Zimbalangondo zofiirira zowopsa ndizoyang'anira bwino nkhalango. Nyama yokongola iyi imadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro cha Russia, ngakhale malo ake ochulukirapo amatha kupezeka m'makona onse padziko lapansi. Popeza chimbalangondo cha bulauni chili pachiwopsezo cha kutha konse, adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Nyama iyi makamaka imakhala ku Russia, USA ndi Canada. Zimbalangondo zochepa zimapulumuka ku Europe ndi Asia.
Khalidwe la "mbuye wachiwiriyu" ndikosangalatsa. Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji? Kodi angalemere zochuluka motani? Zosangalatsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo wa bulabino wa bulawuni zomwe tikunena munkhaniyi.
Chimbalangondo cha brown: Kufotokozera
Nyama iyi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Thupi lamphamvu lophimbidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, ndipo kufota kumbuyo kumayimiririka. Minofu yambiri imasonkhanitsidwa mmalo mwake, yomwe imalola kuti chimbalangondo chiwombere kuphulika ndi miyendo yake, kugwa mitengo kapena kukumba pansi.
Mutu wake ndi waukulu kwambiri, wokhala ndi makutu ang'ono ndi maso aang'ono. Mchira wa zimbalangondo ndi waufupi - pafupifupi masentimita awiri, osawoneka bwino pakatikati pa ubweya. Matsekerewo ndi olimba kwambiri, okhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zotalika masentimita 10. Mukamayenda, chimbalangondo chimagwiritsanso ntchito thupi lanu mokwanira, monga munthu, chifukwa chake ndichimodzi mwa mitundu ya nyama zoyenda.
Chovala cha "mwini wa taiga" wokongola kwambiri - wokongola, komanso utoto. Abeleki a bulauni amakhala ndi chizolowezi chochita molika - nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira amasintha malaya awo aubweya. Kusintha koyamba kumachitika nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pobisalira ndipo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Zowonekera kwambiri ndizowonekera zake pakukonzekera nyengo. Autol molt ndiyosachedwa ndikupitilira mpaka hibernation.
Masanjidwe ndi malo okhala zimbalangondo zofiirira
Nthawi zingapo, malo okhala chimbalangondo chofiirira chidapita kumwera, mpaka ku North Africa ndi Central Mexico. Mu Middle Ages, chilombochi chimakhala pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kuphatikizira Mediterranean ndi zilumba za Britain. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha kuchuluka, kuwononga malo komanso kumanga misewu, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika kwambiri.
Masiku ano, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizofala ku Russia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa North America, ku Scandinavia, Japan. Amapezeka kumadera akutali a Kumwera ndi Kum'mawa kwa Yuropu, China, Mongolia, Himalayas, komanso kumapiri a mayiko ena a Middle East. Palinso anthu ochepa kumapiri a ku Gobi Desert ku Mongolia. Komabe, malo okondedwa a zimbalangondo zokhala ndi zofiirira amakhala owonda, kutali ndi malo okhala, nkhalango, komwe kuli mphezi zambiri ndi zitsamba. Ku America, amakhala kumapiri.
M'mbuyomu, mitunduyi idali yosiyanasiyana komanso yofalikira kotero kuti idagawika m'magulu angapo (ena mwaiwo adatha), ena mwaiwo amatengedwa ngati mitundu. Komabe, onsewa ndi olumikizana mu mtundu umodzi, womwe umaphatikizapo zingapo. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo ndi awa.
Wamba (European)
Izi subspecies zimapezeka ku Europe, Caucasus ndi Russia kudera lonse la nkhalango, kupatula kumwera kwa gawo la ku Europe la dzikolo. Kukula kwapakatikati.
North America grizzly
Mitundu yayikuluyi ya chimbalangondochi ndi chofala ku Alaska komanso kumadzulo kwa Canada.
Kodiak
Imodzi mwa zilombo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala kuchokera kuzilumba za Kodiak ndi Shuyak kupita ku Alaska.
Syria
Mtundu umodzi wocheperako wa zimbalangondo zofiirira. Imapezeka m'mapiri a Middle East, komanso ku Turkey, Syria ndi Iran.
Tien Shan
Chimbalangondo chaching'onochi ndi amodzi chaching'ono. Imapezeka m'mapiri a Tien Shan, Himalayas, Pamirs.
Kufotokozera kwa brown chimbalangondo
Kukula kwa chimbalangondo ndi kwamunthu payekha ndipo zimatengera malo okhala. Kutalika kwa thupi la chilombocho kuyambira pa 1.5 mpaka 2.8 metres, kutalika kwake kufota ndi 0.9-1,5 m, unyinji wa amuna ndi 135-545 kg. Nthawi zina pamakhala abambo omwe matupi awo amafikira mikono itatu, ndipo kulemera kwake kumafika 700 kg. Anthu akuluakulu amakhala pachilumba cha Kodiak (USA), pagombe la Alaska, komanso dera la Russia - pa Kamchatka. Ku Europe ku Russia, zimbalangondo zofiirira zomwe zimalemera makilogalamu 250-300 nthawi zambiri zimadza. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri: kulemera kwawo pafupifupi 90-250 kg. Kulemera kwa nyama izi kumadaliranso nthawi ya chaka - mu kugwa ndi omwe amadyetsedwa bwino kwambiri, chifukwa kuti apeze bwino hibernation amafunika kusungiratu mafuta osaneneka.
Thupi la chimbalangondo chofiirira ndilamphamvu kwambiri, kufota kumakhala kotalika, kachulukidwe, mutu umakhala waukulu ndi mphumi, maso ndi laling'ono, makutu ozunguliridwa, mchira wamsentimita 5 mpaka 20 pafupifupi osawoneka pansi pa wosanjikiza ndi ubweya. Ubweya wacirombo ndi wokulirapo, tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limamera kufota ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi, pamutu ndi miyendo ndiyifupi.
Ngakhale ngwazi yathu imatchedwa ya bulauni, sikuti nthawi zonse amapaka utoto uwu. Mwachilengedwe, mutha kukumana ndi anthu akuda, amtundu wopepuka, achikasu achikasu komanso siliva (grizzly ku North America). Zitsamba za zinyalala zomwezi zimatha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Malamulo a chimbalangondo ndi olemera, osasunthika, ndipo pofuna kukhwimitsa unyinji, miyendo yake imakhala ikuyenda (poyenda, gawo lonse limakanikizidwa pansi). Zomwezi zimamupangitsa kuti azitha kuimirira momasuka ndi kuyimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Pa chidacho chilichonse amakhala ndi zala zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika zosapindika, kutalika kwake kungafikire 10 cm.
Zachilengedwe sizinapatse mphotho zolowa m'makalabu ndi kumva komanso kuwona kwambiri, koma zinalipirira izi ndi fungo labwino kwambiri. Chilombochi chikayimirira pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo, mothandizidwa ndi fungo, chimayesetsa kudziwa zambiri za chilengedwe.
Kufalitsa
Kamodzi chimbalangondo chofiirira chinali chofala ku Europe konse, kuphatikizaponso England ndi Ireland, kumwera chake chinafikira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa (Atlas Bear), ndipo kummawa kudutsa Siberia ndi China chinafika Japan. Mwina idabwera ku North America pafupifupi zaka 40,000 zapitazo kuchokera ku Asia, kudutsa Bering Isthmus ndikukhazikika kudera lakumadzulo kwa Africa kuyambira ku Alaska kupita kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Tsopano chimbalangondo chofiirira chazimiririka pamitundu yambiri, m'malo ena sichambiri. Ku Western Europe, anthu ake omwe adagawanika adapulumuka kumapiri a Pyrenees, Cantabrian Mountain, Alps ndi Apennines. Ndizofala ku Scandinavia ndi Finland, zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango za Central Europe ndi Carpathians. Ku Finland, adalengeza kuti ndi nyama yamtundu.
Ku Asia, imagawidwa kuchokera ku Western Asia, Palestine, kumpoto kwa Iraq ndi Iran kupita kumpoto kwa China ndi Peninsula ya Korea. Ku Japan, imapezeka pachilumba cha Hokkaido. Ku North America amadziwika ndi dzina loti "chimbalangondo chachikulu" (chimbalangondo chaku North America chisanakhaleko), ndichulukanso ku Alaska, kumadzulo kwa Canada, kuli anthu ochepa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa USA.
Dera la zimbalangondo zofiirira ku Russia limapezeka pafupifupi m'nkhalango yonse, kupatula madera ake akumwera. Malire akumpoto a mulingo ukugwirizana ndi malire akumwera a tundra.
Kodi zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala bwanji zachilengedwe?
Zimbalangondo zimakonda kukhala kwayekha. Pofufuza chakudya, amayendayenda m'mapepala awo akuluakulu. Pamtunda waukulu, masamba awa akhoza kukhala 200-2000 sq. Km kwa amuna ndi 100-1000 sq. Km ya akazi. Gawo la aliyense watetezedwa mwamphamvu kuti asazunzidwe ndi alendo, ndipo ngati gulu linalake lazolowera zolowera katundu wa anthu ena, sitingapewere zolimba. Amuna achikulire pomenyera nkhondo amathanso kuvulaza wina ndi mnzake.
Zakudya
Chimbalangondo chofiirira, mosiyana ndi chimbalangondo mnzake, chimbalangondo choyera, sichimatchedwa chinyama chakumasulira kwathunthu. M'malo mwake, pafupifupi 75% ya zakudya zake ndi zakudya zam'mera. Awa ndi mtedza, zipatso, tubers ndi zimayambira za herbaceous zomera, mbewu, ma acorn, ndi zina zambiri.
Chifukwa cha kufinya kwa minofu yake komanso zibwano zazikulu ,lubinoot ndiyabwino kupukusa zinyama zazing'ono, tizilombo komanso magawo a pansi panthaka. Minofu yamphamvu kwambiri ya nsagwada imathandizanso kuti nyamayi izitha kuthana ndi zakudya za fiber mosavuta komanso kuti ikhale ndi moyo wazakudya zomwe zimadya masamba.
Pazonse, menyu a chimbalangondo zimatengera nyengo ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizanso makoswe, achule, mphutsi, abuluzi. Amakonda kudya zovalazo.
M'malo ena, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimapanga maphwando enieni zikapeza masango akuluakulu a tizilombo kapena zimakafika pagombe nthawi ya mchere.
M'malo ena amadyera anthu osavomerezeka. Ndi chidutswa chimodzi chamiyendo yamphamvu, chilombo chimatha kupha msana wa mbawala. Nthawi zina zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi agwape, nkhumba zamtchire, agwape osenda, mbuzi zam'mapiri. Nthawi zambiri Clubfoot imachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyama izi, zosaka ana.
Mukatola chakudya, chilombo chimadalira kwambiri mphamvu zake, osati kuthamanga. Komabe, ngakhale mawonekedwe ake ali osavutikira, Clubfoot imatha kuthamanga mwamphamvu ngati pangafunike - kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h. Amasambira bwino kwambiri, ndipo achinyamata amatenga mitengo bwino.
Kutetezedwa
Popeza zimbalangondo zimatsika kuchokera kuzikwama ndikusinthira ku herbivores, adakumana ndi vuto - kusowa kwa chakudya m'nyengo yozizira. Chimodzi mwamaganizidwe achilengedwe chinali kuthekera kwawo kuzizira nyengo yachisanu.
