Pukusani Fieldberry - imasamukira komanso nthawi yozizira mbalame, yomwe idatchedwa chifukwa chokonda zipatso za ma rollan. Zimatengera gulu la mpheta. Zachikulu kwambiri, zimakhala ndi zosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya akuda.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Mbalame yakale imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 150. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 30 cm, pafupifupi. Mapikowo ndi masentimita 45. Akazi ndi amuna samasiyana kukula ndi mtundu wa nthenga. Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndiwokongola, wamtambo. Chifuwa ndichopepuka, chikasu pang'ono, mutu ndi khosi ndim imvi. Kumbuyo ndi mchira kumera.
Mapiko ndi mchira wapansi ndi zoyera. Nthenga zakuda, pafupifupi zakuda zili pachifuwa ndi m'khosi. Mlomo ndi wolimba, wamfupi, wakuthwa. Zamdima pamapeto kuposa pamunsi. Maso ndi akulu pakati, kuzungulira, ndi stroko yakuda, chifukwa chake, pazithunzi amawoneka wankhalwe komanso wokwiya.
Mbalame izi sizikudziwa kuyenda pansi, zimayenda ndimadumphidwe pafupipafupi komanso yaying'ono. Mawamba awo ndi akuda bii okhala ndi zala zowonda koma zolimba komanso zopindika. Nthenga zake ndi zonenepa, zokhala ndi mafuta ngati sebum, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbalameyo isamanyowe nthawi yozizira, kukumba mu chisanu posaka chakudya.
Liwu lakukondweretsa zovuta kuyimba wolemba nyimbo. M'malo mwake, imakhala yotupa komanso yolira, yofanana ndi mawu akuti: "chak-chik-chak", komanso pangozi: "ra-ra-ra". Iwo samakonda kuyimba, amatha kuyimba pa ntchentche. Amafuula mokweza pangozi, kuchenjeza amphaka ndi mbalame zina. Akada nkhawa akakhala pafupi ndi anthu, zimayambitsa zovuta kulira kwawo.
Mbalamezi ndiz amanyazi komanso osamala. Sakhulupirira anthu kwenikweni, koma nthawi zina, ena a iwo amayimba mtima kuti apange chisa pansi pa denga la nyumba inayake kapena kumanja kwanyumba yazinyumba zisanu.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 60 mu banja la thrush. Mitundu 25 yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka ku Russia, komabe, ambiri mwa iwo ndi asanu ndi atatu. Pansipa pali mndandanda wa mitundu yomwe imatha kuwoneka m'mizinda yaku Russia ndi malo ena.
- Nyimbo Mbalamezi zimasiyana ndi zina mwa mawu awo osangalatsa, okoma mtima, kukumbukira kwawo kuyimba kwa usiku. Mtunduwo ndi wa bulauni ndi pamimba lofiirira, loyera kapena lachikasu.
Mverani mawu a nyimboyi
- Mtundu wakuda. Amuna amtunduwu ali ndi maula akuda okhala ndi mafunde ochepa. Akazi ndi opepuka, okhala ndi zigamba zopindika. Pafupipafupi ndi maso pali sitimayo yowala mwachikasu, mawu oimba.
Mverani kuyimba kwa nyimbo zakuda
- Kukwiya kwakuda. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chingwe choyera pamwamba pamaso, chofanana ndi nsidze. Zowonjezerazo ndizokongola, zotuwa ndi zakuda zakuda ndi zofiira. Kuimba kwa mbalame yokhala ngati yofiirira kumakhala kofanana ndi kutulutsa mawu.
Mverani ku nyimbo yakuimba
- Kuponya thumba. Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu. Amasiyana mtundu, chifuwa cha chiguduli chimakhala choyera, kumbuyo ndi mchira wokhala ndi tintpi la bulauni.
Mverani kukondwerera
- Forest Thrush. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri yamtundu wakuda. Utoto wake umakhala wowala, wofiyira kwambiri. Amuna ali ndi nthenga za buluu pakhosi pawo. Pakati pa khosi pali malo owala, oyera, chifukwa chomwe, kupindika kwa nkhalango kunalandira dzina lachiwiri "loyera-loyera".
