zipsepse zamtchire ndizifupi. Anal bwino. Maluso a caudal ndiwotalikirapo, lobe wotsikira kokha, yemwe ali ndi mawonekedwe pafupifupi atatu, amapangidwa. Makatani awiri akhungu atambasuka pamimba, olekanitsidwa ndi mzere. Cholinga chawo sichikudziwika. Mosiyana ndi amuna, zazikazi zimakhala ndi gawo lalitali pakati pa thupi ndipo zimakhala ndi zipsepse zamkati ndi ma anal. Makala a Placoid pamthupi ndi ochepa, mbali imodzi amaphatikizidwa. Pamiyeso yapa ndalama, masikelo ndi okulirapo komanso akuthwa. Komanso, shaki zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mzere wotchedwa lotseguka lotchedwa lateral.
Mano a Shark Oyaka
Mano ake ndi ang'ono, ali mkamwa osati malo ochepa, ali ndi nsonga zitatu zoonda komanso zowoneka bwino, m'mizere iwiri yomwe mkati mwake pali nsonga zazing'ono. Mano ambiri (mpaka 300). Nsagwada yapamwamba imakhala ndi mizere 19 mpaka 28 ya mano, m'munsi - kuchokera pa mizere 21 mpaka 29 ya mano. Mano a shaki ali oyera. Kusuntha ndi pakamwa lotseguka, shaki imakopa nyama zawo.
Dera
Shaki yakuda imakhala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ambiri am'nyanja, omwazika kwambiri m'nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Dera lakutali kwambiri komwe shaki zamtunduwu adagwidwa ndi gombe lakumpoto kwa Norway, ndipo kum'mwera kwambiri - gombe la New Zealand.
Mayiko pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kuli shaki yoyaka: United States of America (kuphatikiza Hawaii), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Chile, Portugal (kuphatikizapo Azores), Great Britain, Norway, Ireland, France, Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, Taiwan , Japan, Australia, (New South Wales) New Zealand.
Habitat
Shaki za Placid ndizotsala za benthic. Amakhala pamalo otsetsereka pamwamba komanso pamphepete kwakunja kwa alumali. Nthawi zambiri samapezeka m'madzi otseguka. Kuzama kwake nkotakata kwathunthu - kuyambira 0 mpaka 1570 metres. Nthawi zambiri, asodzi amasungidwa pamtunda wa mamita 120 mpaka 1000. Kusunthika kosunthika (kutuluka kuchokera pansi kupita kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo) kumachitika mumdima.
Shark wamutu wakuda (Chlamydoselachusgicineus)
Amadziwika kuti kutentha kwa madzi kwambiri kwa lather kumakhala mpaka + 15 ° C. Kutentha kwamadzi kukakwera pamwamba pa chizindikirochi, asodzi amasambira kulowa m'madzi akuya, ozizira. Izi zimachitika kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Novembala. Palinso magawo akuya kutengera kufunitsitsa kwa kubereka komanso kukula kwa anthu.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Chithunzi: Shark wamutu wakuda
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chinsalu cha bulangeti chinafotokozedwa mwasayansi ndi katswiri wa ku Germany wotchedwa ichthyologist L. Doderlein, yemwe adapita ku Japan kuyambira 1879 mpaka 1881 ndipo adapereka mitundu iwiriyi ku Vienna. Koma zolembedwa pamanja pofotokoza zamtunduwu zidatayika. Kufotokozera koyamba komwe kwatidzera kudalembedwa ndi wolemba zinyama waku America S. Garman, yemwe adapeza wamkazi wa 1.5 mita, atagwidwa ku Sagami Bay. Malipoti ake akuti "Shark Yodabwitsa" adasindikizidwa mu 1884. Garman adayika mtundu watsopano wamtundu wake ndi banja lake ndipo adawutcha Chlamydoselachus kuwawa.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ophunzira oyambirirawo adakhulupirira kuti shark-shark ndi woimira wamasamba amapha nsomba zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wasonyeza kuti kufanana pakati pa shaki ndi shirikizo kwakhala kochitika kwambiri komanso kosemphana, ndipo shaki iyi ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya mafupa komanso minyewa yomwe imamanga mwamphamvu. iye ndi asodzi amakono ndi mbola.