Nthawi zambiri nyama zodzibera zimapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri chifukwa chachikulu, nthawi zina pafupifupi mpaka zero, kuchepa kwa thupi. Kutentha kwam'mimba kwa zimbalangondo zomwe zimakwera m'khola kumatsika pang'ono (kuyambira 38 mpaka 34 ° C), koma mtima ndi mpweya mkati mwake zimatsika kwambiri.
Zimbalangondo za brown ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi popanda chakudya, zakumwa ndi zotuluka munthawi yogona. Zinyama zogona zimapeza mphamvu zake makamaka m'misika yamafuta: yayitali kwambiri chimbalangondo, ikagona hibernation, thupi lochepera limataya nthawi yogona. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri mwakuti sizimafa nthawi yayitali kugona tulo: kufa chifukwa chanjala kumachitika nthawi zambiri masika, pamene kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kamakwera.
Mu nthawi yophukira, zimbalangondo zimatengedwa kukonzekeretsa khomalo. Nthawi zambiri, poyenda nthawi yozizira, amasankha malo kunja kwa madambo osapezekanso kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Chofunikira ndikutali kuchokera kumidzi. Rookery ili pansi pa mizu yamitengo ikuluikulu, m'mipata, m'mapanga, m'ming'alu, m'maenje, pamagalimoto. Pansi pa dzenje, nyamayi imayala zinyalala za nthambi za spruce, moss, bark, udzu wouma, etc.
Zimbalangondo zimabisala mu Okutobala - Disembala, ndikusiya mu Marichi-Meyi. Izi zimatengera zinthu zambiri, koma makamaka pamalo okhala. M'madera osiyanasiyana, kugona kugona kumatha masiku 70 mpaka 195.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima mu zimbalangondo zofiirira imagwera Meyi-Julayi. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amakhala limodzi kwa milungu ingapo, koma matani atangochitika, nyamazo zimabalalika.
Mimba imakhala ndi zovuta zake: dzira losokonekera m'thupi la mkazi limayamba kusokonekera, kenako limaleka kukula, ndipo pafupifupi mu Novembala limalowa muchiberekero. Pa hibernation, mimba imayamba msanga, mwana wosabadwayo amakula mwachangu ndipo pakatha milungu 6 kuchokera pa ana 1 mpaka 4 amabadwa. Chifukwa chake, msambo wathunthu ndi miyezi 6.5-8.5.
Zimbalangondo zimafunikira kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi kuti zikule bwino ana amabadwa pakati pa dzinja. Kubadwa kwa ana kutalika kwa dzinja ndi kudyetsedwa kwawo ndi amayi awo hibernation ndichinthu chodabwitsa.
Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndi maso otseguka komanso tsitsi labwino kwambiri. Molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa amayi, ali ochepa kwambiri (ochepera 1%), omwe ali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina zoyamwitsa. Komabe, kudyetsa ana mkaka mu khola kumatenga mphamvu zambiri kuchokera kwa mayi, chifukwa chomwe mkazi amataya mpaka 40% ya thupi lake panthawi ya hibernation.
Kuchulukitsa kwa zimbalangondo kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ndipo zimatengera dera komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Monga lamulo, chimbalangondo chimabweretsa zinyalala zake zoyambirira pazaka 5 mpaka 10, ndipo nthawi pakati pa kubadwa kwa ana ndi kuyambira pa zaka ziwiri mpaka zisanu. Akazi amatha kubereka pafupifupi zaka 20.
Mwachilengedwe, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala pafupifupi 25 zaka. Pali nkhani yodziwika pamene nyama yomwe ili m'ndende idakhala zaka 43.
Udindo wa anthu
Chifukwa chakugawidwa kwakukulu ndi malo okhala kutali, ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira masiku ano. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa, padziko lapansi pali mitundu 200-250,000 ya nyama. Zikuwoneka kuti chiwerengerochi ndi chachikulu, koma tisaiwale kuti anthu ambiri ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo akuwopsezedwa kuti atha. Anthu ochepa otsalira amwazikana ku Spain, Italy, France, ndi Greece. Zimbalangondo za brown zimabweretsedwa kumadera ena a France, Austria, ndi Poland kuchokera kumadera ena. Kubwezeretsa anthu ochepa ndizovuta chifukwa chochepa kwambiri pobereka.
Mikangano ndi anthu, mdani yekhayo wa zimbalangondo zofiirira, zimakulitsidwa chifukwa chimbalangondo chilichonse chimagwiritsa ntchito gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Ku Russia, Japan ndi maiko ena ku Europe kusaka zimbalangondo zofiirira kumaloledwa. M'dziko lathu, mwachitsanzo, nyama 4-5 miliyoni zimaphedwa chaka chilichonse. Kuwombera kovomerezeka kumeneku kumawoneka kuti ndi koyenera, komabe vuto lidalipo la kuba.
Ambiri mwa anthu omwe adalembedwa mu CITES Appendix II; anthu aku China ndi ku Mongolia adalembedwa mu CITES Appendix I. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku America omwe amakhala ku Alaska amalembedwa ngati mitundu ya IUCN yosowa.
Maonekedwe a brown chimbalangondo komanso malo okhala
Chimbalangondo cha bulauni (Ursus arctos) ndi cha banja la chimbalangondo ndipo chimakhala chachiwiri kwa mnzake waku Arctic kukula kwake. Kufotokozera kwa brown chimbalangondo muyenera kuyamba ndi kukula kwake kosaneneka.
Chachikulu kwambiri zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala mdera la Alaska ndipo amatchedwa Kodiak. Kutalika kwawo kumafikira 2.8 m, kutalika komwe kumafota - mpaka 1.6 m, unyinji wa zimphona zazimphona zam'mimba zimatha kupitirira 750 kg. Kwambiri chimbalangondo chachikulu chofiirira, wogwiridwa ndi Berlin Zoological Park, wolemera 1134 kg.
Athu a Kamchatka amabala pafupifupi sizosiyana ndi iwo kukula. Kutalika kwa chimbalangondo chofiirira kumachokera ku 1.3-2,5 m, kulemera - 200-450 kg. Monga lamulo, amuna amuna amakhala ndi mphamvu komanso kulemera kuposa akazi nthawi 1.5.
Thupi la ngwazi yamatchire limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuthwa wandiweyani, lomwe limateteza ku tizilombo toyipitsa kutentha kutentha kwa chilimwe, komanso kuzizira nyengo ya yophukira-yamasika.
Chovalachi chimakhala ndi ulusi wamfupi wa fluffy kuti izikhala yotentha komanso yayitali kuchokera ku chinyezi. Tsitsi limakula mwanjira yoti mvula ikagwa imagwa ubweya, mwina osawafinya.
Utoto - mithunzi yonse ya bulauni. Zimbalangondo za madera osiyanasiyana a nyengo zosiyana zimasiyana: zina, chovalacho chimakhala chauta, pomwe ena chikhala chakuda.
Zimbalangondo zomwe zimakhala kumapiri a Himalaya komanso mapiri a Rocky zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malekezero a tsitsi lawo pafupi ndi kumbuyo kwawo, okhala ku Syria amakhala ofiira kwambiri. Zimbalangondo zathu zaku Russia zimakhala zambiri zofiirira.
Chimabala molt kamodzi pachaka: chimayamba mu nthawi yophukira, ndipo chimatha chisanachitike. Yodumphadumpha imadutsa mwaulesi komanso mopupuluma, ubweya umasinthiratu posakhalitsa atagona mu khola.
At zimbalangondo zofiirira pachithunzicho phala lotchuka likuwoneka bwino - uwu ndi phiri la minofu m'deralo limafota, kulola nyama kukumba pansi mosavuta. Ndi minofu ya kumbuyo komwe imapatsa mphamvu chimbalangondo.
Mutu ndi wolemera, wokulirapo, wokhala ndi mphumi yolongosoledwa bwino komanso wopindika m'boma la mphuno. Mu zimbalangondo zofiirira sizikhala zazitali ngati zoyera. Makutu ndi ang'ono, monga momwe maso amaonekera. Pakamwa pa chilombo pamakhala mano 40, ma fang ndi zinsalu zazikulu, zina ndizochepa (zamasamba).
Kulimba kwa batani yofiirira kumakhala kowopsa. Kapangidwe kapadera ka chigaza, komwe kumatchedwa kuti sagittal crest, kumapereka malo ambiri opukutira komanso kuphatikiza minofu ya nsagwada.Zimbalangondo zinayi zikulumidwa ndi mphamvu yamlengalenga 81 ndipo zimatha kuduladula zidutswa zazikulu za thupi.
Mapapu ndi amphamvu komanso odabwitsa. Iliyonse imakhala ndi zala 5 ndi zibwano zazikulu (mpaka 10 cm) zomwe chimbalangondo sichitha kujambula. Mapazi amaphimbidwa ndi khungu lakuda komanso lakuda, nthawi zambiri amakhala woderako.
Makungu sanapangidwe kuti azisaka, limodzi ndi chimbalangondochi chimakumba mizu, ma tubers, mababu omwe ndi gawo la zakudya zake. Kuphatikiza pa anthu, ndi zimbalangondo zokha zomwe zimatha kuyenda molunjika, kutsamira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo.
Chidwi chachilendo chotchulidwa m'nkhani zopeka khumi ndi zingapo chimafotokozedwa kuti poyenda, chimbalangondocho chimayenda pamiyendo yonse yakumanzere, ndiye kumapazi kwa dzanja lamanja, ndipo zimawoneka ngati chikugudubudwira mbali ndi mbali.
Pamalingaliro onse, chimbalangondo chimakhala chofooka kwambiri kuwona, kumva bwino, koma kumva kununkhira ndikwabwino (nthawi 100 bwino kuposa munthu). Chimbalangondo chimatha kununkhiza uchi 8 km kuchokera mumng'oma ndikumva kulira kwa njuchi yolira kwa 5 km.
Madera Kodi zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala kuti? - zazikulu. Amakhala pafupifupi Europe ndi North America konse, kupatula madera akumwera. Kulikonse komwe nyamazo zimadziwika kuti ndizosowa kwambiri, anthu ambiri amakhala kumpoto kwa USA, Canada, komanso ku Siberia ndi Far East.
Brown chimbalangondo - nyama nkhuni. Amakonda nkhalango zowononga zachilengedwe za m'nkhalango za taiga zomwe zili ndi malo otetezeka komanso mitsinje yaying'ono. M'malo amiyala, ma clubfoot amakhala pansi pamitengo ya nkhalango zosakanikirana, pafupi ndi mapiri ndi mitsinje yamapiri.
Kutengera ndi malo okhala, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu ingapo ya chimbalangondo chofiirira, chosiyana kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake. Sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti zimbalangondo zomwe sizili zachilengedwe si mitundu ina, koma mtundu wofiirira womwe umakhala mu North America.
Chomwe chimadziwika, kufupi ndi mtengo, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizokulirapo. Izi zikufotokozedwa mosavuta - m'malo ovuta ndizosavuta kuti nyama zazikulu kuzitentha.