- Shama Thrush. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi miyendo ya pinki ndi mchira wautali. Amuna amtunduwu ali ndi mtundu wakuda, wokhala ndi mimba yofiirira. Mchirawo ndi woyera pansipa. Akazi amayamba kuzimiririka, imvi.
- Pla wotupa. Mtundu wa izi nsapato zakuda ndimtambo wabuluu. Chifuwa ndichopepuka kuposa thupi lonse. Miyendo ndi yakuda, yokhala ndi zala zowala komanso zikhadabo zakuda.
- Kusuntha Kutentha. Nthenga zake ndi zakuda, pali mawanga oyera kuzungulira maso ndi khosi. Mimba ndi lalanje owala.
Kuphatikiza pa maonekedwe, mbalame zimasiyana m'moyo, zakudya komanso chikhalidwe.
Moyo & Habitat
Zovala m'munda zimatha kukhala moyo wosakhazikika komanso wokhazikika. Zimakhala kumpoto kwa Eurasia, ndipo zimasamukira kumwera, ku Africa, Asia Minor kapena Europe. M'dziko lathu, zokolola zamtunduwu zimakhala ku Siberia. Posachedwa, akatswiri azachipatala azindikira kuti zovala zakuda Amakhala m'mizinda, makamaka zaka zakututa.
Magulu a mbalame 300 amapezeka, m'malo oyandikana nawo komanso m'matauni oyandikira. Samva kuperewera kwa chakudya ndipo amalekerera mosavuta nyengo yozizira yaku Russia. Amakhala m'mapaki akuluakulu am'mizinda ndi m'midzi momwe phulusa lamapiri limamera. Samapanga zisa m'matanthwe kapena m'nkhalango zowirira.
Kulima m'munda ndi mbalame yanzeru. Ali ndi eni ake akuluakulu, yesetsani kuti musalole mbalame zina, anthu ndi nyama kufupi ndi malo okhala. Chithandizo chomwe ali nacho ndi dontho. "Zimagobera" mbalame kapena nyama youluka kudutsa khola lonselo. Njira ndi yothandiza, chifukwa kuponya kosangalatsa ndikosatha komanso kwamaso.
Pofika pa ubweya kapena nthenga, amazikhathamiritsa, ndikuzipaka pakhungu, ndikuyiyambitsa. Zitachitika izi, mbalame zina zimalephera kuuluka ndi kufa chifukwa cha mabala omwe amachokera. Asanachitike kuukira, kukondera kwa phulusa la phirili kumakweza mchira wake, pamenepa adani akumvetsa kuti ali pangozi.
Komabe, akhwangwala ochenjera, olumbirira adani a m'munda, adaphunzira kuchenjera. Nawonso amawukira. Mwachitsanzo, khwangwala m'modzi amadula khola, magulu onse amtundu wakuda, kusiya zisa zawo kuti azitha kuyang'ana mdani "ndikuwombera" ndi zitosi. Nthawi yomweyo, khwangwala wachiwiriyo amalowerera mwakachetechete, mazira amakoko ndipo amadya anapiye omwe angobadwa kumene.
Kuphatikiza pa kuteteza gawo lawo, zokondweretsa m'munda zitha kuthandiza ena, abale ang'ono, kuthana ndi adani. Pogwiritsa ntchito zoopsa zomwe zili pafupi, amadziwitsa aliyense mokweza mawu. Mbalame zazing'ono, monga mpheta ndi zipatso, zimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi madera akuda kuti atetezedwe ndi iwo.
Pakakhala adani ochulukirapo, pakati pawo agologolo, ma jay ndi mbawala, zokondweretsa zimasiya zisa zawo. Kupanga ndege zazikulu, akufunafuna malo abwino okhalamo. Drozdov imatha kutetezedwa, kupangidwa kukhala mbalame yapakhomo. Kuti muchite izi, tengani anapiye ang'onoang'ono omwe amatuluka zisa koma osadziwa kuwuluka.