Foss of shark-shark on the Chatham Islands ku New Zealand, yolembedwa nthawi ya Cretaceous and Paleogene, adapezeka ndi zotsalira za mbalame ndi ma coniffort, posonyeza kuti nthawi imeneyo asodziwa amakhala m'madzi osaya. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wamtundu wina wa Chlamydoselachus adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amakhala m'madzi osaya kwambiri anali ndi mano akulu komanso olimba chifukwa chodya ma invertebrates olimba.
Kodi shaki wamoto amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Shaki yamutu wakuda m'madzi
Shaki zosowa kwambiri zimapezeka m'malo ambiri omwazikana m'nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Kummawa kwa Atlantic, kumakhala kumpoto kwa Norway, kumpoto kwa Scotland ndi kumadzulo kwa Ireland, komanso France kupita ku Morocco, ndi Mauritania ndi Madeira. Pakati penipeni pa Atlantic, shaki idagwidwa m'malo angapo kudutsa Mid-Atlantic Range, kuchokera ku Azores kupita ku Rio Grande Rise kumwera kwa Brazil, komanso ku Vavilov Ridge ku West Africa.
Kumadzulo kwa Atlantic, adawonedwa m'madzi a New England, Suriname ndi Georgia. Kumpoto kwa Pacific, mtundu wa shaki umakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa mozungulira New Zealand. Pakati komanso kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Pacific, imapezeka ku Hawaii komanso ku California, USA ndi kumpoto kwa Chile. Shaki zonga shark zomwe zimapezeka kumwera kwa Africa zidafotokozedwa kuti ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu 2009. Shaki iyi imapezeka pakashelefu yakunja ndi kumtunda kwakumapeto ndi pakati. Imapezeka pakuya kwa 1570 m, ngakhale nthawi zambiri simapezeka mwakuya kupitirira 1000 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.
Ku Suruga Bay, shaki imakonda kwambiri kuzama kwa 50-250 m, kupatula nthawi kuchokera mu Ogasiti mpaka Novembala, pomwe matenthedwe amadzimadzi 100m kupitirira 16 ° C ndipo shaki zimalowa m'madzi akuya kwambiri. Nthawi zina, mtunduwu waoneka pamtunda. Shaki yokhala ndi mutu wakuda nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi pansi, m'malo amtunda wamchenga.
Komabe, kadyedwe kake kamaonetsa kuti amapanga manyowa kuti akhale madzi otseguka. Mtunduwu umatha kukwera motsika, ndikuyandikira pansi usiku kuti udye. Pali magawano akuchulukirachulukira pakukula ndi kubala.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe shaki yamutu wakuda imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe pensulo iyi idya.
Kodi shark ngati shaki amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Prehistoric Fiery Shark
Nsagwada yayitali kwambiri ya shaki ya Fiery ndiyotsogola kwambiri, mabowo awo amatha kutalika kwambiri, kukulolani kumeza nyama iliyonse yomwe siziposa theka kukula kwa munthu. Komabe, kutalika ndi mapangidwe ake a m'nsagwada kukuwonetsa kuti shaki sangathe kuluma mwamphamvu, ngati mitundu ya shaki wamba. Mwa ambiri omwe agwidwa, zomwe zili m'mimba sizipezeka kapena sizingadziwike, zomwe zimawonetsa chimbudzi chambiri kwambiri kapena kupumula kwanthawi yayitali pakati pakudya.
Shaki zokhala ndi nsombazi zimadyera nyama za cephalopods, nsomba za bony, ndi asodzi ang'ono. 590 g wa shark feline shark wa ku Japan (Apristurus japonicus) adapezeka m'modzi amodzi wotalika 1.6 m. Amphaka amapanga pafupifupi 60% yazakudya za shark ku Suruga Bay, zomwe sizimangokhala pang'onopang'ono zazinyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zokhala pang'onopang'ono monga Hetioteuthis ndi Chiroteuthis, komanso zazikulu, zosambira zamphamvu monga Onychoteuthis, Todarode ndi Sthenoteuthis.