Brown chimbalangondo chikhalidwe komanso moyo
Zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizokonda malo. Madenga aimuna amatha kupitirira 400 km ², mwa akazi omwe ali ndi ana nthawi 7. Chimbalangondo chilichonse chimakhala ndi malire ndi zinthu zake zonunkhira komanso zonyansa pamakungwa amtengo. Nyama zimakhazikika pamoyo wokhazikika, zimangoyendayenda molowera kuderalo ndi chakudya chochulukirapo komanso chochuluka, kapena kutali ndi anthu.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zili ndi chikhalidwe cha chimbalangondo ndicho kulimbikira kwake. Kusakhazikika kumawonetsedwa zonse pakupeza chakudya chochuluka, komanso chifukwa cha chidutswa cha zabwino.
Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kuwona chipatso chokhayokha chitapachikidwa pamtengo wa apulo, chimbalangondo chiyamba kuyesera kufikira, kenako kuyesa kukwera, ndikulephera panthambi zosinthika, chimayamba kugwedeza mtengo mpaka utenga chipatsocho.
Chinanso chomwe chimabadwa m'mimbalangondo ndi kukumbukira kwakumbuyo. Ndiosavuta kuphunzira, makamaka ali aang'ono komanso anzeru kwambiri. Akasaka ambiri amazindikira kuti zimbalangondo, zomwe zinawonapo msambo ndi ntchito yake, zimaponya miyala yayikulu kapena ndodo, ndikuzisintha ndikudya nyambo.
Zimbalangondo zimakhala zachidwi kwambiri, koma zimayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi munthu. Koma ngati izi zichitika, chikhalidwe cha chilombocho chimatengera makamaka momwe adazindikira munthuyo komanso yemwe adalipo.
Amatha kuwona anthu akutola zipatso kapena bowa, kenako ndikuwoneka m'kukongola kwake konse, okwiyitsidwa ndi phokoso lalikulu kapena kuseka. Pambuyo pake, nthawi zambiri amapita patsogolo pang'ono koma lakuthwa kutsogolo, kugwedezeka ndi chisangalalo, koma osawaukira.
Pakupita miniti, mwini nkhalangoyo amatembenuka ndikutuluka pang'onopang'ono, akuyang'ana kangapo ndikuyima. Kusintha kwachangu kwa zimbalangondo ndiko chizolowezi.
Chitsanzo china, chimbalangondo chikakumana ndi munthu mwangozi ndipo mwadzidzidzi, mwamantha, monga lamulo, chimatulutsa matumbo. Ndipamene dzina la nthendayo limatengera matenda.
Si chinsinsi kuti bulauni limakhala hibernate. Asanakhazikike nthawi yozizira, amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri pakudya kuti apeze mafuta okwanira. Brown yonyamula kulemera yophukira nthawi zina imachuluka ndi 20%. Kuyenda kupita kumalo a khola (chiphokoso, chokhala ndi kamphepo kapena malo obisika pansi pa mizu ya mtengo wakugwa), chimbalangondocho chimazungulira, chikuwongolera mayendedwe ake.
Mu makanema oimilira, chimbalangondo chimakhala mpaka miyezi isanu ndi iwiri mpaka isanu ndi umodzi, kutengera malo okhalamo ndi zizindikiro za nyengo. M'maloto, kutentha kwa thupi kumasungidwa pa 34 ° C. Amuna ndi akazi omwe akuyembekezera ana kuti azigona payekha. Zimbalangondo zamphongo zazaka zoyambirira - zimagona limodzi. Kuyamwa thukuta kumakhala kwa makanda okha.
Loto la chimbalangondo ndilabwino kwambiri. Mukadzamuutsa pakati pa dzinja, sadzagonanso ndipo adzayendayenda m'nkhalango yotentha, osowa chakudya, okwiya komanso osakwiya.
Choyipa chachikulu ndikakumana ndi chimbalangondo cholumikiza. Mosiyana ndi nthawi zina, iye adzaukira. Pa nthawi hibernation Unyinji wa chimbalangondo chofiirira kuchepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 80 makilogalamu.
Chakudya chobiriwira cha brown
Zimbalangondo zadyera zimadya chilichonse. Pazakudya zawo pali mizu yosiyanasiyana, zipatso, mababu, mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo. Gawo lazinthuzo ndi 75% ya zakudya zamatumbo.
Amapita kukaona zipatso, minda ya chimanga, oats ndi mbewu zina. Zimagwira tizilombo: nsikidzi, agulugufe, kuwononga anthill. Mbidzi zofiirira nthawi zina zimasaka abuluzi, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, ndi nsomba.
Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa pafupi ndi mitsinje nthawi yamchere. Amasambira bwino komanso mwaluso kugwira nsomba zomwe zimatuluka. Carrion ndi gwero lina la chakudya.
Ngakhale kusaka si njira yodyera chimbalangondo, amathanso kulimbana ndi agwape, ngakhale atsekwe. Amakhala otakataka nthawi yamadzulo - mbandakucha kapena kumapeto kwa usiku, ngakhale amatha kuyendayenda kutchire komanso tsiku loyera.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Maonekedwe a chimbalangondo chikuwoneka modabwitsa, mawonekedwe a mdani weniweni. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'nkhalangozi kumafika pa 350-400 kg, kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi pafupifupi mita ziwiri. Ku Far East kuli zimphona zitatu-mita. Kamchatsky chimbalangondo chofiirira chimalemera zoposa 500 kg.
Wojambula wolemera ku Berlin Zoo anali wolemera 780 kg. Pakati panjira, woimira banja la chimbalangondo ndiocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale - akulemera mpaka kilogalamu 120-150. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa zazikazi pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi theka.
Thupi looneka ngati mbiya lomwe limatchedwa kuti limafota limasungidwa ndi manja ataliitali asanu opindika ndi zikhadabo zosabweza mpaka 12 cm. Palibe mchira, kutalika kwake ndi kocheperako poyerekeza ndi thupi, masentimita 20. Makutu ndi maso aang'ono ali pamutu waukulu. Mphumi kwambiri. Phokoso ladzaza.
Mtundu wonenepa kwambiri umasiyanasiyana kutengera malo: kuyambira ubweya mpaka kutuwa lakuda. Zofala kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira. Ku Syria, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala. Kuukira kwa imvi kumapezeka pakati pa anthu okhala ku Himalayan. Kukhetsa kumatenga kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira, asanagwere mu khola. Nthawi zina nthawi imagawidwa m'magawo awiri:
- koyambirira - mwamphamvu, pakukonzekera,
- mochedwa - wosakwiya, panthawi yozizira.
Nthawi yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wadyera ndi nyengo yachisanu. Zingwe zofiirira zimawononga ndalama motani - zimatengera zinthu zakunja. Kugona kozizira kumatenga miyezi iwiri mpaka isanu ndi umodzi, koma m'malo otentha omwe mumakhala zokolola za mtedza ndi zipatso, zimbalangondo sizimagona konse.
Chimbalangondo chakhala chikukonzekera nyengo yachisanu yozizira kwambiri - kuyang'ana malo, kuikonzera, kudziunjikira mafuta osaneneka. Malo okhala nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'maenje pakati pa mizu ya mkungudza, spruces, m'malo opezeka mitengo yopindika, pansi pa zitsime.
Malo okhala odalirika kwambiri amakhala osasamba omwe amalowa pansi. Osaka amazindikira malo oterowo pachimake pachikasu pamitengo ndi zitsamba zozungulira khomalo. Mpweya wotentha wa chimbalangondo umakhazikika ndi hoarfrost panthambi.
Zipinda zamkati mwake zimakhala ndi nthambi zokhazikitsidwa bwino. Nyama zomwezo zimadzaza pakhomo, kutsekedwa kuchokera kunja kwanyanja mpaka kuphukira. Pamaso pogona pomaliza, mayendedwe amasokonekera.
Brown chimbalangondo Nyengo, yopota. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakanikizidwa mpaka m'mimba, ndipo ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo amaphimba m'chifuwa. Amayi amabala hibernate ndi ana, chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Chaka chilichonse, olusa amayesa kusintha malo awo obisalirako, koma zikavuta "nyumba" zimabwereranso zakale. Amadzibisalira nthawi ndi nthawi. Koma zimbalangondo zofiirira za zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin zimatha kuyanjana mu khola limodzi.
Maloto ofooka a chilombo amasokonezeka, amasoka akusokoneza nyama zolusa ndikuawakakamiza kuti asiye maudindo awo. Nyama zina sizingagwere kuphanga mu kugwa chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Zingwe zolumikizira zimakhala zolusa kwambiri nthawi yozizira - njala imapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale yolusa. Misonkhano ndi iye ndi owopsa. Ndodo yolumikiza ilibe mwayi wopulumuka mpaka nthawi yopuma. Kufooka kwakuthupi kwa nyama, kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kuzizira kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale pachiwopsezo.
Mabulu a brown sanabwere ku kachitidwe kwamakono nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu. Masiku ano, mitundu imodzi ndi mafuko makumi awiri amtundu (subspecies) amasiyanitsidwa, osiyana mu mtundu, kukula, ndi malo ogawa.
Zimbalangondo zotchuka kwambiri zokhala ndi mitundu yayikulu yayikulu:
Chimbalangondo chofiirira cha ku Europe (Wotsutsa kapena wamba). Anthu ambiri adapanga mulungu wamphamvu kukhala mulungu. Munthu wokhala m'nkhalango zowongoka komanso zokhazikika amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa tundra kumpoto ndipo amakwera mpaka 3000 mita kumapiri kumwera kukafuna kuzizira.
Imagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, pamene m'chilengedwe mumakhala zipatso ndi zipatso zambiri. Wokonda uchi. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuyambira bulauni mpaka bulawuni wakuda.
California chimbalangondo (modandaula). Mabukuwa atha ndi kubwera kwa azungu akuwonekera mbendera ya California. Chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zachilengedwe zomwe zinali kuderalo. Masanjidwewo amafafanizidwa ndi osaka. Imakhalabe chizindikiro cha boma.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira cha ku Siberia. Masapulogalamuwa amatchedwa kuti mwini wa taiga waku Russia. Chikhalidwe cha mtundu wakuda wakuda ndi chida chakuda kwambiri pamiyendo. Lord wa kum'mawa kwa Siberia, wopezeka ku Mongolia, Kazakhstan.
Atlas chimbalangondo. Ma subsinct. Tinakhala madera a mapiri a Atlas, kuyambira ku Morocco mpaka ku Libya. Chimbalangondo chinali ndi mthunzi wofiyira. Adadya mizu yomera, ma acorn, mtedza.
Chimbalangondo cha Gobian (masalay). Wosakhalamo wokhala m'mapiri a ku Mongolia. Mtundu wa ubweya wonyezimira wopepuka, nthawi zonse pamakhala mzere wowuma pang'ono pa chifuwa, mapewa ndi mmero. Brown chimbalangondo zokongola komanso zodziwika.
Waku Mexico (modandaula). Nyama yosowa pangozi. Makulu a chimbalangondo cha brown chachikulu. Predator yokhala ndi wuluu wotchulidwa m'mbali mwa masamba. Amasungidwa m'munsi mwa mapiri, m'nkhalango zamapiri pamtunda wamamita pafupifupi 3000. Zambiri zodalirika za grizzlies zinali mu 1960.
Tien Shan Brown Bear. Mabungwe osowa omwe amakhala kumapiri a Himalayas, Pamirs, Tien Shan. Chofunikira kwambiri ndizovala zam'tsogolo zowonekera. Imatetezedwa ndi nkhokwe za Kazakhstan.
