Madzi ndiwo amtundu waukulu kwambiri komanso wolimba kwambiri wa ma cephalopods munyanja yayikulu.
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu 210 ya ma mollusks omwe, kukula kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.25 mpaka 16.5 metres. Ndi ena okha omwe amawoneka kuti ndi otheka: squid wamba (Loligo) waku Argentina, Pacific, Commander kapena Peruvian.
Woimira ma cephalopods okhala ndi zida khumi amapezeka munyanja zokha ndipo samapezeka m'matupi amchere pang'ono, amchere.
Nyama ya squid imadziwika kuti ndi yopatsa thanzi komanso yopatsa thanzi pakati pa nsomba zam'madzi. Zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni osakanikirana mosavuta, mavitamini (C, PP, B6, E) ndi mchere (ayodini, potaziyamu, selenium, mkuwa, chitsulo, phosphorous) zimatsimikizira kapangidwe kazinthu zodzitetezera m'thupi, kumalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito molumikizana nthawi zonse, kuthamanga kwa magazi a munthu kumathandizira, "cholesterol" choyipa ", mchere wamphamvu umachotsedwa, mphamvu zimayenda bwino, ndipo mkhalidwe umakhala bwino.
Chifukwa cha zopindulitsa zake, nyama ya squid ndi ma tentpententi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, kuyika, kusuta, kusuta, kuyanika, kuphika, kusunga. Pamaziko awo, masaladi, sushi, nyama yamchere, ndi msuzi wam'madzi amakonzedwa.
Zakudya za Clam zimayamwa bwino ndi thupi, ndizoyenera kudya.
Kapangidwe ka squid
Chozungulira chili ndi zigawo zisanu za mahema, imodzi yomwe imatalikirana kwambiri pa chisinthiko. Ziwalo zamatsenga a squid zimayimiriridwa ndi ma statocysts, maso, papillas, kupuma - ndi ma gills. Kutengera mtundu, malo omwe makapu okufunira amisala amasiyana.
Thupi la squid limakhala lofanana ndi mawonekedwe, chifukwa cha kusinthaku amapanga liwiro loyenda mpaka makilomita 55 paola limodzi la “mchira” kutsogolo. Nyama zambiri zili ndi mitima itatu yolumikizidwa ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zitatu za mahema. Kapangidwe kamkati kamatimuwu kumapangitsa kuti athe kusinthanso. Pagulu la cholembera pali "muvi" wopepuka wa gladius, womwe umapangitsa kuti thupi lizikhala moyenera komanso lofanana ndi chipolopolo chamkati.
Mtundu wa nyamayi umasinthidwa ndimphamvu yamagetsi.
Chochititsa chidwi, mwachangu, cephalopods okhala ndi zida khumi amangokhala kumbuyo kwa ma dolphin ndi tuna. Ndizosambira zazikulu. Kuthawa kuthamangitsa, squid amatha kuuluka mamita makumi pamwamba pamadzi, ngati nsomba zouluka.
Kupangidwa kwamankhwala
Amphaka alibe kukoma kwa nsomba, samatikumbutsa nyama za nkhanu. Mollusk yophika moyenera ndi yofewa komanso yofewa, imakhala ndi mapuloteni omwe amatha kupukusa, amasunga mafuta a polyunsaturated, michere yopatsa thanzi. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina imatchedwa "ginseng."
Wawonda 2 - 5 nthawi zomwe ochita kusuntha amakhala ndi fungo la nsomba zakale komanso zowawa. Popewa kupewetsa poizoni m'thupi, ndizoletsedwa kudya zotere.
Zambiri zopatsa mphamvu zamagulu owerengeka, pa gramu 100, ndi:
- yokazinga - 175 kilocalories,
- yophika - 98.26 zopatsa mphamvu,
- zouma - 245.06 kilocalories,
- kusuta - 286 zopatsa mphamvu.
Kuphatikizidwa kolondola kwambiri kwa squid ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- zipatso zatsopano (maapulo, zipatso za zipatso, makangaza),
- masamba abwino a saladi (tsabola belu, kabichi, zitsamba, tomato).
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi za mollusk zimasungidwa kwambiri ngati ziziikidwa m'madzi otentha amchere ndi kuwiritsa kwa mphindi 5.
Zokhudza thupi
Kodi ma squid ndi othandiza:
- Kuchepetsa kutupa. Zambiri za selenium (63% ya tsiku ndi tsiku mlingo) wa nyama ya squid zimatsimikiza kuthekera kwa antioxidant pamalonda ndikuchepetsa kuwonetsa kwa nyamakazi ndi kupweteka.
- Amathandizira kuyamwa chitsulo. Mu 85 magalamu a mollusk amakhala ndi 90% ya mtengo wamkuwa tsiku lililonse.Maminolo awa amakhudzidwa ndikupanga maselo ofiira am'magazi, kuyamwa ndi kagayidwe kachitsulo, ndikuletsa kuperewera kwa magazi m'thupi.
- Sungani thanzi, tsitsi, misomali, khungu, minofu. Kuphatikiza apo, squid - gwero labwino kwambiri la mapuloteni a nyama, lomwe limapangidwa pang'onopang'ono m'thupi la munthu, limalepheretsa kusonkhanitsa mapaundi owonjezera.
- Khazikitsani shuga wa magazi.
- Muchepetse chiopsezo chotenga matenda a mtima (stroke, matenda a mtima) pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa homocysteine mthupi.
- Mutu wopepuka, migraines chifukwa cha zapamwamba za thiamine ndi riboflavin.
- Amapereka minofu ya m'mafupa ndi mano ndi "zomangira" - phosphorous, calcium.
- Limbikitsani chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa cha zinc. Zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti kusowa kwa chinthuchi kumapangitsa kuti thupi lizitha kutenga matenda opatsirana.
- Kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuletsa kukula kwa matenda oopsa.
- Mitsempha yopumula, thandizani minofu kukokana.
- Chotsani miyala yamchere yayikulu.
- Makina a endocrine ndi chithokomiro amasungidwa athanzi.
Mosiyana ndi ng'ombe ndi nkhuku, squid mulibe cholesterol, chifukwa chake, anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a mtima, mitsempha yamagazi imaloledwa m'zakudya.
Zina zopindulitsa za maolloll:
- amatulutsa matumbo
- kumakwiyitsa kumasula kwa madzi am'mimba,
- odzipereka
- Sichimapangitsa kusasangalala komanso kulemera m'mimba.
Ammagulu amakhala ndi ntchito yotikongoletsa, kukonza makumbukidwe, kulimbikitsa ntchito zamaganizidwe, ndikulimbikitsa kumanga minofu mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zamagulu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Contraindication
Ma squid ndi allergen amphamvu. Phindu ndi zopweteketsa za mbewa zimadalira momwe okhala m'madzi amakhala. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zomwe zili mu mercury m'matupi amadzi zikukula kwambiri, ndipo nsomba zam'nyanja, zimatenga ndikusunga zodetsa zilizonse zamafuta. Zotsatira zake, phindu lawo lazakudya limaponderezedwa. Zogulitsa zoterezi zimabweretsa chiopsezo ku thanzi la munthu.
Zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa squid:
- Kusalolera payekha pachinthucho.
- Ziwengo.