Shaki wamutu wakuda amadya:
Njira zogwira ma squid omwe amayenda mwachangu ndikuyandama pang'onopang'ono, ndodo ya laconic ndiye nkhani yolingalira. Mwina limagwira anthu ovutika kale kapena omwe atopa ndi kufa atatulutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kugwira wozunzidwayo, ndikugwedeza thupi ngati njoka, ndikutsamira nthiti zomwe zili kumbuyo, ndikupereka mtsogolo mwachangu.
Itha kutsekanso mipata m'matumba, ndikupangitsa kuti mavuto asayakidwe. Mano ambiri ang'onoang'ono, osongoka a shaki yamoto amatha kugwira thupi kapena chihema cha nyamayi. Zimathanso kudya zovunda, kutsika pansi pamadzi.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Shroud wofiyira wa Red Book
Plasma ndi shaki yofulumira, yakuzama panyanja ndipo imatha kukhala pamchenga. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazosachedwa kwambiri mtundu wa asodzi, apadera kwambiri amoyo kunyanja. Amakhala ndi mafupa ochepetsetsa, osawoneka bwino komanso chiwindi chachikulu chokhala ndi milomo yotsika pang'ono, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti akhalebe m'malo mwake mwa madzi popanda kuchita khama.
Kapangidwe kake kamkati kumatha kukulitsa chidwi champhamvu kwambiri pakugwira nyama. Anthu ambiri amapezeka popanda nsapato za mchira wawo, mwina chifukwa chakuwombedwa ndi mitundu inanso ya shaki. Shaki wokhala ndi mutu wakuda amatha kugwila nyama mwa kugwada komanso kuthamangira kutsogolo ngati njoka. Nsagwada zazitali, koma zosinthika zimamupangitsa kumeza nyama yonse. Mtunduwu ndi viviparous: Mimba zimatuluka m'mimba mwa mazira mkati mwa chiberekero cha amayi.
Mbawala zam'nyanja zamchere zimamvekanso phokoso kapena kutunda kwakutali komanso kuzimitsa kwamagetsi komwe kumachokera ku minofu ya nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi kuthekera kokuwona kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi. Zambiri zochepa zimapezeka pazamoyo zamtunduwu, mwina mulingo wokwanira uli mkati mwa zaka 25.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Shaki ya nsomba
Manyowa amapezeka mkatikati, mazira kapena mazira achikazi. Asodzi achimuna ayenera kugwira chachikazi, ndikuwongolera thupi lake kuti liyike ziwonetsero zawo ndikuwongolera umunawo kudzenje. Mimba zomwe zimapanga ubwana zimalandira chakudya makamaka kuchokera pa yolk, komabe, kusiyana kwa kulemera kwa khanda lobadwa kumene ndi dzira kumawonetsa kuti mayi amaperekanso chakudya kuchokera kwazosadziwika.
Mwa akazi akuluakulu, pali timagulu tachiberekero tambiri ndi chiberekero chimodzi kumanja. Mitunduyo ilibe nthawi yeniyeni yobereketsa, chifukwa shaki yodula imakhala m'malo akuya momwe mulibe nyengo. Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi amuna 15 ndi asodzi 19 achimayi. Kukula kwake kumayambira pakati pa ana awiri mpaka khumi ndi asanu, avareji ya sikisi. Kukula kwatsopano kwa dzira kumayimitsidwa pakubala, mwina chifukwa chosowa malo mkati mwa patsekeke la thupi.