Ussuri (Himalayan) chimbalangondo. Nyamayi ndi yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi abale. Kulemera sikukula 150 makilogalamu, kutalika kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 180. Mtundu wake ndi wakuda, pachifuwa pali malo opindika atatu oyera kapena achikasu.
Wokhala m'nkhalango za Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories, Japan Islands, Pakistan, Iran, Korea, China, Afghanistan. Kukwera mitengo mwangwiro, kusambira.
Kodiak. Imodzi mwa zilombo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Unyinji wa zimphona zimakwera theka la ton. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya, nyengo yayifupi ndizodziwika komwe amakhala - zilumba za zisumbu za Kodiak. Kununkhira kochenjera komanso kumva chidwi kumathandizira kuti mdani azisaka. Chilombocho ndi chopatsa mphamvu. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba ndi nyama, osadandaula kudya zipatso, mtedza, zipatso zamasamba.
Chimbalangondo cha ku Tibet (pimento-wakudya). Mwanjira yadyera zitsamba ndi pikas pa chipata cha ku Tibetan idatchedwa dzina. Maphunziro osowa kwambiri omwe amafotokozedwa m'ma 1900. Ndikothekanso kusamalira ma subspecies apamwamba m'mapiri. Mawonekedwe a yeti. Chidutswa cha ubweya, chomwe chimapezeka ngati chitsimikizo cha nkhaniyi, chinali cha chimbalangondo chofiirira.
Malo okhala chimbalangondo cha brown
Kuyambira kale, chimbalangondo chofiirira chakhala chikukhala ku Russia.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala chofala kwambiri m'nkhalango kupita ku tundra chakumpoto. M'mbuyomu, idafika chakumwera mpaka kumapazi, koma chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwakukula kwa anthu, malire akum'mwera a chilombo tsopano akwera kumpoto, makamaka ku gawo la ku Europe la Russian Federation. Kuphatikiza apo, imapezeka ku Caucasus, Transcaucasia, m'mapiri a Tien Shan ndi Pamirs.
Amakhulupirira kuti zimbalangondo zofiirira zakhala zikukhala mdziko lathu kuyambira nthawi ya Late Ice. Kumayambiriro kwa XX century. panali mazana angapo a iwo ku Russia. Ankakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira za kumpoto chakum'mawa. Mu 1934, chilombochi chidatetezedwa. Zimbalangondo zinayamba kuchuluka. Uwu ndi chiwerengero chojambulidwa, ngakhale kuti malo awo oyamba kumpoto chakummaawa kwa Estonia alinso ochepa m'derali chifukwa cha kukula kwachuma. Chimbalangondo chija chinasunthira kum'mwera, kudadzaza nkhalango m'mphepete mwa Nyanja. Peipsi komanso m'boma la Rakvere. Tsopano malo ake amatha kuwonekera osati m'nkhalango zowirira zokha. Masana, nthawi zambiri amayimilira m'makola ang'onoang'ono, komwe sakhala kutali ndi njuchi kapena dimba lotayidwa. Zimbalangondo zokhala ndi zimbalangondo zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo otanganidwa, pafupi ndi zotchingira kapena misewu. Ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa chilombo m'malo oterowo, nthawi yozizira imakhalako zaka zingapo motsatizana.
Chimbalangondo cha brown
Brown Bears Moyo
Zimbalangondo za brown ndizoyimilira zazikulu kwambiri zotsogola. Amadyetsa pa zonse chomera komanso nyama. Chomera chomera - zipatso, bowa, mtedza, ma acorn, mizu ndi ma tubers a mbewu zosiyanasiyana, udzu wachinyamata, oats, zipatso, makamaka chimbalangondo chimakonda zipatso, oats ndi uchi. Amadyanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, nkhono, nyerere ndi pupa wake, achule, abuluzi, nsomba, ndi zina. Zakudya zanyama za chimbalangondo cha bulauni sizoyambira, koma atalawa, amayamba kusaka mbewa, mbewa, nkhumba zakutchire, kuluma nkhosa ndi mahatchi. Mayina osasangalatsa a zimbalangondo amatchedwa kucheperachepera: ndi kuchuluka kwakama kwa nyama zoyambazi kunayambitsa vuto lalikulu pafamupo, kuukira ziweto, kuwononga malo owoneka ndi zipatso za oats, komanso minda yazipatso.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakonda nkhalango zazikulu ndi ma bogs, swamp, ndi ma gullies, omwe ali ndi zipatso zambiri. M'mapiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala kutali ndi nkhalangoyi ndipo imakwera m'mphepete mwa mapiri mpaka kumalire a chipale chofewa, ndikupanga nyengo zosiyanasiyana kusamuka. Amadya zakudya zamitundu yambiri, makamaka zipatso, zipatso, magawo obiriwira a zomera ndi nyama zazing'ono. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ya chaka komanso mtunda. Imadya zipatso zamtchire zochulukirapo, zimayambira ngati maambulera akuluakulu, monga chitoliro cha chimbalangondo, etc., chimanga (oats chosapsa), zipatso zamtchire, mtedza wa paini, zipatso za zipatso, ma chestnuts, etc. Nthawi zambiri zimadya nyerere zambiri, kafadala ndi mphutsi zake. , Wokondedwa Wokondedwa. Nthawi zina, chimbalangondocho chimadya nsomba, achule, abuluzi, makoswe, mbalame ndi mazira awo. Amadya mofunitsitsa komanso zovunda. Chilombochi sichimawombera nyama zazikulu, milandu iyi imangokhala kumpoto kokha komanso kumenyedwa ndi chilimwe kumayambiriro kwa kasupe komanso kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Zimbalangondo zimabisa chakudya chochulukirapo, zimaponyera malo ndi nthambi, mbewa kapena ma turf. Pofika mu Okutobala - Novembala, adanenepa kwambiri ndipo amagona m'mabedi. Nyama zanjala kapena zodwala zomwe sizinapeze mafuta ochulukirapo zimangoyendayenda nthawi yonse yozizira. Ndodo zolumikizazi ndizowopsa kwa ziweto komanso anthu.
Khola la chimbalangondo ili pamalo owuma pansi pamphepo yamphepo, potembenuka mizu, pakati pa miyala, etc. Khomo lophimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa limakhala ndi bowo laling'ono lomwe lili ndi m'mbali mwake. Chimbalangondo chimagona mopepuka - kuwira, nyama yam'mimba yopanda nthawi yozizira, ndipo mu rectum pali nkhata yopangidwa ndi ndowe zolimba ndi tsitsi la nyama. Zimbalangondo zimachoka kuphanga mu Epulo - Meyi (kumwera kale kwambiri).
Khalidwe la zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizachilendo. Chinyama chomwe chimva kuti chatsala pangozi chikungoyendayenda, kuthyola zitsa, kugubuduza miyala ndikuphwanya nthambi. Pamunda wa oat, amasankha popanga (wokhala kapena wonama), kotero kuti ndikosavuta kutchukitsa matumba ndi mawaya ake. Malingaliro ake onunkhira ndi kumva ndiabwino. Ikazindikira kuwopsa, chimbalangondo chimakwera miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Pamunda wa oat, amayamba kukwera ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti ayang'ane uku, ndipo pokhapokha amayamba kudya.
Mukakumana ndi munthu, chimbalangondo chofiirira nthawi zambiri chimathawa: palibe umboni kuti anali woyamba kumenya munthu. Komabe, pali zochitika zina pomwe bulu wovulala kapena chimbalangondo chidaponyera munthu, ngati munthuyo anali pakati pa iye ndi anawo.Nthawi zambiri, chimbalangondicho chimakonda kutchingira ana ake kuti azichita bwino, kuti azingogwa komanso azungulire. Chimbalangondocho chimakwera mitengo mozungulira: chimakwera pamtengo wa apulo ndikugwedeza kuti maapulo agwe.
M'zaka 60 zoyambirira. kunkhalango ya Lobusk ndi m'modzi mwa anthu omwe anali m'nkhalangapo panali zotere. Anamaliza kuyenda munkhalangomo, anaganiza zongodutsa msipu womwe unakwiririka ndi ma tchire, ndipo modzidzimutsa adakwera njira ya chimbalangondo. Woyang'anira adafunsa kuti: chingatani kuti chinyamule chikhale chobisalira nthawi yoyambirira, chifukwa matalala nawonso sanatsike. Sanayenera kuganiza motalika. Chimbalangondo, chokwiya komanso chowopsa, chinauka pambali pa dzenjelo ndikupita kunkhalango zowirira. Zotsatira zake pambuyo pake, adalumikizidwa m'mawa watha ndi antchito omwe adafika kudulalo. Zikuoneka kuti, chilombo chija chinapita kukafunafuna malo opanda phokoso kuti mugone mu mwala watsopano, koma kamwana kakang'ono kanamupeza. Chophimba chawo chimatha kufotokozedwa pokhapokha ndi zomwe zidatsalira.
Ng'ombe yam'madzi inalimbana ndi mphamvu zake zonse: inakankhira chimbalangondo m'mimba ndi zovuta zake kotero kuti anakhuthula matumbo ake. Nthawi zambiri, pambuyo pobisalira hibernation, chimbalangondo chimatha izi pokhapokha mutadya zipatso zambiri za cranberry. Dongosolo lomwe kumenyanako silinali la moyo koma la kufa linali kukula kwa 15 X 20 m. Sizikudziwika kuti nkhondoyi idatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, koma chimbalangondo chidatulukira. Nthawi yomweyo anathetsa njala yake ndikusamalira zam'tsogolo: anakokera mtembo wa dzenje mumtsinje wapafupi. Kutembenuza mtembowo ndi mbali yake yosemphoka pansi, adaiphimba ndi msipu, udzu wa chaka chatha, masamba adagwa, kenako nthambi zowuma komanso zatsopano. Ndinaganiza zophimba nyama yanga ndi birch komanso m'chiuno mwanga, koma sindinathe kuzisiyira. Atagwira ntchito, chilombo chija chimapumula, ndipo m'mawa mwake nkhosayo inakumana naye.
Mlandu wachiwiri udachitikanso kumpoto, m'nkhalango ya Porkuni. M'zaka zoyambirira za 70. m'malo amenewo mumakhala zimbalangondo zambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo - gourmet wamkulu - adatsogolera kuwonongeka njuchi. Sindinamupulumutse: Ndinakoka njuchi 16 kuchokera kuma famu osiyanasiyana, kenako ndinazindikira kuti sizingawerengeredwe malo owetera pafupi ndi malo oyang'anira nkhalango. Zidachitika kuti adaganiza zokulitsa malo owetera, kubweretsa ming'oma yatsopano, kuyiyika mosamala pamunda wopanda udzu, wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ndi waya wazitsulo wamamita 2. Ming'oma yakale idamangidwa pafupi ndi nyumba yankhalango pachipata. Usiku, chimbalangondo, cholowera pachipata, chimangokhala ngati zokhala ndi njuchi zovekedwa, koma kunalibe njuchi kapena uchi, ndipo wakuba anali wokwiya kwambiri kotero kuti anathyola ambiri asanayesere mwayi wake pamunda. Atapwanya mpanda, anagwira njuchi kutchire, ndikukoka kuchokera ku njuchi kwa mamiliyoni mazana angapo ndikuyithira. Wakubayu anaphedwa posachedwa. Pansi pa khungu la wokonda uchi panali wosanjikiza wamafuta osaneneka - 10 cm.