- Zilonda zam'mimba.
- Kukweza mafuta m'thupi. 100 magalamu a nyama ya squid ali ndi ma milligram 260 a mankhwala oopsa (87%).
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osuta kapena owuma kwambiri kuposa magalamu 150 nthawi imodzi, chifukwa amasunga madzimadzi m'thupi, kutsutsa kuchuluka kwa mchere, kupereka mphamvu pazakudya zam'mimba, ndikuwonjezera chikhalidwe cha pakhungu. Squid yophika yopanda zolakwika izi, kapangidwe ka BJU ndichakudya.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Zochepa zopatsa mphamvu za nyama ya mollusk zimalola kuti malonda azigwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya. Njira yochepetsera thupi pama squid ndi okhazikika muzakudya. Ubwino wawukulu wazakudya ndi kupezeka kwazinthu zomwe zimapanga, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi michere sizikhala zotsika mtengo kuposa nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chopatsa thanzichi chimapanga kuchepa kwa ayodini m'thupi, kukonza chithokomiro, kutsitsa cholesterol, ndikuchotsa mchere pazitsulo zolemera. Zoyipa za kadyedwe ndi monotony. Chifukwa chakuti nyama ya squid ilibe mafuta, chinthucho chimapangidwa mosavuta popanda kutsitsa chimbudzi.
Kutalika kwa njira ya squid sabata limodzi. Kuchepetsa thupi panthawiyi ndi ma kilogalamu 4. Kuti muwonjezere zothetsera izi, chitani masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa masiku 7 (chitani aerobics, kuyenda, kuthamanga, kusambira).
Zakudya za squid za tsiku lililonse:
kadzutsa - mphete za squid yophika (wopanda chiyembekezo) - 100 magalamu, mwatsopano wokhathamira watsopano kuchokera ku lalanje kapena apulo - mamililita 200, saladi wa masamba osaphika - 100 magalamu,
nkhomaliro - nyama yowiritsa squid (sirloin) - 2 zidutswa, peyala - 2 zidutswa.
chakudya chamadzulo - 100 magalamu a tchizi wowotcha, tiyi wobiriwira - mamililita 250, saladi wa azungu, mazira owiritsa, okometsedwa ndi 10% kirimu wowawasa - 100 magalamu.
Munthawi yonse ya kuwonda, kumwa zakumwa zamasamba, madzi, madzi (1.5 malita patsiku), tiyi wobiriwira. Pazakudya, ndizoletsedwa kudya zonunkhira, mchere, mayonesi, zamapichesi, zakudya zamafuta ndi nyama yokazinga.Pazakudya zosiyanasiyana, m'malo mwa squid saladi ndi msuzi wanyanja.
Pomaliza
Squid - "sea ginseng" kwa thupi la munthu, lomwe limathandizira dongosolo la endocrine, limalimbitsa minofu yamtima, mitsempha yamagazi, kuchotsa poizoni ndikuwongolera chimbudzi.
Zomwe zimapangidwira (B: W: Y = 18: 2.2: 2) komanso zopatsa mphamvu zama calorie pamalonda (110 kilocalories pa gramu 100) zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma mollusk pa kuwonda.
Zothandiza pa squid zimatengera mtundu. Mukamasankha mitembo, chonde dziwani kuti ayenera kukhala owundana, osati omata, opatukana mosavuta. Kanemayo yemwe amaphimba thupi la mollusk amatha kukhala ndi imvi-pinki kapena utoto wofiirira. Mtundu wake umatengera malo omwe anthu okhala m'madzi amakhala ndi zaka zawo. Nyama ya squid pansi pa filimuyo iyenera kukhala yoyera. Ngati imodzi mwazomwe sizigwirizana ndi zenizeni, izi zikuwonetsa kuphwanya kwa malo osungira. Mukaphika, nyamayi imamera, imakhala yowawa komanso yolimba.
Osagula mitembo yokhota, popeza kulibe zikopa za mollusk, kudziwa kutsitsimuka kwake ndikovuta.
Sikwidi Ndi cephalopods, omwe ali ndi miyendo 10. Amadya nthawi yayitali. Wokonda squid ku Roma ndi Greece. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu 200 ya squid, koma makamaka squid amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, kutalika kwake kumasiyana 20 mpaka 50 cm, ndipo kulemera kuli pafupifupi 300 g. Chiwembu ichi chili ndi mutu, mahema ndi thunthu (onani chithunzi).
Pa mashelufu mutha kupeza zowuma zouma, zouma ndi zam'chitini.
Kodi mungasankhe bwanji ndikusunga?
Kuti mupindule ndi ntchito ya squid ndi mbale yomwe idakonzedwa kuchokera ku mollusk iyi idatuluka yokoma kwambiri, muyenera kutsatira malangizo ena posankha:
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugula squid achisanu. Ngati mukuwona kuti matupi anyowa kale, ndiye kuti mukudziwa: mukadzaphika azikhala owawa komanso owawa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mbaleyo izikhala itasowa. Ganizirani kuti pamadzi oundana oundana osayenera kukhala osaposa 8% ya ayezi wake.
- Mitembo yomwe ili m'mipanda ndiyoyenera kulekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake - ichi ndichizindikiro kuti sanazizidwenso. Nthawi zambiri, olembetsedwa amalowa m'masitolo m'mabokosi momwe mumapezeka ma briquette atatu. Iliyonse mwa iyo, pafupifupi 11 kg ya squid. Kuti mukhale otsimikiza za funsoli, funsani wogulitsa limodzi kuti mulekanitse mitemboyo kuchokera pabizine ndipo musasankhe omwe ali pa counter.
- Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mtundu wa mamollusk umatengera mtundu wa filimuyo, koma sichoncho ayi. Kukula kwake ndi mtundu wa kanema zimadalira malo. Chachikulu ndichakuti nyama yomwe inkakhala pansi pake inali yoyera.
- Ngati mukuwona squid fillet, ndibwino kuti musayigule, chifukwa imapeza kuchokera kwa anthu akuluakulu a ku Peruvia. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma mollusk awa ali ndi kulawa kwina, komwe kudzafunika kukonzanso kowonjezera kuchokera kwa inu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma squid amenewo amawundana mobwerezabwereza, omwe amawononga kukoma kwawo ndi mawonekedwe.
- Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugula ma squid okhala ndi peyala kale, popeza adasokedwa kale, ndipo, monga mumazindikira kale, uku ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu.
- Ponena za mphete za squid, izi ndiye, zowononga zinyalala zazikulu, zomwe zidayatsidwa ndi kuzizira kambiri.
- Mukamasankha, ndikofunikira kuti mitemboyo ikhale yolimba, yopanda banga, zowonongeka zilizonse. Komanso lingalirani kuti pang'ono ndi nyama, nyama yabwino kwambiri idzakhala yabwino.
Mtembo wozizira ukhoza kusungidwa mufiriji kwa miyezi inayi. Ngati mwanyamula squid, ndiye kuti iyenera kuyikidwa mu chidebe chopukutira, chake, ndikuyenera kuyikanso mufiriji. Nthawi yosungirako ndi masiku atatu. Nyamayi yophika iyenera kuyikika mu chidebe ndi chivindikiro cholimba ndi firiji, koma osapitilira tsiku.