Amamanga ndodo zamatabwa, zazitali ndi zazitali, mpaka mita imodzi. Pezani nyumba ndi misewu yopumira yochitira zosangalatsa. Pansi pamakutidwa ndi utuchi ndi udzu wouma. Amadyetsa mbalamezo ndi nyongolotsi, chakudya chofewa, zipatso ndi zipatso.
Nthawi yakubzala, awiriwo amawaika m'malo otetezeka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, okonda amayimba nyimbo zokondweretsa ngati chiweto, osati masewera, koma kusangalala ndi mawu awo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zikondwerero zakuda okonda chakudya chachikulu. Zakudya zomwe amakonda M'nyengo yozizira ndi mabulosi achisanu. Amakondwera kupaka zipatso za phulusa lamapiri, nyanja yamchere, apulo, viburnum. Mbalame zimapanga chiwopsezo chenicheni pamitengo iyi.
M'magulu, amakhala pa nthambi, ndipo amang'amba zipatso, ndikuzimeza zonse. Kwa mitengo, kuthamangitsidwa kotere ndikothandiza. Khosalo likapanga phwando, zipatso zambiri zimagwera pansi, pomwe mbewu zimamera ndikutuluka kwa masika.
Kuphatikiza apo, madzi ochokera m'mimba mwa thrush samasungunulira tirigu ndipo mbalame zimanyamula nthangala, zimasokonekera kulikonse. Pakutha kwa nthawi yophukira, mitengo yonse m'midzi ndi m'mizinda imakhalabe yopanda mitengo, ndipo pansi pa mitengo yozungulira, m'chipale chofewa, zala zambiri za zala zazitali za mbalame zikuwoneka.
Anthu okhala nthawi yotentha komanso olima sakonda zinthu ngati izi. Anthu amapanga mitundu ingapo yamankhwala kuchokera phulusa louma la paphiri, chinthu chachikulu ndikukhala ndi nthawi yosonkhanitsa zipatso zisanachitike. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalamezi zimakonda maswiti, ndipo ngati mbewu zamaluwa kapena zamatcheri zimakula pafupi ndi viburnum kapena mitengo ya apulo, zimakonda kuluma kaye.
Amakumbukira malo "okoma" otere, ndipo amawuluka kumeneko chaka chilichonse. Anthu ena amadyetsa zokhumudwitsa pomanga nyumba. Iwo amathiridwa ndi zipatso zouma, zipatso zouma ndi maapulo osenda bwino.
Chapakatikati, mbalamezi zimavulaza mbewu m'minda ndi minda. Amatha kukumba mabedi ndi mlomo wawo posaka mphutsi, kuponyera nthangala zobzalidwa pansi ndikapondaponda mbande. Komanso, amawukira pamabedi ndi sitiroberi, amawombera zipatso zosapsa.
Zowonongeka makamaka zimapangidwa m'minda ya zipatso yomwe zipatso zosowa komanso zotsika mtengo za zipatso zimabzalidwa. M'magawo angapo a dziko lathu, kuwombera tizirombo m'chilimwe ndi masika saloledwa. M'chilimwe zovala zakuda zakudya nyongolotsi, mitengo yam'madzi, mbozi, akangaude ndi crustaceans yaying'ono.
Anapiye awo amadyetsedwa ndi mphutsi ndi mphutsi zokha. Amawuluka kupita 'kukasaka' minda yomwe ili pafupi ndi madera omwe amakhala ndipo akufunafuna kampani yayikulu. Phula moss, kutulutsa masikono kuchokera pamenepo, kutembenuzira miyala, kukumba pansi ndi masamba agwa.
Amaphunzira padziko lapansi mofatsa. Ndi gawo lirilonse, amasunthira dothi, natukula mitu yawo kumbali. Kuwona nyongolotsi, khungayoyo imagwira mwachangu ndikuyikoka pansi, koma osadya nthawi yomweyo.