M'nyengo yozizira, zofiirira zimakhala zokhala ngati hibernate, zomwe zimatengera miyezi yambiri. Kutali kum'mwera zimbalangondo zimakhala, pomwe iwo sagona. Mtendere wa chilombo ukasokonekera, umasintha malo ake kapena malo ake. Zimbalangondo zambiri zimadzipangira bedi lamasamba ndi nthambi zake, zina zimakonzera phanga pafupi ndi spruce yotayidwa kuti ibisike mphepo. Posachedwa, ayamba kukhala aulesi kwambiri: amagona kunkhalango pafupi ndi chitsa kapena mtengo ndikugona pamenepo mpaka kuphulika.
Ana a chimbalangondo chofiirira
Kuyendetsa ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira kumachitika mu June - Julayi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 7. Ng'ombe (nthawi zambiri ziwiri) zimabadwa m'makola nthawi yayitali kuyambira kumapeto kwa Disembala mpaka February. Ng'ombe zimabadwa wakhungu, zopanda thandizo, zolemera 600-700 g Zimamera m'masiku 30. Kudyetsa mkaka wachinyamata kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu.
Pamodzi ndi ana abwinobwino ndi ana a chimbalangondo, ma pestoons omaliza amatha nthawi zina. Chimbalangondo cha Ursa chimabweretsa ana pachaka. Zimbalangondo zimafika kutha msamba mchaka chachitatu cha moyo.
Kukhetsa kumachitika kamodzi pachaka, kumayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo - Juni ndipo kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Mukugwa, chimbalangondo chimakula ubweya.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira sichingaganiziridwe kuti ndi nyama yoyipa. Pokhapokha panjala pomwe amagwidwa ndi ziweto ndipo m'malo ena amapeza zokolola za oats ndi chimanga, komanso kuwononga ming'oma ya njuchi.
Kusaka chimbalangondo cha brown
Chimbalangondo chofiirira nthawi zambiri chimasakidwa kubisalira m'mphepete mwa munda wa oat. Kusunga manambala abwino ndikotheka chifukwa cha kuwombera mosamala, kukonza chitetezo chofunikira ndi zowonjezera zina. Kudyetsa zowonjezereka kwa zimbalangondo sikuchitika kulikonse, koma mu Tudusky leshoz, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi zaka 10 zovomerezeka zapita kumalo komwe zimbalangondo zimakhalamo, ndipo zimadyedwa mwakufuna kwawo. M'malingaliro athu, izi zikufotokoza kufunikira ndi kukula bwino kwa zimbalangondo m'zigawo izi.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la chimbalangondo chofiirira
Kukula kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira kumatha kusinthika kwambiri payekhapayekha komanso malo. Kutalika kwa amuna a subspecies akum'mwera ndi 140-150 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 190 makilogalamu, amuna ochokera ku Far East ku Russia ndikokulira: kutalika kwa thupi 245-255, kutalika kufota - 120-135 cm, kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 500-520 ngakhale 640 kg. Zimbalangondo zazikazi zachikazi ndizocheperako.
Thupi la chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi lamtunda, lalitali pang'ono, lotiwoneka ngati phokoso m'khosi, khosi limakhala lalifupi komanso lozama. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, wokhala ndi mphumi waukulu, mawonekedwe azizungulira aliwongoka pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kudera lamisewu. Ma auricles a kutalika kokwanira (mpaka 155 mm), ozunguliridwa, kutuluka kuyambira ubweya wozizira. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwake ndi yolimba, pafupifupi yofanana kutalika, ndi malo omwewo othandizira. Zovala zake ndizazikulu, zopindika pang'ono (mpaka 8cm kutalika), pamphumi zakutali ndizafupifupi nthawi kawiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Manja am'manja ndi mapazi mulibe chilichonse, chokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali. Carpal khushoni yafupika (theka lake lakunja ndi lomwe lakhala likusungidwa). Mchira wa zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi zazifupi (0.6-22 cm).
Brown Bears
Tsitsi limakhala loyipa, ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala lamatenda. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yowonda, yokhala ndi makulidwe owaza (masentimita 6-8) ndi lalitali (mpaka 10 mpaka 10) tsitsi lakunja; ubweya wa chilimwe ndi wamfupi komanso wosowa. Kutalika kwa tsitsi ndi ubweya ndizosiyanasiyana. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wofiirira, mwadongosolo komanso mosiyanasiyana umasiyana kuyambira wakuda mpaka wa bulauni, wagolide kapena woyera, nthawi yotentha ubweya nthawi zambiri umatha. Pa chifuwa, makamaka ali aang'ono, nthawi zina pamakhala malo owala pang'ono. Maziko a tsitsili ndi amdima. Zimbalangondo zofiirira zakum'mwera kwa mtunduwu ndizowala bwino, ubweya wawo ndi wocheperako komanso wopepuka kuposa zimbalangondo zakumpoto ndi zakum'mawa. Zovala zake ndi zakuda, zina zapafupi ndizopepuka.
Mawonekedwe
Chimbalangondo cha bulauni chimapangika mitundu ingapo (mitundu yadziko), yosiyana kukula ndi mtundu. Zimbalangondo zazikulu kwambiri zofiirira padziko lapansi zimapezeka kumwera kwa Alaska, ndi ku Eurasia - ku Far East (makamaka ku Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka). Kulemera kwakuthupi ndi kutalika kwa zimbalangondo ku Kamchatka kunali 268.7 makilogalamu ndi 216.7 masentimita kwa amuna akuluakulu (azaka zopitilira 7) ndi 174.9 kg ndi 194.5 masentimita kwa akazi achikulire, motalika, omwe ali apamwamba kuposa zigawo zina za Eurasia (kupatula, mwina, Primorye, komwe amakhulupirira kuti zimbalangondo zofiirira zimafikira zofanana). Popeza kuti kulemera kunachitika makamaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa nyundo za Kamchatka kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo. Kafukufukuyu ku South Kamchatka Reserve adaona wamwamuna wamkulu ali ndi zaka 8, yemwe anali wolemera makilogalamu 410, kutalika kwa thupi - 249 masentimita, kuzungulira pachifuwa - 155 cm. Poganizira kuti adagwidwa koyambirira kwa Juni, pomwe malo osungirako mafuta anali ochepa, m'dzinja, chimbalangondo ichi chimatha kulemera makilogalamu 450. Kupezeka kwa zimbalangondo zolemera kuposa makilogalamu 400 ndi kupezeka kwa amuna akulu akulu olemera oposa 600 kg (ngakhale anthu ofanana kukula motere sanalemedwe ndi akatswiri odziwa zachilengedwe) ndi odalirika. Ku Sakhalin, kukula kwa zimbalangondo ndizochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi Kamchatka, koma kuposa madera ena ambiri.
Amuna achikulire a chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi m'mitundu yonseyo (masanjidwe akulu, kusiyana kwake ndi 1.51.6 nthawi). Kuonera zolaula kwa achinyamata sikukutchulidwa.
Maonekedwe a chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala chayimira nthumwi ya banja la chimbalangondo. Thupi lake ndi lamphamvu, limafota kwambiri, mutu wake umakhala ndi makutu ang'ono ndi maso. Mchirawo ndi waufupi - 65-210 mm, osawoneka bwino kuchokera ku ubweya. Mapapu olimba ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zosabwezereka 8-10 cm, zopingika zisanu, kuyima-kuyenda. Chovala chake ndi chokulirapo, chowoneka bwino.
Mtundu wa chimbalangondo chofiirira chimasiyana kwambiri, osati m'malo osiyanasiyana okha, komanso m'dera limodzi. Mtundu wa ubweyawo umasiyanasiyana kuyambira pakuwala kukafika ku mtundu wabuluu komanso pafupifupi wakuda. Chofala kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a bulauni. Mtambo wamiyala yamiyala yakumbuyo kumbuyo imatha kukhala yoyera kumapeto, ndikupereka chithunzi cha imvi kapena imvi. Mtundu woyera wonyezimira umapezeka mu zimbalangondo zofiirira ku Himalaya, komanso zofiirira zofiirira ku Syria. Ana obala zimbalangondo amakhala ndi zilembo zapakhosi komanso pachifuwa, zomwe zimatha ndi ukalamba.
Kukhetsa mu zimbalangondo zofiirira kumachitika kamodzi pachaka - kumayambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, koma nthawi zambiri kumagawika mchaka ndi yophukira. Masika amakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo amapita patsogolo kwambiri pakukonzekera nyengo. Autumn molt imayamba pang'onopang'ono komanso mopanda tanthauzo, ikumatha ndi nthawi yomwe imapezeka mu dzenje.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi nyama yankhalango. Malo omwe amakhala ku Russia - nkhalango zosalekeza zokhala ndi kamphepo kayeziyezi komanso kuwononga mitengo yowuma, zitsamba ndi udzu, zitha kulowa munkhalango zamtchire ndi zazitali. Ku Europe, amakonda nkhalango zamapiri; Kumpoto kwa America, amapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo otetezeka - ku tundra, mapiri a mapiri ndi pagombe.
Chimbalangondo nthawi zina chimakhala chokha, chachikazi - chokhala ndi ana amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Amuna ndi akazi ndi malo, chikhalidwe chawocho chimakhala pafupifupi 73 mpaka 414 km², ndipo kwa amuna chimakhala champhongo nthawi 7 kuposa zazikazi. Malire a malowa amalembedwa ndi fungo labwino komanso "kunyoza" - pamtengo pamtunda woonekera. Nthawi zina imasunthika nyengo, kotero m'mapiri chimbalangondo chofiirira, kuyambira kumapeto, chimadyetsa zigwa zomwe chisanu chimasungunuka kale, kenako chimapita pa char (alpine meadows), kenako chimatsikira pang'onopang'ono mu lamba wamtchire, pomwe zipatso ndi mtedza zimacha.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala chosapatsa chidwi, koma chimadya 3/4 chomera: zipatso, zipatso, mtedza, mizu, tubers ndi udzu. Mu zaka zovuta zipatso kumpoto kumpoto, zimbalangondo zimayendera mbewu za oat, ndipo kum'mwera - mbewu za chimanga, ku Far East nthawi yophukira amadya nkhalango za paini. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizanso tizilombo (nyerere, agulugufe), mphutsi, abuluzi, achule, makoswe (mbewa, marmots, agologolo pansi, chipmunks) ndi nsomba. M'chilimwe, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake nthawi zina zimakhala pafupifupi 1/3 ya chakudya cha chimbalangondo. Ngakhale kulosera sikungakhale njira yoti kubereketsa zimbalangondo zofiirira, zimasakanso osabereka - agwape, agwape, agwape, agwape, Caribou (nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika, chimbalangondo chitachoka hibernation, pakadalibe chakudya chambiri). Ma grizzlies nthawi zina amagwira mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo, ndipo ku Far East, zimbalangondo zofiirira nthawi zina zimatha kulanda zimbalangondo za Himalayan ndi akambuku. Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakonda uchi (motero dzina lake), chimadya zovunda, komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake, chimatenga nyama kuchokera kwa olusa ena - mimbulu, ndudu ndi akambuku. Chomwe chimakhala ndi chakudya nthawi yayitali ndi nsomba nthawi yowuma (nsomba zosamukasamuka), kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotentha - ma rhizomes, ma grizzlies omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mapiri a Rocky, nthawi yotentha - agulugufe omwe amabisala m'mapiri pakati pa miyala chifukwa cha kutentha kwa chilimwe. Nsombazo zikangoyamba kutuluka, zimbalangondo zimadya nsomba zonse zikagwidwa, ndiye kuti magawo onenepa kwambiri - khungu, mutu, kaphala ndi mkaka - ayamba kudya.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimagwira tsiku lonse, koma nthawi zambiri m'mawa ndi m'mawa.