Zopindulitsa
Katundu wothandiza wa squid ndi kukhalapo kwake mwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika pakulimbitsa thupi. Chifukwa chake, nyama yam'madzi amtunduwu imakhala ndi mapuloteni omwe amatha kupukusa, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi moyo wakhama.
Nyamayi imakhala ndi taurine yambiri, yomwe imatha kuchepetsa magazi m'thupi komanso kuchepetsa magazi. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito squid pafupipafupi, mutha kuchepetsa kwambiri matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi.
Pali mavitamini E ndi selenium mu mollusks - zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kuyeretsa mchere wamchere wazitsulo zolemera.
Lilinso ndi ayodini wambiri, yemwe amasintha magwiridwe antchito a chithokomiro.
Pogwiritsa ntchito squid pafupipafupi, njira yogaya chakudya imayenda bwino. Kuphatikiza pazinthu zina, zimapangitsa kupanga msuzi wamatumbo.
Koyeserera kunapezeka kuti ochita zachiwerewere amakhala ngati othandizira ena, chifukwa chake amasintha zochitika m'maganizo ndi kukumbukira.
Ntchito yophika
Squid ndi chakudya chotchuka pophika, komwe mumatha kuphika mbale zambiri. Mollusks zitha kukhala zophika : kuphika, mwachangu, chithupsa, kununkhira, youma, utsi, ndi zina. Ma squid amathira zinthu zambiri, mwachitsanzo, monga chimanga, zipatso zouma, masamba, bowa, ndi zina zambiri zamatumbo zimaphatikizidwanso ku saladi, zokhwasula-khwasula, maphunziro oyamba ndi achiwiri. Pamodzi ndi zakudya zina zam'nyanja, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati toppings ya pizza ndi zophika zina.
Kodi kuphika nyamayi imakhala bwanji?
Squid ndi chinthu chomwe chimafunikira kukonzanso kwapadera kuti mafuta omaliza azitha kukhala okoma komanso athanzi. Chifukwa chake, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muzidziwitsa zinsinsi zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuthana ndi ena mwa mavuto omwe angabuke pokonzekera izi:
- Choyamba muyenera kuwononga mitembo. Kuti muchite izi, ziwayikeni mufiriji ndikuyembekezera kuti zisungunuke bwino. Zimatenga nthawi yambiri, koma mwanjira iyi ndizotheka kukhala ndi michere yambiri.
- Gawo lofunikira ndikudziyeretsa nokha kunyumba. Mutha kuyeretsanso mtembo wozizira powatsanulira madzi otentha, zomwe zingapangitse kuti filimuyo izipindika ndipo mutha kuichotsa. Nyama zaiwisi zosaphika ziyenera kuyikidwa m'madzi otentha, koma osati m'madzi otentha, kwa mphindi zitatu. Izi zidzapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuchotsa khungu ndi manja anu. Musaiwale kuchotsa mbale zowonekera zomwe zili mkati mwa mtembo.
- Ngati mukufuna kuphika nyamayi, ndiye kuti madziwo amafunika kuwaphika pasadakhale ndikuwonjezera zonunkhira. Mitemboyo iyenera kutsitsidwa m'madzi otentha kale, ndiye kuti potoyo iyenera kutseka ndi chivindikiro ndikuzimitsa moto. Pakatha mphindi 10, nyamayi ikhale yokonzeka.
- Ngati mukufuna kupha nyini zam'madzi, muyenera kuyamba kuphika anyezi, kaloti ndi adyo, ndipo mphindi 5 zokha kuphika kumapeto kumawonjezera squid. Kuphika ndikofunikira ndi chivindikiro chatsekedwa.
- Ngati mukufuna mwachangu squid, ndiye kuti muyenera kuchita izi pa kutentha kwambiri kwa mphindi imodzi. Kenako motowo uzimitsidwa ndi kuphimba poto ndi chivindikiro.
- Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse kuyendetsa squid. Ma Shellfish azisiyidwa kuti azigwira kwa maola awiri.
Poteteza kutentha kwa squid, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndikuchichita mwachangu, kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwakutali kumapangitsa kuti nyama ya mollusk iyi ikhale yolimba.
Kufotokozera kwam'midzi
Amphaka ndi ma decapod cephalopods . Amakonzedwa ku Roma ndi Girisi wakale. Akuluakulu akale adapatsa dzina lanyumbayo dzina loti "nsomba zokhala ndi mapiko" chifukwa amasambira bwino lomwe pogwiritsa ntchito matenti ake. Ndi ya anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja mwachangu. Nsomba zokha, tuna ndi ma dolphin zimayenda mwachangu kwambiri kuposa iye. Nyama ikuluikulu ikathamangitsa nyamayi, imasambira mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina imadumphira m'madzi, imawuluka makumi mamitala mlengalenga ndikugwera munyanja.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya squid padziko lapansi - pafupifupi 200 . Koma ndi ena okha omwe amadya. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi squid wamba. Kutalika kwake kumayambira 20 mpaka 50 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 200-300 g. M'mayiko ena, mitundu ina imadyanso.Pakuzama kwa nyanja mutha kukumana ndi squid wamkulu. Kutalika kwa mollusk kumeneku kumatha kukhala mpaka 20 metres. Thupi la squid limakhala ndi thupi (amatchedwanso chovala) ndi hema. Mu chovalacho muli ziwalo zamkati ndi chikwama cha inki. Pakudzitchinjiriza, mtambo wa inki umatuluka m'thumba ili, lomwe limakwirira chilichonse mozungulira ndikusokoneza mdani. Pakadali pano, nyamayi imatha kusiya malo omenyera nkhondo.
Amphaka, omwe nthawi zambiri amadyedwa, amapezeka munyanja za Asia, a Japan, China ndi Vietnamese akugwira. Muthanso kukumana nawo ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi nyanja zaku Argentina.
The squid zikuchokera
Mwanthawi zonse, nyamayi ili ndi madzi ambiri . Ili ndi pafupifupi 80% madzi. Pali mapuloteni ambiri mu nyama ya squid, pafupifupi 16 g pa 100 g ya mankhwala. Koma zopatsa mphamvu ndizochepa kwambiri m'mafuta ndi chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chakudya chabwino kwambiri.
Nyama ya squid ili ndi mavitamini olemera kwambiri. . Ili ndi vitamini B4 (choline) yambiri, ili ndi vitamini C ndi B3 (niacin). Komanso nyama ya squid yomwe ili ndi vitamini A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, B12 ndi E.
Mwa macronutrients, mumapezeka potaziyamu zambiri kwambiri komanso phosphorous mmenemo. Palinso calcium, sodium ndi magnesium. Muli zinthu zambiri zokutsatira. Nyama ya squid imakhala ndi mkuwa ndi zinc zambiri, komanso mulinso chitsulo, manganese ndi selenium.
Nthawi yomweyo, nyama ya squid imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa - 86 kcal pa 100 g yokha ya mankhwala.