Mazira ndi mazira omwe angopangika kumene kumayambiriro kwa chithunzicho amawaika m'thumba lofiirira lofiirira. Pamene mluza ukhale wa 3 cm, mutu wake umakhala wowongoka, nsagwada sizikupangika, mapiko akunja amayamba kuwonekera ndipo zipsepse zonse zimawoneka kale. Chipolopolo cha dzira chimatayidwa pamene mwana wosabadwayo afika 8-10 cm, ndikuchotsedwa m'thupi la mkazi. Pakadali pano, mipweya yakunja ya mluza imapangidwa mokwanira.
Kukula kwa yolk sac kumakhalabe kosakwanira pafupifupi 40 cm kutalika kwa mazira, pambuyo pake kumayamba kuchepa, makamaka kapena kutha kwathunthu pakulimba kwa embryonic 50 cm.Kuchulukitsa kwa mluza kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 1.4 pamwezi, ndipo nthawi yonse yoyembekezera imatenga zaka zitatu ndi theka, yayitali kwambiri kuposa ma vertebrates ena. Shaki zobadwa zimakhala zazitali masentimita 40-60. Makolo samasamala za ana awo atabadwa.
Adani achilengedwe a Fiery Shark
Chithunzi: Shaki yamutu wakuda m'madzi
Pali zilombo zingapo zotchuka zomwe zimadyera asodzi. Kuphatikiza pa munthu amene apha nsomba zambiri zomwe zimagwidwa mu ukonde monga asodzi, asodzi ang'onoang'ono amasakidwa nthawi zambiri ndi nsomba zikuluzikulu, mikombero ndi asodzi akulu.
Pafupi ndi gombe, amphaka ang'onoang'ono, abuluzi omwe amayandikira pafupi ndi madzi nawonso amagwidwa ndi zonyanja kapena zisindikizo. Popeza amakhala mu benthos, nthawi zina amatha kugwidwa ndikakola kapena maukonde, akakhala pachiwopsezo chodziyandikira pamwamba. Shaki zazikulu ngati shaki zimatha kugwidwa ndi anamgumi opha ndi shaki zina zazikulu.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ma Placenas ndi okhala pansi ndipo amatha kuthandizira kuchotsa mitembo yowola. Carrion amatsika pamadzi otsetsereka a nyanja ndikuyimira pansi, pomwe shaki ndi mitundu ina ya benthic imachita gawo lalikulu pakukonza kwa michere.
Izi sizowopsa kuba, koma mano awo amatha kung'amba m'manja mwa wosaka wosasamala kapena msodzi yemwe akuwagwira. Shaki zimakonda kugwidwa ku Suruga Bay pansi pa gillnets, komanso m'madzi akuya aku shrimp. Asodzi aku Japan amawona izi ngati vuto, chifukwa zimawononga maukonde. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kubereka komanso kuyambika kwakusodzi kwa malonda mumalo ake, pali nkhawa za kukhalapo kwake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Shaki imawoneka bwanji
Shaki yokhala ndi mutu wakuda imakhala yotalikirana, koma yopatsa mphamvu kwambiri m'nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya anthu komanso zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano. Zambiri sizikudziwika pang'onopang'ono pa moyo wake; mitunduyi imakhala yotsutsana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwina. Shaki yakuzama kwambiri sikuti imapezeka ka nsomba kakang'ono kwambiri, nsomba zapamadzi zapakatikati, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zozama komanso nsomba zazikulu kwambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mtengo wamalonda wa shaki za laconic ndizochepa. Nthawi zina amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka zam'nyanja. Akagwira nsomba, mtunduwu sugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama, nthawi zambiri nsomba kapena kutayidwa.
Kusodza kwakunyanja kwakula m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ndipo pali nkhawa inayake yomwe ikupitilira, mwachilengedwe komanso mozama, idzaonjezera kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa. Komabe, potengera mtundu wake wambiri komanso kuti mayiko ambiri pomwe mitunduyi imagwidwa, pali zoletsa zodziletsa komanso zoletsa zakuya (mwachitsanzo, Australia, New Zealand ndi Europe), nyamayi imawerengeredwa kuti ndiyowopsa.