Moyo wamasamba ozungulira umatchulidwa. Pofika nthawi yozizira, chimbalangondo chimadya mafuta osaneneka (mpaka 180 makilogalamu) ndipo kugwa kumakhala pobisalira. Mauna amapezeka m'malo owuma, nthawi zambiri mumayenje otetezedwa ndi kamphepo kabwino kapena pansi pa mizu yamiyendo. Pafupipafupi, zimbalangondo zimakumba pobisalira pansi kapena m'mapanga m'miyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala. Zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nthawi yachisanu, komwe zimasonkhana chaka ndi chaka kuchokera ku chigawo chonse. M'madera osiyanasiyana, kugona nthawi yachisanu kumatenga masiku 75 mpaka 195. Kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo zina, zimbalangondo zimakhala m'makola kuyambira Okutobala - Novembala mpaka Marichi - Epulo, ndiye kuti, miyezi 5-6. Zimbalangondo zazimuna zazitali zimakhala zazitali kwambiri. Kummwera kwa mzere, komwe nyengo ya chisanu imakhala yotentha, zimbalangondo sizimangokhala konse, komanso kudziunjikira malo osungirako mafuta, popeza m'malo awa chakudya chimachepera nyengo yachisanu. Munthawi yachisanu, chimbalangondo chimataya mafuta 80 makilogalamu.
Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, chimbalangondo chofiirira sichimagona nthawi yozizira, kutentha kwake kwa thupi m'maloto kumasintha madigiri 29 mpaka 34. Pakakhala ngozi, nyamayo imadzuka ndi kuchoka m'phangayo, n kupita kukafunafuna yatsopano. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti chimbalangondo sichikhala ndi nthawi yonenepa bwino nthawi yakugwa, chifukwa chake chimadzuka pakati pa chisanu (ndipo nthawi zina sichimagona mu khola konse) ndikuyamba kuyendayenda uku akusaka chakudya, zimbalangondo zotere zimatchedwa kulumikiza ndodo. Ziphuphu ndizowopsa, njala imawapangitsa kukhala osapsa mtima - ngakhale amamenya anthu. Zimbalangondo zoterezi zimakhala ndi mwayi wochepa kwambiri wopulumuka mpaka nthawi yamasika.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, chimbalangondo chofiirira nthawi zina chimatha kuthamanga mwachangu - kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h, chimasambira bwino kwambiri ndikukwera mitengo bwino paubwana (zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukalamba). Ndikamenya kamodzi, chimbalangondo chathanzi chimatha kuthyola chinguluwe, agwape kapena elk, koma kuchokera ku ziboda zazikulu ndi nyanga iye yekha amatha kuvulala kapena kufa.
Mitundu
Mbadwa zodziwika bwino za zimbalangondo zofiirira komanso zamphanga zinkakhala zaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni zapitazo ku Siberia. Zimbalangondo zaku America ndi ku Tibetan zinali zoyambirira kudzipatula kwa makolo wamba, kenako zimbalangondo za m'mapanga zinalekanitsidwa, zimbalangondo za polar zinalekanitsidwa zaka 700,000 zapitazo, kenako zimbalangondo zonse zofiirira.
Nthawi yocheperako pakati pa mzere wa Himalayan ndi mzere wa zimbalangondo zofiirira ikuyerekezedwa zaka 658,000 zapitazo (95% chidaliro: zaka 336-1258 mpaka pano).
Moyo & Habitat
Wokhalira m'nkhalango amakonda mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi phokoso la mphepo, kukula kwa udzu ndi zitsamba m'malo otentha. Madera amapiri, tundra, gombe amakonzedwanso ndi nyama yomwe imadya. Nthawi ina pankakhala chimbalangondo chofiirira kuyambira ku England kupita ku Japan.
Koma kusintha kwa madera omwe anthu amakhala, kuwonongedwa kwa chilombocho kudapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale yosiyanasiyana. Malo okhala m'nkhalango zakumadzulo kwa Canada, Alaska, Russia Far East ndiye madera akuluakulu okhala.
Chimbalangondo chilichonse chili ndi gawo lake, kukula kwake kuchokera pa 70 kufika ku 140 km², komwe kununkhira fungo labwino. Tsamba lamphongo limakhala lalikulupo kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa chachikazi. Madera amateteza gawo. Nyama zodzipatula posaka bwenzi zitha kuyendayenda mokulira pamalire amalo.
Nyamayi imawonetsa masana, nthawi zambiri m'mawa komanso madzulo. Pofufuza chakudya, nyama yokhazikika nthawi zina imasuntha nyengo, kutsatira malo omwe zipatso ndi mtedza zipsa.
Ngakhale kukula kwa nyamayo komanso kuwoneka kosasangalatsa, nyama yolusa imathamanga mwachangu. Pakatikati liwiro la chimbalangondo chofiirira amapanga 50-60 km / h. Zochita zathupi komanso mawonekedwe apulasitiki amasonyezedwa kuthekera kukwera mitengo, kusambira kuwoloka mitsinje, kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali.
Chimbalangondo chimatha kupita kukabisala mwakachetechete, ndikuyenda pang'ono. Ndikumenya kwamiyendo kwambiri imatha kuthyola hatchi, nguluwe zakuthengo.
Kununkhira kumalola chilombo kuti chizinunkhira kuwola kwa nyama kwa 3 km. Kumva ndi lakuthwa. Nthawi zambiri chimbalangondo chimayimirira miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikumvetsera kuzungulira kwake, chimagwira fungo. Cholepheretsa chimbalangondo ndichokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa.
Moyo wa zilombo zimakhala ndi nyengo yozungulira. M'chilimwe, zimbalangondo zopatsa thanzi zimapuma pansi, pakati pa zitsamba, baski padzuwa, kusamalira ana. M'dzinja, ali otanganidwa kusaka nyumba yozizira, makonzedwe ake, kudzikundikira kwa mafuta osunthika.
M'nyengo yozizira, kumamizidwa kugona tulo, komwe kumatenga mwezi umodzi mpaka sikisi, kutengera zinthu zambiri. Ndizosangalatsa kuti magawo achilengedwe a chilombo (zimachitika, kutentha, ndi zina) sizisintha, mosiyana ndi zinyama zina.
Kasupe amadzutsa nyama zofooka.Kuchepetsa thupi panthawi yachisanu ndizofunikira kwambiri - mpaka 80 makilogalamu. Kudzikundikira kwa mphamvu kumayambira moyo watsopano.
Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutalika kwa moyo wa kalabu kumadalira malo omwe amakhala. Kuthengo, chimbalangondo chofiirira chimatha kufika zaka 20 mpaka 35. Ngati chiweto chimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama, chiwetochi chimatsala pang'ono kuwirikiza. Mukakhala kundende, chimbalangondo chimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 50. Kusamba kwa kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka 6 mpaka 11.
Miyeso ndi kulemera kwa chinyama
Kutalika kwa nyama yolusa yalubfoot kumachokera mita imodzi kapena iwiri. Zimbalangondo zazikulu kwambiri zimakhala ku Alaska, Kamchatka ndi Far East. Awa ndi ma grizzlies, zimphona zenizeni, zomwe kukula kwake zikaima pamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo kumafika mita zitatu.
Kulemera kwambiri kwa chimbalangondo (bulauni) kumatha kukhala 600 kg. Awa ndi ziphona zolemera kwambiri. Kulemera kwamphongo kwamphongo wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 140-400, ndipo kulemera kwa mkazi ndi 90-210 kg. Wamphongo wamkulu kwambiri wapezeka pachilumba cha Kodiak. Kulemera kwake kwamthupi kunali kwakukulu - 1134 kg. Komabe, nyama zomwe zimakhala pakati pa Russia zimalemera pang'ono - pafupifupi 100 makilogalamu.
Pofika nthawi yophukira, nyamayi imasonkhanitsa mafuta ambiri posungira, motero kulemera kwa chimbalangondo (bulauni) kumawonjezeka ndi 20%.
Habitat
Nthawi zambiri zimbalangondo zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, m'malo odera. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka munkhalango za tundra kapena zamtchire. Ku Russia, nyamayi imakhala kumadera akutali akumpoto. Zimbalangondo za brown ndizofala kwambiri ku Siberia. Mitengo yodekha ya taiga imalola kuti ma bulabhu azikhala omasuka komanso omasuka, ndipo palibe chomwe chingasokoneze kukhalapo kwawo.
Ku USA, zimbalangondo zimakhala makamaka m'malo otetezeka - m'mphepete mwa mapiri, mapiri a Alps. Ku Europe, amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira zamapiri.
Ku Asia, zimbalangondo zofiirira zitha kupezekanso. Madera ake amakhala ndi madera ang'onoang'ono a Palestine, Iran, kumpoto kwa China ndi chilumba cha Japan cha Hokkaido.
Kodi zimbalangondo zimadya chiyani?
Omnivore ndi kupirira ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimathandiza chilombo kuti chizitha kukhala movutikira. Pazakudya chimbalangondo chofiirira, 75% ndi chakudya chomera. Clubfoot imatha kudya masamba, mtedza, zipatso, udzu, mizu ndi zipatso. Ngati izi sizokwanira, chimbalangondo chimatha kupita ku zokolola za oats kapena chimanga, kudyetsa nkhalango za mkungudza.
Anthu akulu ali ndi mphamvu komanso chidwi pa nyama zazing'ono. Mukangogunda khwangwala kamodzi kokha, chimbalangondo chimatha kupha msana wa tsekwe kapena mbawala. Amasaka agwape, nkhumba zamtchire, agwape osenda, mbuzi zam'mapiri. Palibe vuto, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimatha kudya makoswe, mphutsi, nyerere, achule, mphutsi ndi abuluzi.
Asodzi aluso ndi omasulira
Nthawi zambiri zimbalangondo zimadyera zovunda. Choyambirira chimaphimba bwino zatsalira za nyama ndi burashi ndipo zimayesa kukhala pafupi mpaka atadya kwathunthu. Ngati chimbalangondo chadya posachedwa, chitha kudikira masiku angapo. Pakapita kanthawi, nyama ya nyama yophedwayo izikhala yofewa, ndipo azisangalala.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri chimbalangondo ndikusodza. Amapita kumitsinje yomwe ili kutali kwambiri, komwe kumapezeka nsomba zambiri. Makamaka apa ng'ombe zimbalangondo zimasaka ndi ana awo. Amayi amagwira nsomba mwaluso n'kupita nawo kwa ana ake.
Nthawi yomweyo pamtsinje mutha kuwona zimbalangondo pafupifupi 30, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalowa nkhondo yankhondoyi.