Momwe mungadyere squid
Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imaphikidwa kwathunthu, kumangochotsa ziwalo zamkati . Ndipo thupi ndi ma tentpenta ndi okoma komanso ngakhale okoma kwambiri. Kuphika nyamayi, muyenera kuchotsa kaye khungu. Ndipo pali zakudya zambiri zokhala ndi squid zomwe mutha kuzitaya. Amawiritsa, kuwotchera, ndi kuphika, ndi kuphika, ndi kuwuma, ndi kukongoletsa, ndi zam'chitini. Ndi iwo mutha kupanga saladi, kukhala chiphika chachiwiri ndi mbale yam'mbali, kukhala mu fomu yowuma ya mowa komanso ngakhale kuphika msuzi. Izi zikuluzikulu ndizodziwika kwambiri m'maiko a East Asia ndi Mediterranean. Mwachitsanzo, Agiriki amakonda kwambiri mpunga ndi msuzi wa squid. Ndipo okhala ku Italy amawaphimba ndi tsabola wofiyira.
Chinsinsi 1. Squid ndi mpunga mkaka
Kuti mupatse squid ndi mpunga, muyenera kutenga nyama yatsopano ya squid kapena 0,5, 1 chikho cha mpunga, anyezi awiri, supuni 1.5 za ufa, supuni zitatu za batala, makapu 0,5 amkaka ndi zonunkhira kuti mulawe.
Ammadzi amafunika kuti azikhala ndi matumbo asanakonzedwe, atakhazikitsidwa ndi kupukutidwa bwino madzi. Kenako muyenera kuphika mpunga. Ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti sizimazizira. Ndipo ndibwino kusaphika pang'ono kuti mpunga ukhale wopanda pake. Nyama ya squid imafunika kudulidwa, yokazinga pang'ono ndikuphatikizidwa ndi mpunga. Kenako muyenera mwachangu anyezi wosankhidwa mu masamba mafuta ndi kusakaniza ndi mpunga ndi squid. Mkaka, batala umawonjezeredwa ndi kusakaniza, mchere ndi zonunkhira zina zimawonjezeredwa. Zonsezi zimayenera kuyikidwa mu poto, chivundikiro ndi simmer mpaka yophika.
Ammadzi amakhala m'malo onse a nyengo yozizira, kuphatikizanso ku Arctic, koma amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madzi ofunda komanso otentha. Amphaka omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa nyanja ali ndi gawo laling'ono poyerekeza ndi abale akumwera ndipo ambiri alibe utoto. Anzanu ali ndi magulu awiri a mahema. Lachiwiri limatalikirana pa chisinthiko. Malo omwe amapezeka ndi makapu oyamwa amalo osiyanasiyana. Zamoyo zopuma za squid ndi mayeso am'mimba. Zida zam'malingaliro ndi ma cell awiri, maso ndi papillas.
Mtunduwu umakhala wosiyanasiyana, mitundu yambiri mitundu imasinthidwa ndimphamvu yamagetsi.
Amphaka onse ndi nyama zolusa, amakhala ndi oyamwa pamiyala kuti alande nyama ndikuwapulumutsa kwa adani. Ma squid ambiri amakhala ndi mitima itatu, iliyonse yomwe imalumikizana ndi imodzi mwazitatu zazikuluzikulu. Chifukwa cha izi, kuthekanso kusinthanso zomwe zimapezeka mu squid.
Mitundu yambiri ya squid imatha kudya, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika ndipo imatha kuwedza. Mtembo ndi nyamayi komanso mahema. Khungu limatsukidwa. Njira zazikulu pokonzekera nyamayi: kuwira, kumalongeza, kukazinga, kulamula, kuyanika.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu saladi pamodzi ndi zakudya zina zam'nyanja komanso ngati chakudya chodziyimira pawokha.
Amphaka amakamizidwa kunyanja zakum'mwera kwa Asia: Vietnam, China, Japan, ndi zina zotere, komanso ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Amakhalanso pa alumali a Patagonia ndi Zilumba za Falkland, pafupi ndi Peru.
Milandu yodziwika ya squid imagwira anthu.
Nsomba yakale yachi Greek
Zakudya zokhala ndi ma mollusks izi zimalemekezedwa osati ndi ophika amakono: Agiriki akale ndi Aroma - otchuka a gourmet ndi hedonists - adakondwera ndi squid. M'masiku akale, squid amatchedwa nsomba zamapiko - amatuluka mwachangu m'madzi, mwachangu pamafunde aku Mediterranean kapena kufunafuna nyama yaying'ono. Ku Asia, komwe nsomba zam'madzi zakhala zikudziwika kuti ndizo chakudya chachikulu, squid ndiyotchuka kwambiri - zopindulitsa zawo ndi zovulaza zimadziwika kwa aliyense waku Japan, Wachinese ndi Vietnamese.
Mu ascetic Soviet Union, squid sizinali zodabwitsa mwina - adayamba kupangidwa mu 1960s, ndipo zaka zingapo pambuyo pake amayi a nyumba adayika masaladi ndi squid pamatafura a Chaka Chatsopano. Ndi chiani? Mmodzi mwamakope aposachedwa a The Book on Chokoma ndi Thanzi Labwino, okhala ku Soviet akulangizidwa kuti asangopatsa nyama zapamadzi ndi anyezi ndi zonona wowawasa, komanso zinthu, zozungulira ndi zoyeserera ndi azungu omwe ali nawo ...
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Nyengo yoswana ya squid wamba imakhala yambiri pachaka, koma nsonga zimayambika kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nyundo. Mu clutch pali mazira 20,000. Zimagawika pakati pa ma galatinous omwe amapanga mawonekedwe owumbika, ofanana ndi masoseji aatali kwambiri. Amalumikizidwa pamtunda wa mamita 35 kuzimitsa ndi zinthu zolimba. Itha kukhala miyala yamiyala, zinyalala pansi, zotsalira zakufa, milu yamchenga kapena miyala.
Kutalika kwa nthawi ya makulidwe kumatengera kwathunthu kutentha. Kutentha kwa madigiri 22 Celsius, ndi masiku 25. Ndipo kutentha kwa madigiri 12-14 Celsius, kumafika masiku 40-45. Mphutsi zosongoka zimafika kutalika kwa 1 cm ndipo ndizofanana ndi akulu. Akukula mwachangu. Mwachitsanzo, mu chisoti mu June, kutalika kwa chovalachi kumafika 12 cm pofika Disembala. Ndipo mchaka chimodzi chimakula mpaka 20 cm. Squid wamba amakhala zaka 2-3. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amakula mwachangu komanso amakhala ndi moyo wautali kuposa zazikazi.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
M'chilimwe, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimasungidwa mozama 20 mpaka 80 metres. M'nyengo yozizira, amapita mozama mpaka mamita 250 ndipo mpaka 500m. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala kum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa Atlantic hibernates pafupi ndi Portugal ndi Morocco, ndipo kasupe amayenda kupita ku gombe la France ndikupitilira ku North Sea mu Meyi - Juni. Mukugwa, chithunzi chosiyana chikuwoneka.
Mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, nyamayi wamba sizisuntha, koma zimagona kumapeto kwa chilimwe mozama kwambiri kuposa chilimwe. Chakudya chomwe chimakhala mollusks chimakhala nsomba. Mitundu ina ya cephalopod, nsomba zazinkhanira, zonyansa, mivi yam'nyanja imadyanso. Oimira amtunduwu nawonso amawukira abale awo, ndiko kuti, amakonzedweratu ndi cannibalism.