Komabe, kufalikira kwawoko ndi chidwi chamkati mwakuchulukirachulukira kumatanthawuza kuti kugwira nsomba mu usodzi kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino posonkhanitsa deta pazazisodzi ndi kuwunika kuti mtunduwu usasokonezedwe posachedwa.
Kuwona Shark Guard
Chithunzi: Shroud wofiyira wa Red Book
Shark Yofiira ya IUCN imatchulidwa kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Njira zoyendetsera dziko ndi zigawo zilipo kuti muchepetse kugwidwa kwa nsomba zazinthawi yayitali zomwe zayamba kale kukhala zopindulitsa.
Ku European Union, potengera malingaliro a International Council for the Discover of the Sea (ICES) kuti aleke kuwedza asodzi akuya panyanja, European Union (EU) Fisheries Council yakhazikitsa malire pazomwe ayenera kugwira asodzi ambiri. Mu 2012, EU Fisheries Council idawonjezera asodzi owopsa pamlingo uwu ndikukhazikitsa TAC kuti isafanane ndi asodzi akuya panyanja.
Chochititsa chidwi: Zaka zopitilira theka zapitazo, asodzi akuzama panyanja awonjezeka mpaka kufika pa 62,5 m pa zaka khumi zilizonse. Pali nkhawa yina yoti ngati usodzi wakuzama utapitilira kukula, kugwira nsomba zamtunduwu kumachulukanso. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri momwe mitunduyi imachitikira, pali kasamalidwe koyenera ndi zoletsa zakuwedza.
Shaki wamutu wakuda nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo osungira nyama ku Japan. Mu gawo la trawl la Commonwealth of Australia Australia and Eastern Fish and Sea Shark, madera ambiri omwe ali pansi pa 700 m amakhala otsekedwa kuti azitsata, zomwe zimapereka malo kwa mitunduyi. Ngati madera akuya kwambiri adzatsegulidwenso kuti asungire, asodzi akuwombera ndi zina zazikulu zam'mbali ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa. Kusaka ndi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwakukhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Kudya
Popeza nsomba zamtunduwu sizimamveka bwino, munthu akhoza kungoganiza momwe shaki zosasamala bwino zotere zimasakira squid mwachangu. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, asodzi ngati shaki amagwirira kufooketsa mating kapena cephalopods yovulala. Kwina - ali okwanira kuthamangira kuthamangira, akumapinda thupi ngati njoka kuti agwire. Palinso lingaliro kuti mano oyera oyera ngati chipale chofewa akukopa nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, asodzi amtunduwu amatha kuyamwa nyama.
Khalidwe
Asodzi a Placid amakhala ndi moyo wakuzama panyanja. Amapita kukafunafuna chakudya makamaka usiku. Pamatenthedwe am'madzi pamwamba pa + 15 ° C, shaki zimakhala zoopsa komanso zopanda mphamvu, nthawi zambiri zimafa. Asodzi amatha kuyenda mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse, monga shaki wamba, ndipo, kupindika thupi, ngati njoka. Amatha kukhalanso osasunthika pansi.
Mimba
Nthawi ya bere ndi imodzi mwa yayitali kwambiri vertebrates - mpaka zaka 3.5 (pafupifupi zaka 1-2). Poyamba kukula, mazira amakhala ndi mtundu wowonda, wamtundu wakuda wagolide. Zitsamba sizimalumikizana ndi chachikazi. Ma Embryos 3 cm kutalika kale ali ndi mutu wowongoka, ziphuphu ndi nsagwada zopangidwa, ndipo mapangidwe akunja amawonekera. M'mazenera a 6-8-centimeter, mapikiselo akunja amapangidwa kale. Komanso, kutalika kwa thupi loterolo, maimidwe amaponyera chigamba choteteza, chomwe chimachotsedwa m'thupi la mkazi. Mwezi umodzi, ana amakula pafupifupi 1.5 cm. Ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 40, mazirawo amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito gawo losapika la yolk. Bikira limapezekiratu mwana asanabadwe.