Khalidwe
Chimbalangondo chayamba kununkhiza. Amamva fungo la nyama yowola, ngakhale ali patali kwa 3 km kuchokera pamenepo. Kumva kwake kumapangidwanso bwino. Nthawi zina chimbalangondo chimakwera miyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti chimvere mawu kapena kumva kununkhira kwa chakudya.
Kodi chimbalangondo chimachita bwanji zachilengedwe? “Bwana wa taiga” woderapo amayamba kudutsa katundu wake madzulo kapena m'mawa. Pakakhala nyengo yoipa kapena nthawi yamvula, amatha kumayendayenda m'nkhalangoyi tsiku lonse kufunafuna chakudya.
Zoyambira komanso kusinthika kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira
Ofufuza ambiri amavomereza kuti chimbalangondo chofiirira chidachokera ku Eurasia kuchokera ku U. etruscus. Pakati Pleistocene, adalowa mu Africa; m'malo a Pleistocene, adakhazikika ku North America. Zambiri za sayansi ya maselo a mlengalenga zikuwonetsa kuti phanga ndi zofiirira zabalalika osapitirira 1.2 miliyoni. Kusiyana kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira ku Western ndi Eastern Europe kukuyerekeza kuchokera pa 0.85 mpaka 0.35 miliyoni.
Chimbalangondo choyambirira chakuda ndi cha mtundu wa U. dolinensis kuchokera komwe kunali Trincher Valley, Atapuerca ku Spain, komwe kunayamba kale cf. Pleistocene (0.78-0.9 miliyoni). Olemba malongosoledwe akuti U. dolinensis ali ndi kafukufuku wakale wamano pafupi ndi yemwe akuti kholo la U. deningeri ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Kufanana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira ndikofunikira: m'munsi mwa mafupa a mandibular ndi owongoka, njira yowongoka imakhala pamlingo wa kutafuna kwa mano a buccal, pali ma alveoli of the anterior premolar, ndipo mano ake ndi ochepa. Mwa zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa U. dolinensis ku chimbalangondo chofiirira, izi zikuwoneka: kukhalapo kwa kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri kachitatu pamano a metaconid m1 ndi denticle yowonjezera yakunja pa metaconid m2. Fupa la dzino ndilokwera kuposa chimbalangondo chofiirira chofanana (U. Arctos), mbali yakutsogolo ya coronoid imakwera mosachedwa, monga zimbalangondo. Zimbalangondo za ku Europe zakutsogolo monga U. rodei kuchokera ku UntermaBfeld, U. savini kuchokera ku Bacton (Bacton Cromer Forest Bed), U. deningeri suevicus kuchokera ku Jagsthausen ndi U. d. deningeri kuchokera ku Mosbach, mano pafupifupi kukula kwakukulu. Dzino lotsika dzino ku U. dolinensis ndi laling'ono kwambiri, kutengera kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa dzino ili kutalika kwake (40%, n = 4), zitsanzo kuchokera ku Atapuerca ndizotsika kwa iwo ochokera ku Untermassfeld (44%, n = 6), Bacton (50,5% , n = 11), Jagsthausen (47%, n = 28) ndi Mosbach (48%, n = 20). Ku Pleistocene ndi zimbalangondo zamakono zofiirira (U. Arctos) ndi U. etruscus, dzino lotsitsa limakhala lotalikirapo (pafupifupi pa 49%). Olemba malongosoledwe akuti mtundu watsopanowo ndi wofanana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira (U. Arctos) pakuwonekera kutalika ndi kutalika kwa ma distal phalanges. Mafupa angapo azitsulo ochokera ku Trincher Valley molingana amafanana ndi mafupa a chimbalangondo. Chifukwa chake, U. dolinensis imakhala yachilendo, koma mwa mawonekedwe ake ambiri imakhala ya chimbalangondo chofiirira (U. Arctos).
Kusintha kwa ma stratigraphic komanso malo okhala zimbalangondo zofiirira (U. Arctos) m'malo osiyanasiyana nthawi imadziwika pokhapokha, ndipo dongosolo la masanjidwe ake a Pleistocene silinapangidwe. Dongosolo loyambirira kukhazikitsidwa ku Europe limaphatikizapo ma subspecies anayi: zimbalangondo zazikulu za subspecies U. ankakhala kumpoto. kamiensis Verestchagin (cf. Pleistocene) ndi U. a. priscus Goldfuss (Pleistocene), zimbalangondo zazing'ono za U. a. prearctos Boule (cf. Pleistocene) ndi U. a. bourguignati Lartet (Pleistocene).
Mabulu achi brown kumadera a kumpoto kwa Europe nthawi ya chisanu amakhala kumapiri a mapiri a taiga ndi malo okhala ndipo mwina anali ochokera ku Siberia. Anthu okhala kumwera adalumikizidwa ndi nkhalango zowuma zomwe zimapitiliza kukokolola mapiri kumapiri a Iberian, Apennine, ndi Balkan. M'magawo osiyanasiyana, zimbalangondo zochokera kummwera zimafalikira kumpoto, monga zimakhazikitsira chimbalangondo chofiirira (U. Arctos) ku Holocene.
Brown Bears
Chakudya cha zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizosiyanasiyana, komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomera. Amadya zobiriwira zamasamba (makamaka zitsamba zokoma), komanso mizu, tubers, mababu, maluwa, zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, ma bowa, bowa, moss. Imabwera kudzakhala malo olima, pomwe imadyera ma oats. Brown chimbalangondo amadya nyama mofunitsitsa, zomwe zimadyedwa patsiku zimatha kupitilira chakudya cha mbewu. Imadyanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, makamaka nyerere, komanso makoko ang'onoang'ono, mbalame ndi mazira awo, uchi, carrion. Imasaka nyama zodumphira m'mwamba kuphatikiza ndi zazikulu, makamaka nyama zochepetsedwa ndi nyengo yozizira, matenda kapena mabala, ndi ana awo, omwe amatsatiridwa ndi fungo. Chapakatikati, moose amakumana ndi kulowetsedwa, pomwe akhola amadikirira gulu kuti liwoloke mtsinje kapena mphepete mwa mtsinje, mtsinje kapena nyanja. Nyama zazikazi zimadyanso nthawi yambiri ikamabereka, ikakhala kuti siyakuyenda bwino ndikuyesetsa kuteteza ana awo. Imagunda ziweto, nthawi zambiri ana a ng'ombe kapena msipu woweta m'malo omwe chimbalangondo chimadyetsa, chimawapha ndikuluma m'khosi kapena m'mutu, ndikuphwanya m'mimba.
Kuphatikiza kwa chakudya kumasiyana nyengo ndi malo. Kumpoto kwa chakumapeto, chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakonda kudya moose, nthawi zambiri pa reindeer, chimadya nyerere ndi mphutsi zake, lingonberry ndi cranberries, chaka chatha, makungwa ndi mphukira zobiriwira za aspen, phulusa la kumapiri. Zakudya zam'chilimwe, zakudya zam'magulu zimakulitsa, makamaka udzu, komanso tizilombo komanso mphutsi, mazira a mbalame, ndi nyama zazing'ono. Mu nthawi yophukira, amadya mabulosi abwinobwino, lingonberry, cranberry, zipatso za mzere, amayendera mbewu za oat, ku Urals ndi Siberia, amadya mtedza wa paini. Ku Caucasus, amadya zitsamba zazitali, maambulera, komanso nyerere, kafadala ndi mphutsi zake, pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira - ma raspberries, mabulosi akuda, zipatso za oak ndi beech, maapulo atchire, plums, munthawi yanjala imatha kusaka chamois, nkhumba zakutchire, ndipo zimadya zovunda. M'mapiri Asia amadya zipatso za apulo, apurikoti, hawthorn, zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, amapeza agologolo pansi ndi zimbudzi, kukumba mabowo awo. Pa Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka, imapita kugombe, komwe imatenga nyanjayi (nsomba, ma mollusks) ndikugwira nsomba za nsomba zomwe zimapezeka m'mitsinje m'dzinja. Njira za usodzi zimasiyanasiyana potengera momwe madzi amtsinjewo amadzidalira komanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba. Ku Alaska, imagwira nsomba m'madzi osaya kapena m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsetse yamadzi, ndipo nsomba yomwe imadumphira m'madzi imagwira pakamwa. Ku Kamchatka, katswiri wotsogola amatha kulowa pansi.
Brown Bear Zima
Kwa nthawi yozizira, chimbalangondo chofiirira chimagona mumphanga ndikugona tulo, chimadzisungira nthawi yophukira mafuta yophukira, mpaka 30% ya misa yonse. Adipose minofu imateteza kuzizira ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu zofunika kupatula nthawi yakugona kwa nthawi yozizira komanso masiku oyamba pambuyo pa kuuka kwa masika. Akuluakulu amuna ndi akazi oyembekezera amagona m'makola okha, koma nthawi zina nyama 2-3 nyengo yozizira kuphanga lomwelo. Asanagone, imaleka kudyetsa, chakudya cham'mimba chimamasulidwa ku zinyalala za chakudya, mtundu wa nkhata umapangidwa mu rectum kuchokera kumera zinyalala ndi tsitsi. Pogona, kugunda kwamtima kumachepa kuyambira 40-50 kumenyedwa mphindi imodzi chilimwe mpaka 8-10 mkati mwa kutentha, kutentha kwa thupi, kusinthasintha kwazogwira kuyambira 36,5 mpaka 38,5 ° C, kutsika ndi 4-5 ° C munyama yogona. Zazikazi, chifukwa chodyetsa ana awo nthawi yogona nthawi yozizira, zimataya nthawi yawo yambiri yophukira (40%) kuposa amuna (22%). Kutalika kwa zochitika zimatengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya, nyengo. Mabulu a bulauni, atapeza mafuta okwanira, m'mbuyomo amagona mu khola, pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi malo ochepa osungirako amapitilira kudyetsa mpaka nyengo yozizira itayamba. Akazi okhala ndi ana amuna nthawi zambiri m'mbuyomu kuposa abambo akuluakulu amapita nthawi yozizira ndipo pambuyo pake amachoka kuphanga. Kutalika kwa kugona kwa nthawi yozizira kumayambira pa 75-120 (Caucasus) mpaka masiku 180-185 (Kola Peninsula). Amagona pang'onopang'ono, kuti papite ngozi, atuluka m'khomalo. Kugonetsa chisanu nthawi yozizira kumakhala koopsa kwa achikulire ndipo nthawi zambiri kumapha ana. Nthawi yochoka ku dzenje imatengera kunenepa kwa chilombocho komanso nyengo. Amadzuka ku Caucasus mu Marichi, m'chigawo cha Leningrad. - kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo, pa Peninsula ya Kola - kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi. Pambuyo potuluka pa khomalo, silimadya kwa masiku 10 mpaka 14. Kwa zaka zokolola zambiri ku South Caucasus, zimbalangondo zambiri sizikhala hibernate. Ku Siberia, m'malo mwake, kuoneka ngati "kulumikiza ndodo" kumalumikizidwa ndi kulephera kwa zipatso ndi nthangala za mitengo yamkungudza, zimbalangondo zamenyedwe ndi mbewa zofiira, milandu ya cannibalism imawonedwa. Masana amadutsa kuchokera 2 mpaka 13, nthawi zina mpaka 30 km.