Mtundu uwu ukutanthauza zamalonda. Ndi gawo limodzi la zakudya ku Europe. Chifukwa chake, chaka chilichonse ma cephalopod amenewa amagwidwa kwambiri. Mu Nyanja ya Adriatic pakati pa Italiya ndi Balkan okha ndi omwe amapeza matani 1.5 miliyoni a squid wamba pachaka. Ndizosavuta kuzigwira, chifukwa maolloll amakhala m'masukulu akulu, chifukwa chake kugulitsa kumakhala kotsika.
Kuswana kwa squid
CHIKONDI ndi squid? Komanso ndikhale okoma mtima. Uku si kudula nsomba zam'madzi kwa inu, pomwe wamphongo amasankha gawo labwino kwambiri pansi, amamuteteza kwa amuna ena, amawotcha achikazi, ndipo atavala zovala zokongola kwambiri, amamuyang'anira. Osatinso ma octopus, momwe mwamunayo amawonetsera mwapadera ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuti adziwe kuti ali wokonzekera ntchito yofunika ndipo simungathe kuudya nthawi yomweyo, pokhapokha atangokwatirana, koma itha kukhala (mwachitsanzo, chimphona chachikulu cha North Pacific kuchokera ku Far Kummawa) zoposa ola1.Kukwatirana kwa squid, kumene, komwe kwaphunziridwa, kukuyandikira nthawi yankhondo yanthawi yaying'ono: asunthika palimodzi, akumamatira palimodzi, ndipo abalalika. Ndipo palibe mwambo! Chifukwa chake, mnzanga wina, wofufuza polar wotchuka, Igor Melnikov, atabwerako m'chilimwe cha 1992 kuchokera pagaleta lochokera ku Antarctica (kuchokera kumalo osunthira ku America-ku Russia Weddell-I) nati atakhala pamiyala ya ayezi mdzenje, adagwira ukonde wa ma squid awiri ndipo abweretsedwa posachedwa, - sindingathe kuganiza kuti chikondi chazikulu za squid chindiululidwa bwanji. Koma mu dongosolo!
Mating mu cephalopods onse amakhala ndi chakuti wamphongo amapatsira mkazi wina wamkazi kapena wamkazi. Spermatophore ndi phukusi lofanana ndi umuna wokhala ndi chubu chopapatiza. Ma spermatophores amatha kukhala aafupi kapena aatali (kuchokera mamilimita angapo mpaka mita kapena kupitilira, masentimita angapo). Ndipo izi sizongokhala chubu chokhala ndi umuna, koma chida chanzeru chomwe chili ndi chipolopolo chovuta komanso chida chodabwitsa kwambiri cha umuna, chomwe chili ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino, kasupe wamphamvu komanso chubu chophatikiza chomwe chimafikira amoyo amoyo, komanso ngakhale m'malo am'madzi (lingaliro la dokotala wa opaleshoni!) . Ma spermatophores amapezeka amphongo omwe ali m'chiwalo chapadera (chikwama cha needham), chikutha ndi mbolo, chomwe chingakhalenso chubu chosavuta kapena chipangizo chovuta. Ndipo amadzipereka kwa zazikazi zamtundu wina ndi mbolo, mwa zina zosinthidwa mwapadera, imatchedwa "hectocotyl" ndipo imakhala ndi ma clamp kapena ma tweezers apadera kuti amvetsetse spermatophore yomwe imatuluka mumsewu wamkati (phokoso lotseguka la cephalopod jet propulsion chipolopolo), ndikuchichotsa pachikazi, ndikuchiyika pamalo pomwe chikufunika.
Malowa ndiwotsimikizika ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa squid uli ndi wake: m'mabowo ena, dzenje pansi pakamwa lokhala ndi mbewa yolimba ya squid, mwa ena amapezeka pakamwa, mphete yozungulira pakamwa, mwa ena - pafupi ndi ma gills, pakhoma lamkati mwa chovala (membrane wamatumbo amthupi, omwe ma squid amayesedwa chifukwa amachidya), chachinayi - kumbuyo kwa mutu, pabowo lapadera. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti, palinso mitundu ya squid, momwe yamphongo sasamala komwe angagwirizanitse ndi ma spermatophores - ngakhale pamutu, ngakhale mchira, kuti angotsitsa.
Ngakhale ma spermatophores atayikidwa mu bowo lapadera, lotsekemera mkatikati mwa chovalacho kapena kugawa pakamwa - mulimonse, atasiya thupi la mwamunayo, amakumana ndi madzi am'nyanja, ndipo apa akuyamba njira yotchedwa spermatophore reaction, kapena, mopepuka, kuphulika kwa spermatophore. Tsitsi lokhazikika limang'amba membala wochepa thupi, ndipo madzi am'madzi am'madzi amalowa mumalowedwe amkamwa. Koma chigobacho chimakhala cholimba, chosanjikiza ziwiri, madzi osindikizira pachaka, chimakanikiza, ndipo pamapeto pake chigolopolo chakunja sichimalimba ndikuthyooka kumapeto kwa kasupe. Kasupe amatuluka, amakoka chigobacho chamkati chomwe chimakhala ndi umuna, ndipo chubu cha guluuwu umachiphatira pakhungu la squid. Pamenepo, umuna umadikirira modekha, womwe nyamayi imakhala kamodzi kamodzi moyo. Squid amatha kukwatiwa asanatulutse, kukhala wokhwima kwathunthu, ndipo mwina kutalitali kutalikirana, kwa miyezi iwiri, itatu, itatube isanakhwime. Pankhaniyi, abambo kulibe konse pazovunda; pofika nthawi imeneyi, mwina atha kale.
Nayi mazira achikazi akusesa. Ngati ma spermatophores atakulungidwa pafupi ndi zotchingira - mazira amadutsa pomwepo atatuluka m'mimba, ngati ma spermatophores atayikidwa pambali ya mkazi - mazira amakhala odulidwa mbali ziwiri m'mphepete mwa khosi, kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa nape, ngati atulutsira pakati pa mulingo, ndiye kuti akudutsa kudutsa mphete ya spermatophores kuzungulira pakamwa. Mazira amtunduwu amaikira mazira pomwe umuna umasungidwa, ndikumizidwa.
Kukhwima kwamatimu mwachangu kuli ngati nkhonya yam'mlengalenga.M'magawo onse awiri, kupambana patsogolo pasadakhale kumatsimikiziridwa mwaukadaulo: kuwuluka ndege - ndi locator, kuwerengera kwa kompyuta kuwukira ndi chipangizo chamakono cha roketi kapena mfuti ya mpweya, m'magulu a squid - omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a spermatophore komanso zida zanzeru zopezera ukala pamalo oyenera ndikuusunga momwe ungakhalire wogwira zinthu kwa miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu - popanda nayitrogeni amadzimadzi!