Mbalameyi imafuna kutola chakudya chochulukirapo, ndipo kuti nyongolayo isasokoneze, imayiponyera pansi, kuipukusa ndi mlomo wake, kenako ndikupitilira msipu. Amabweranso ndi nkhono zing'onozing'ono - kuwakhomera pamiyala kuti agawe chigombacho.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Zovala zobzala zimafika kumalo odyera kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Amakhala m'magulu okhaokha, momwe muli awiriawiri. Ali ndi atsogoleri - mbalame zakale komanso zodziwa, zomwe mwa iwo "banja" ndi malo abwino kwambiri pamtengowo.
Zokongola zakale zimamanga zisa asanakhazikitse ana, kudziwa malo omwe amakhazikika ndikuwunika kuwopsa ndi kuyandikira kwa chakudya. Sakonda nkhalango zamtundu, motero amasankha mitengo pomwe kuli dzuwa. Nthawi zambiri amakhazikika limodzi ndi oimira amtundu wina - omwe amayera. Mitundu yazakudya ndi zochita za mbalamezi ndizofanana.
Kupanga kwamtambo, kokha chachikazi. Choyamba, amakoka nthambi zoonda, zosinthika, pomwe amadula mbale. Udzu wouma umadzaza mipata, kenako umata makoma a chisa ndi dongo ndi dothi, mkati ndi kunja. Chifukwa cha izi, zisa za zikopa zakuda ndizolimba, zodalirika, sizikugwa mkati mwa zaka 2-3.
Amuna akumunda osatenga nawo mbali pankhaniyi, koma muperekeze banjali mukamawombera zida. Amaonetsetsa mosamala kuti nyamayo siziwomberedwa ndi adani. “Pulasitala” utatha kufota, mbalame zimabweretsa udzu wofewa, masamba ndi masamba pamenepo. Chisa chakonzeka kuti dzira lisungidwe.
Mu malo amodzi okha, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mazira atatu mpaka asanu, mtundu wobiriwira wonyezimira, wokhala ndi timadontho tambiri. Mtunduwu umakhala ngati kubisala kwa maso oyipa, olusa. Kamodzi, akatswiri a ornithologists adalemba mazira angapo mu clutch imodzi - zidutswa 12.
Kumaswa kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 16, ndi mkazi yekha amene amachita izi. Amuna, pakadali pano, amateteza zisa ndi zazikazi zawo. Sam'bweretsera chakudya, chifukwa chake amayenera kuchoka m'mazira ndi kuwuluka kukapeza chakudya. Anapiyewo akamaswa, makolo awo amawadyetsanso.
Pakatha masiku 15, mbalame zazing'ono zakuda zimayamba kufufuza padziko lapansi kunja kwa chisa. Sanadziwe kuti auluka bwanji, koma amalumpha panthambi kapena kukhala pamizu yamata. Kumanani ndi oyandikana ndi kulankhulana ndi mbalame zazing'ono.
Makolo apitilabe kuwadyetsa kwa milungu iwiri, nthawi imeneyi itakwana, anapiyewo amakhala odziimira pawokha. Amadziwa kale kuuluka mtunda waufupi kuchokera kunyumba ndikupeza chakudya. Pambuyo pake, chachikazi ikhoza kuyikira mazira kachiwiri.
Nyengo ikatha, atsogoleri azisonkhanitsa aliyense m'matumba, ndipo akuda amayenda. Amayamba "kuyendayenda", kusiya komwe kuli chakudya chokwanira. Masewera akamatha, paketi imayang'ana malo atsopano.
Kutalika kwa moyo wam'mimba kumatha zaka 10 mpaka 15, m'malo abwino. Akapolo, mbalame zimatha kukhala nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka 20. Koma, mwatsoka, m'malo achilengedwe, ambiri aiwo amakhala moyo mpaka kumapeto.
Pafupifupi 20% ya ana omwe amadutsidwa amadyedwa amoyo ndi omwe amadya, pomwe ena, monga akulu, amakumana ndi zomwezi. Mbalame zambiri zimafa kunkhondo, kuteteza zisa zawo kapena kusamuka. Nthawi yayitali yocheza m'munda wamtchire ndi zaka pafupifupi 6.