Malo okhala nyengo yachisanu nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo owuma pansi pamphepo yamkuntho, pazisumbu pakati pa mabwinja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamisala, m'miyala yamiyala, pamiyala yamiyala ikuluikulu, m'maenje, pansi pamizu kapena m'miyala yamitengo yayikulu. Zosowa kwambiri, zimbalangondo zimakhala m'mapanga am'malo otetemera. Milandu ya haystack imadziwika. Mu tundra, zovala zotsalazo zimakumbidwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga zachilengedwe. Nthawi zina zimbalangondo zimakhala zotseguka nthawi yozizira, pa phula lalikulu kapena pamaenje akunyumba, pamtsetse wamapiri. Kumpoto, komwe thaws yozizira imakhala yosowa, mapanga nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapiri kumapiri akumwera, kumadera akumwera, kumbali ina, kumpoto, komwe kumawateteza kuti asasefukira nthawi ya thaw. Ku Caucasus, mapanga akhazikitsidwa m'malo onse amtunda, m'mapiri otsika nthawi zambiri amakhala otsekeka (kupsinjika pansi ndikuphimbidwa ndi mizu yamitengo kapena nthambi zamtchire), m'mapiri apakati atsekedwa (ili m'maenje, pamiyala yamiyala, pamiyala ya karst. Kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake aola amasiyana. Utha kukhala thireyi yosavuta yokhala ndi bedi lopangidwa ndi nthambi za nthambi za mmera ndi spruce, kapena chisa chopanda 60-90 masentimita awiri omwe amatsogolera molunjika m'chipinda chamkati kapena panjira yolowera. Chipinda chodyeracho chimakhala ndi dothi pansi kapena cholocha ndi moss, nthambi zamitengo, udzu wouma. Ma dens ena ozizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo.
M'chilimwe, amakonza malo ogona pafupi ndi malo oti azidyetsapo zakudya. Amapezeka m'malo owuma, opanda anthu komanso ooneka bwino, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo ataliatali audzu, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamnkhalango, pamulu wa nyerere, pansi pamwala, nthawi zina m'mapanga.
Kuthamanga ndi ukalamba - mawonekedwe apadera a chilombo
Poyamba, nyama yayikuluyi imawoneka yosasangalatsa komanso yosachedwa. Koma sichoncho. Chimbalangondo chachikulu chofiirira ndi chachikulu komanso chosavuta kusuntha. Pothamangitsa womenyedwayo, amatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 60 km / h. Chimbalangondo sichimasambiranso kwambiri. Amatha kuthana ndi mtunda wa 6-10 km kudutsa pamadzi ndikusangalala kusambira pamasiku otentha.
Zimbalangondo zazing'ono zimangokwera pang'ono. Ndi m'badwo, kuthekera uku kumakhala kuzimiririka pang'ono, koma osazimiririka. Komabe, chipale chofewa ndi chiyeso chovuta kwa iwo, chifukwa chimbalangondo chimayenda movutikira.
Kubala nyengo
Kubwezeretsa mphamvu pambuyo pogona tulo, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndizokonzeka kukhwima. Mpikisano umayamba mu nthawi yamasika, mwezi wa Meyi, ndipo umatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Zachikazi zimadziwitsa za kukonzekera kwawo mating ndi chinsinsi chapadera, chomwe chili ndi fungo lamphamvu. Malinga ndi awa, abambo amapeza osankhidwa awo ndikuwateteza kwa adani awo.
Nthawi zina kwa chachikazi pakati pa zimbalangondo ziwiri pamakhala nkhondo zoopsa zomwe zimasankhidwa, ndipo nthawi zina moyo wa imodzi. Pakumwalira kwa m'modzi wa anyamatawa, wopambanawo akhoza kudya nawo.
Mu nyengo yakukhwima, zimbalangondo ndizowopsa. Zimabuma kwambiri ndipo zimatha kumenya munthu.
Kubalana kwa ana
Pafupifupi miyezi 6-8 pambuyo pake, ana amabadwa m'dzenje. Nthawi zambiri wamkazi amabweretsa ana aamuna a 2-4, okhala ndi dazi kwathunthu, okhala ndi ziwalo zopindika komanso zamaso. Komabe, patatha mwezi umodzi, anawo amatsegula m'maso, kutulutsa mawu kumawonekera. Mwana akangobadwa kumene, amalemera pafupifupi 500 g, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 25. Pakupita miyezi itatu, mano onse aana amacheka m'mazira awo.
Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira ya moyo wawo, makanda amadya mkaka wa amayi. Kenako zipatso, tizilombo, amadyera amawonjezedwa muzakudya zawo. Pambuyo pake, mayiyo amawabweretsera nsomba kapena kudya. Kwa pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, ana amakhala ndi amayi awo, amaphunzira zizolowezi, zovuta za kusaka, kugona naye hibernation naye. Moyo wodziyimira pawokha wa chimbalangondo wachinyamata umayamba pazaka zapakati pa 3-4. Kholo lakubala silitenga nawo mbali polera ana.
Chifukwa chiyani kulumikiza ndodo?
Asananyamuke, chimbalangondo chimayenera kupeza mafuta ochulukirapo. Ikapezeka kuti ndi yosakwanira, nyamayo imayenera kuyendayenda kupita kokafunafuna chakudya. Kuchokera pamenepa kunachokera dzinali - kulumikiza ndodo.
Kusuntha nthawi yozizira, chimbalangondo sichimafa chifukwa cha chisanu, njala kapena mfuti za mlenje. Komabe, nthawi yozizira mumatha kukumana osati ndodo yolumikizira. Nthawi zambiri, kugona kwa chimbalangondo kumatha kusokonezedwa ndi anthu. Kenako chilombo cholimba ichi chimakakamizidwa kufunafuna chitetezo kwatsopano kuti chibwererenso.
Sakani
Chimbalangondo chimasankha chisangalalochi nyengo yachisanu chisamaliro. Malo odekha abata omwe ali m'malire a marishi, m'mphepete mwa mphepo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mapanga osungika amasankhidwa kuti apikeko. Malo okhala ayenera kukhala owuma, otentha, otambalala komanso otetezeka.
Chimbalangondo chimakonzekereranso ndi mbewa, ndikugona pansi pake. Nthambi za mitengo zimakhala zotsekemera ndi kutenthetsa. Nthawi zambiri chimbalangondo chabwino cha den den chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo.
Moyo wa zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi kupeza chakudya, makamaka musanadye. Asanagwe m'maloto, chirombocho chimasokoneza mwakhama mayendedwe ake: chimadutsa m'madambo, m'mphepo, ngakhale masitepe kumbuyo.
Tchuthi chamtendere komanso chopumula
Pamalo ozizira, amabala nthawi yonse yozizira. Amuna okalamba amachoka kwawo asanapite kwa wina aliyense. Kutalika kwambiri kuposa komwe kuli mu khola ndi chimbalangondo. Kutetemera kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira kumatha miyezi 5-6. Nthawi zambiri zimayamba mu Okutobala, ndipo zimatha mu Epulo.
Zimbalangondo sizimagona tulo tofa nato. Amasungabe zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, zosavuta kuzisokoneza. Kutentha kwa chimbalangondo nthawi ya tulo kumakhala madigiri 29-34. Pa hibernation, mphamvu zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo clubfinch imakhala ndi mafuta ake okwanira omwe amapezeka munthawi yogwira. Pa nthawi ya holide yozizira, chimbalangondo chimataya pafupifupi 80 makilogalamu.
Zojambula Zambiri Zisanu
M'nyengo yozizira yonse, chimbalangondo chimagona pambali pake, chopendekeka bwino. Zomwe sizimawoneka kwambiri kumayang'ana kumbuyo kapena kukhala, ndikuweramitsa mutu. Kupuma ndi kugunda kwa mtima kumachepetsa pamene hibernating.
Chodabwitsa ndi chakuti, nthawi yogona nthawi yozizira, nyamayi siziwonongeka. Zinthu zonse zotayidwa m'thupi la chimbalangondo zimapangidwanso ndikukonzedwa kukhala mapuloteni ofunikira kuti iye akhalepo. Rectum imakutidwa ndi cork wandiweyani, wopangidwa ndi singano, udzu wosunthidwa ndi ubweya. Amachichotsa nyama itachoka kuphanga.
Kodi chimbalangondo chimayamwa
Ambiri mwamavuto amakhulupirira kuti nthawi yobisalira, ntchofu zam'mimba zimachotsa mavitamini ofunika kumiyendo. Koma sichoncho. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu Januware kumakhala kukonzanso khungu pakapakaka pamatumbo a chimbalangondo. Khungu louma lakale limapumira ndipo limamupatsa vuto lalikulu. Kuti ichepetse pang'ono kuyimitsidwa, chimbalangondo chimayamwa chingwe chake, chimanyowetsa ndikusintha.
Chinyama choopsa komanso champhamvu.
Chimbalangondo makamaka chimakhala cholusa, champhamvu komanso choyipa. Mwayi wakumana ndi chilombo chokwiyirachi sichingabweretse zabwino.
Kuthamanga kwamasika, kusaka nthawi yozizira pothawira kwatsopano - munthawi izi, chimbalangondo cha bulauni ndichowopsa kwambiri. Kafotokozedwe kapena zithunzi za nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo ochereza ndipo ndi ochezeka kwa anthu sikuyenera kukunyengererani - pamenepo anakulira m'malo osiyana. Mwachilengedwe, chilombo chowoneka chokhazikika chimatha kukhala chankhanza ndikugwetsa mutu wanu pansi. Makamaka ngati munayendayenda m'gawo lake.
M'pofunika kudutsa zazikazi ndi ana. Amayi amayendetsedwa ndi chibadwa komanso mtima wankhanza, choncho ndi bwino kuti asalowe nawo.
Zachidziwikire, machitidwe a clubfoot zimatengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso nthawi ya chaka. Nthawi zambiri, zimbalangondo zimathawa, zimawona munthu patali. Koma musaganize kuti popeza chilombochi chimatha kudya zipatso ndi uchi, ichi ndiye chakudya chomwe amakonda. Chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha chimbalangondo ndi nyama, ndipo sadzataya mwayi wopeza.
Chifukwa chani chamlabu?
Mbiri iyi imakhazikika chimbalangondo. Ndipo zonse chifukwa poyenda, iye amasunthira mbali yomweyo kudzanja lamanzere ndi lamanzere. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera kumbali yomwe ikuwoneka kuti chimbalangondo ndilubotiot.
Koma kuzengereza uku ndikumangokhala ndikunamiza. Pakakhala vuto lowopsa, chilombo chija chimadzitulutsa chamtondo ndipo chimagwera munthu mosavuta. Maonekedwe a miyendo yakumaso ndi kumbuyo kwake amamuthandiza kuti awonetse kusayenda bwino komwe akukwera. Amagonjetsa nsonga zothamanga kwambiri kuposa momwe amatsikira.
Zinatenga zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi kupanga njira yovuta kukhalamo komanso moyo wa nyama yodabwitsayi. Zotsatira zake, zimbalangondo zofiirira zatha kukhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka kumadera komwe kuli nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Zachilengedwe ndizodabwitsa, ndipo munthu amangosilira nzeru zake komanso malamulo osasunthika, ndikuyika chilichonse pamalo ake.