Chilichonse chikuwoneka bwino. Pazifukwa zina ndinakwanitsa, kuti si onse. Nditangofika kugwira ntchito ku Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences ndipo ndinayamba kuphunzira squid yam'madzi ndi octopus, nditapeza manja awiri achikazi - ndinachotsedwa pamimba ya nsomba ya alepisaurus, yomwe inagwidwa mu 1963 ku Indian Ocean, kumwera kwa Sumatra, abwana anga N.V. .Parin. Ma squid onse anali okhathamira kwathunthu, ngati si squid, koma jellyfish, komanso opanda tent tent. Koma sizinali chifukwa cha mtundu wa gelatinous womwe adamwetsa, ndipo osati chifukwa cha ma tententi, chifukwa nsomba yawo idalimidwa: nyamayi inali yochepa thupi, utoto wonse udasungidwa, ndipo onse awiri amagwira kamtunda kamodzi pamimba pawo. Zingwe zazitali - monga zidulidwa ndi mpeni wakuthwa, kuyamba pang'ono m'mbuyo kuchokera kutsogolo ndikupita kumchira womwe uli wofanana ndi cholowera chamthupi. Spermatophore mitu imatulukira m'chigawo chilichonse, ndipo chosangalatsa ndi: ma spermatophores enieniwo amaikidwa pansi pakhungu (kwathunthu!) M'matumba a malaya, ndipo mitu yawo yokha (malo omwe tsitsi limalumikizika) komanso m'khosi. Komanso, ma spermatophores onsewa ndi opanda kanthu, popanda ukala, chigoba chimodzi. Zikuwoneka kuti, umuna unagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zake: zazikazi zonse zimawonekera, ndipo zinalibe mazira okhwima.
Ma squid amenewa akhala akufotokozedwa kuyambira kalekale. Amakhulupilira kuti uwu ndi mtundu wapadera ndi mitundu ya Chaunoteuthis mollis (mollis yachi Latin), momwe, mosamvetseka, ndizachikazi zokha zomwe zimadziwika, zonse zokhwima, zonse zamtundu wa galatinous, zonse zopanda mahema komanso mabala pamimba zawo: ndani yemwe wadula kamodzi , kumanja kapena kumanzere kwa pakati pamimba (a - c pachimodzimodzi), yemwe ali ndi awiri (mbali zonse ziwiri). Ndipo m'magawo - spermatophores. Koma mtundu ndi mitunduyi ndi ya banja lomwe mitundu yonse ndi mitundu imakhala yamtundu, wokhala ndi mahema akuluakulu komanso mahema okhala ndi zibowo zazikulu zakuthwa. Banja limatchedwa:--squid, Onychoteuthidae. Ganizirani: nyamayi, yokhala ndi zolocha, koma yopanda nyama ndi mbedza. Popanda amuna.
Kodi zimachitika bwanji m'mimba mwa mkazi ndipo mazira amakhathamiritsa bwanji? Olemba osiyanasiyana ati, wamwamuna amapanga zidutsazo ndi mulomo wake, ndipo zazikazi, kusesa mazira, kuyiyendetsa pansi pa mimba yake, ndipo m'njira momwe zimagwirizidwira. Chosangalatsa: Mlomo wa squid, ngati mulomo wa parrot, siwofunda, ndi bwino kuluma, koma osati kumadula chakudya, ikhoza kuthyola chovala chachikazi, koma osadula. Mazira amatuluka kudzera mumng'alu kupita kumutu, ndipo nkovuta kuti mayiyo atembenuzire m'mimba mwake, ndipo ngati atachita bwino, ndi mazira angati omwe azitha kuthiridwa manyengawa panthawi yodabwitsa chonchi?
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti iwo omwe akukhala mozama kupitilira 2 km kubereka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake aguluguwa am'madzi akuya apanga njira zapamwamba zoberekera.
Katswiri wazomera Henk-Jan Hwing wochokera ku Yunivesite ya Groningen ali ndi chidwi ndi momwe squid ya Decapodiform cephalopods imaberekera. Kuphatikiza pa cephalopod uyu, H ratang adafufuza mitundu isanu ya squid ndi cuttlefish - kuyambira squid wamkulu wamamita 12 kupita ku mini-squid wosaposa 25 mm kutalika.
Malinga ndi H love, kuphunzira nyamayi yakuzama kwambiri ndikadali kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ndi kovuta kufikirako. Kuti muwone ma cephalopod awa m'chilengedwe, pamafunika njira yapadera. Chifukwa chake, wasayansiyo anayenera kukonzanso zikhalidwe zogonana za squid, wokhutira ndi zitsanzo zakufa ndi mafotokozedwe a akatswiri ena. Komabe Dutchman adakwanitsa kupanga zinthu zina.
Monga momwe wasayansi wazakeyo amanenera, "kubereka sikosangalatsa, makamaka ngati ndiwe squid."
Mu Taningia danae mollusk mitundu, amuna amavulaza thupi la achikazi akuya masentimita asanu omwe ali ndi milomo ndi zibowo pakati pa kukhwima.Ndipo zonse chifukwa mtundu wamtunduwu sukhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Koma kuchokera ku "kudzisintha" kotereku abwenzi amapeza phindu lalikulu. Amuna amaika "ma sachets" omwe ali ndi umuna mu mabala - spermatophores.
Oimira ena mwa mitundu inanso yam'madzi akuya "okhala ndi zida zambiri" ya Moroteuthis amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo. Zowona, njira yachilendo yachulukitsidwe a ma squid awa ndi yamtendere kwambiri. Spermatophores amalowa pakhungu popanda kuvulaza. Malinga ndi H kukonda, amuna amakhala ndi mtundu winawake wa chinthu, womwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ensaulo yomwe imakuthandizani kuti "musungunuke" khungu.
Achikondi adapeza chitsimikizo kuti ma spermatophores amalowa okha pakhungu. Wofufuza uja anatha kuwona njirayi m'magulu atsopano omwe agwidwa kale. Komanso, madokotala aku Japan ajambulitsa vuto loponya ma spermatophores am'matumbo a anthu. Osati kale kwambiri, opaleshoni idachitidwa ku Land of the Rising Sun, pomwe "zikwama za umuna" za cephalopod zinachotsa wokonda wina wa pakhosi.
Koma mini-squid Heteroteuthis dispar adaganiza zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa. Akazi amtunduwu amaphatikiza mazira awo pawokha, mkati mwa thupi. Malinga ndi Hothando, adapanga chikwama chapadera chothandizira kusunga umuna, womwe umalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mkati mwa thupi ndi ziwalo zoberekera.
Pakukhwima, amuna amadzaza thanki iyi ndi umuna. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizopatsa kwambiri kotero kuti kupezeka kwake kumatha kukhala mpaka 3% ya kulemera kwa mkazi. Malinga ndi katswiriyu, njirayi ili ndi zabwino zambiri kwa amuna ndi akazi. Zachikazi zimatha kukula mazira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikupanga pang'onopang'ono umuna ukadzakula. Ndipo amuna "ophulitsidwa" ali ndi chitsimikizo kuti atsikana awo ali ndi umuna wofanana.
Anapeza Okonda pakati pa anamwali ndi amuna "achiyerekezi". Ammuna si nkhono; hermaphroditism nthawi zambiri simapezeka mwa iwo. Koma Ancistrocheirus lesueurii adawonetsa timinofu tating'ono tomwe timathandizira pakupanga mazira achikazi. Kutalika kwa thupi la osagwirizana ndi iwonso sikunali koyenera kwenikweni - kuposa kwa "abambo" abwinobwino.
Wokonda sangathe kufotokozera izi ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndizopangidwanso zamahomoni zochokera m'mapiritsi a anthu. Zomwe zoyamba ndi zonyansa zimagwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kenako mpaka kuya. Koma, wofufuza zachilengedweyu akuwonjezera kuti, izi zitha kukhala "zopanga" zawo zokha zaimadzi - njira yachilendo yokhala pafupi ndi azimayi.
Wasayansiyo akuyembekeza kuti kafukufuku wake sangophunziranso zambiri za cephalopods zakuya panyanja, komanso kuthandiza kuwateteza ku umbombo wa anthu. Zowonadi, sikuti kafukufuku wokha amangolowa mkati mwakuya, komanso nsomba zatsopano za asodzi.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zimasindikizidwa patsamba la University of Groningen.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa munyanja yakuya. Osazolowereka kwambiri ndi okhala phosphorescent okhala munyanja yakuya. Nyama, nyama ndi amodzi mwa ochepa omwe anapatsidwa luso lotere.
Dziko lamkati lamadzi ndi chilengedwe chodabwitsa, chomwe mpaka pano sichinafufuzidwebe. Mwa anthu okhala mozama pali zolengedwa zomwe sizimangokongola mu kukongola kwawo, komanso zowopsa mu kukula kwawo ndi mphamvu zawo. Chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsachi ndi squid wamba - woimira gulu la anyankhondo okhala ndi zida khumi, omwe ali mgulu la cephalopods.
Onani zomwe "Common squid" ali mu mabuku otanthauzira ena:
Gulu Lasayansi Ya squid Mastigoteuthis flammea Sayansi ... Wikipedia
- (Loligo) chinyama chochokera mkalasi ya cephalopods (Cephalopoda), chosakanizira cha Dibranchiata-chachiwiri, chigawo china cha decapod (Decapoda), chochokera kubanja. Myopsidae. Mitundu ya Loligo imadziwika ndi thupi lamtambo, lolozera kumbuyo, lomwe lili ndi zipsepere zitatu mkati ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus ndi Ephron
- (Loligo) chinyama kuchokera pagulu la cephalopods (Cephalopoda), dongosolo la miyendo iwiri (Dibranchiata), gawo loyambira la decapod (Decapoda), lochokera kubanja. Myopsidae. Mitundu ya Loligo imadziwika ndi thupi lamtambo, lolozera kumbuyo ndi zipse zamkati zitatu ... ...
- (Loligo) chinyama chochokera mgulu la ma cephalopod mollusks (Cephalopoda), dongosolo la awiri-gill (Dibranchiata), gawo lozungulira la decapods (Decapoda), lochokera kubanja. Myopsidae. Mitundu ya Loligo imadziwika ndi thupi lamtambo, lolozera kumbuyo ndi zipse zamkati zitatu ... ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus ndi I.A. Efron
Squid wamba (lat. Loligo vulgaris) amatanthauza cephalopods kuchokera pagulu la zida khumi (lat. Decapodiformes). Amakhala m'madzi amchere. Madera ake ali kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean kuchokera ku Ireland kupita ku Guinea, kuphatikizanso Nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Malilankhuliwa nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi osaya, osadzigwira pansi kapena kusambira m'madzi. M'mayiko ambiri, nyama yawo amaiona kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali.
Kusodza kwa squid kwam'madzi kumachitika usiku, pomwe ayamba kusaka pamodzi gulu la ziweto zophunzirira.
Chiyerekezo cha kugonana
Zambiri pazakugonana kwama cephalopod ndizosowa komanso zotsutsana. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'manja mwa ofufuza, popeza kuti kusonkhanitsa kwa squid kunyanja nthawi zambiri kumachitika nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizotheka kukambirana za kuchuluka kwa anthu ogonana osati pagulu lonselo, koma gawo lina lokha. Mwachitsanzo, kumadera a m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean mu Januware ndi February, amuna a ku Loligo vulgaris ndi ochulukirapo kuposa achikazi, mu Marichi chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chimafanana, kenako akazi amapambana. Izi ndichifukwa choti amuna amtunduwu amakhala okhwima kale kuposa akazi ndipo amayandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti atumbuke. Chiwerengero chosagonana pakati pa amphaka chitha kufotokozedwanso kukula kwamtundu wa amuna ndi akazi. Amuna azama media a Alloteuthis ndi ochepa kuposa akazi ndipo chifukwa cha izi ndizosavuta kudutsa m'mayendedwe a trawls.
Kuwona zomwe zidapezekedwa ndi olemba osiyanasiyana, timakhala ndikukhulupirira kuti chiwerengero chenicheni cha ogona chimakhala pafupi ndi 1: 1, ndipo kupatuka kulikonse kwakukulu kuchokera pamtunduwu kumayambitsidwa ndi zolakwika posonkhanitsa zida. Komabe, mwachitsanzo, mu Todarode sagittatus, akazi amapezeka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake ndi kangapo, nthawi zina nthawi zambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa amuna. Kukula kwa akazi ndi mawonekedwe a Dosidicus gigas, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis ndipo mwina, Lolliguncula mercatoris.
Matching ndi umuna
Squing mating imachitika makamaka m'njira ziwiri.
Njira yoyamba -abwenzi amayandikira ndikukhala mutu-wamutu. Manja awo amapindika. Ndi dzanja lokwezeka, mwamunayo amachotsa zovala zamkati mwake ndikuzisamutsira ku cholandirira pakamwa pakamwa.
Njira yachiwiri -amphongo imakhala pansi pamimba ya mkaziyo kapena kuyandikira kuchokera kumbali kuti mutu wake ukhale pamalaya ake. Wamphongo amatha kumangirira chovala chachikazi ndikuchigwira mwamphamvu, kenako ndikumasinthanitsa ndi zofukiza kumaliropo ndi chovala chamkazi.
Poona kuti ma spermatophores nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi thumba la mkazi, kumayendetsedwa mkati mwa chida chakunja kwa chovalacho, choyikidwa kumbuyo kwa chovala chamkati, etc., pali njira zina zolembera, koma sizinawone mwachindunji ndi aliyense.
Mtundu umodzi wa squid umatsatiridwa ndi njira ya "mutu mpaka mutu", ndikumadzadza umuna pamkamwa wamkazi ndi umuna (Loligo vulgaris, Todor odes pacificus, Dosidlcus gtgas, Symplectoteuihis oualaniensis, mwachidziwikire U. sagittalus, Todaropsis eblae. ,, ena amasintha ma spermatophores kokha kumkono wamkati wamkazi, mwachitsanzo, Illex imprcebrosus. Komabe, squid zamtundu wina amatengedwa ndi njira yoyamba ndi yachiwiri (Loligo pealei, L. opalescens, Sepioteuthis minimoniana t Doryteuthis plei). Zikuwoneka kuti kuphatikiza kwa njira zingapo za mating kumapereka chonde chodalirika cha mazira.
Makhalidwe osangalatsa a squid panthawi yakukhwima. Amuna ndi akazi onse ndi osangalala mosaneneka. Akazi a Loligo pealei amapitilira mosagwedezeka, ndikuyenda pang'ono ndi manja awo, kenako ndikukulungani pamodzi, kenako ndikufalikira. Amuna okonzeka kukhwima amatsata achikazi nthawi zonse, kumakhala nawo. Kenako yamphongo imachita mbeta ndi kugwira mkaziyo kutsogolo kwa mutu. Zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi manja ndipo zimakhalabe m'malo ano nthawi yonse yobwereza.Amphongo amatenga zikwama za ma spermatophores omwe amatuluka mumkodzo wamkati kudzera pansalu, ndikuwachotsa kwa hectocotyl ndikumawapititsa kumkamwa wamkaziyo, komwe amawasungitsa kwakanthawi mpaka ubwamuna wonse utuluke ndikudzaza cholozera cha mbewu. Ntchito yonseyi imakhala pafupifupi masekondi 10. Mwanjira imeneyi, L. pealei nthawi zambiri imakopedwa nthawi yayitali isanatulutse, pomwe mazira achikazi amakhala asanakhwime. Asanayike mazira, squid mate kachiwiri. Wamphongo amagwirizira chachikazi ndi chovala ndi manja awo nthawi yomweyo, wogwira zikwangwani zotuluka mumalirowo ndi hectocotyl, ndikuzisamutsira chovala chamkazi. Gawo la umuna limatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi, komabe, ambiri amakhalabe pafupi ndi oviduct. Matching amabwerezedwa kangapo. Amuna ena nthawi zina amakhala osangalala kwambiri mpaka amayesa kukwatirana ndi abambo ena ndikugona zigamba zazovala zawo.
Mazira a squid amathira chovala mu malaya pomwe mazira amatuluka ku maliseche, kapena akamadutsa kontrakitala yamanja - panthawiyi umuna umachokera kuchotseka cha buccal ndikumagwirira mazira.
Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa ma spermatophores
Ma spermatophores omwe amapangika amadziunjikira mchikwama chapadera cha spermatophore (ziwalo zamphongo). Adzaza ndi umuna, ndi oyera. Kupanga kwa ma spermatophores mwa amuna okhwima kumapitilizabe, kotero kuti gawo la Needham nthawi zonse limakhala ndi zina zomwe amapereka.
Kunja, squid spermatophore imawoneka ngati chubu losindikizidwa mbali imodzi kapena, moyenera, chubu chatsekedwa ndi Nkhata Bay. Spermatophore imakhala ndi chosungira cha umuna komanso zida zowonjezera zam'mimba. Gawo lalikulu la zida izi ndi ulusi wopota, wophukira kuchokera kumutu wa spermatophore kupita ku chosungira ndi umuna, komwe umalumikizidwa ndi thupi lapadera la simenti. Kasupe amakhala ndi umuna mpaka spermatophore "akaphulika". Pamene spermatophore ili pakamwa pakamwa kapena m'kati mwa chovala chachikazi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwira simentiyo imagwira thovu ndipo umuna umatulutsidwa kuchokera pakhungu la "lomwe linaphulika" mpaka pansipo ya thupi la mkazi.
Kutalika kwa ma spermatophores mu cephalopods ndikosiyana kwambiri. Masamba atali kwambiri a octopus Outopus dofleirti (1.2 m). M'maphunziro ena, kutalika kwa ma spermatophores kumakhala kofanana ndi kutalika kwa chovala ndipo amathanso kupitilira.
Kukula kotheratu kwa ma spermatophores mu squid kumasiyana kuchokera 2 mm (Enoploteuthidae) mpaka 10-20 masentimita mu squid wamkulu wa mtundu Architeutkis.
Makulidwe ocheperako a ma spermatophores mu squid ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi octopus, saposa 20-25% ya kutalika kwa chovala. Ma spermatophores ang'onoang'ono ali ndi squid a banja la a Loliginidae, kutalika kwawo sikokwanira kuposa 7-8% kutalika kwa chovala. Kukula kwakakulu kwambiri kwa spermatophores mu banja la Ommastrephidae ndi 16-25% kutalika kwa chovala.
Kukula kwa ma spermatophores kumawonjezeka ndi kukula kwa chinyama, koma pang'onopang'ono kuposa kukula kwa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Loligo vulgaris wochokera ku Mediterranean, wokhala ndi chovala 14 masentimita, kutalika kwa ma spermatophores ndi 7% kutalika kwa chovala, komanso kutalika kwa malaya kutalika kwa 30 cm - 6%.
Kukula kwa ma spermatophores siofanana kwa woimira amodzi amodzi kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana. Amuna amtundu umodzi wa Octopus vulgaris wochokera ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean ali ndi ma spermatophores ataliitali kwambiri kuchokera ku Western Atlantic.
Zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano wotsimikizika pakati pa kukula kwa ma spermatophores ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Ku Loliginidae, ma spermatophores ndi ochepa koma ambiri: ku Loligo vulgaris, 800 kapena kuposerapo, ku L. pealei, mpaka 400. Ku Ommastrephidae, komwe kali ndi ma spermatophores, kuchuluka kwawo ndi 100-250, ndipo mwa mitundu ikuluikulu monga Dosidicus gigas, 300-1200. Zikuwoneka kuti, zocheperako zomwe ndizofanana ndi ma spermatophores, ndizochulukirapo. Kwa cuttlefish ndi octopus, kudalira komweku kumakhala kotheka: ku Sepia officinalis, yomwe imakhala ndi spermatophores (kutalika kotalika - 7.6-5.9%) - pafupifupi zidutswa 1400, ku Pteroctopus tetracirrhus (kutalika kwa 91.1-100.0%) - zidutswa 12 zokha.
Kuchuluka kwa ma spermatophores mu chinthu cha needham kumawonjezeka ndi zaka, amuna azaka ziwiri ali ndi ma spermatophores ochulukirapo kuposa a chaka chatha.
Chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa mazira
Mazira a cephalopods nthawi zambiri amakhala owulungika, otambalala mulingo umodzi wautali, osawoneka bwino ngati peyala kapena ozungulira.
Ma octopus ambiri ndi ma cuttlefish ali ndi mazira akuluakulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, octopus Octopus Conispadiceus ali ndi mainchesi a 30 mm. M'magulu amphaka, nthawi zambiri sapitirira 2,5-3 mm ndipo oimira genus Sepioteuthis okha amakhala ndi mazira akuluakulu (m'mimba mwake mpaka 1.5 cm).
Mwachilengedwe, mazira ang'onoang'ono, omwewo amakula kwambiri m'mimba mwa mkazi, motero kukula kwa squid ndi kukula kwa mazira ake kumagwirizana kwambiri.
Kukula kwa mazira okhwima kwenikweni sikumakula ndikukula kwa akazi, chifukwa chomwe akazi akulu amakhala ochulukirapo kuposa ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala okhwima kwa nthawi yoyamba.
Njira yosinthira mazira m'mimba mwake imasiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu. M'magulu ochepa, mwachitsanzo mu Cranchiidae ena, si mazira onse omwe amapanga nthawi imodzi, koma m'magulu ang'onoang'ono moyo wonse wachikazi. Mazira amasunthidwa akamakula ndikufalikira.
M'matimu ambiri, pofika nthawi yophukira, pafupifupi mazira onse omwe amapezeka m'mimba yam'mimba, kutulutsa kumachitika nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Loligo vulgaris, pafupifupi mazira onse mu ovary amatulutsidwa.
Ngakhale kumatalikirana kwakanthawi kochepa, m'mimba mwa akazi m'masiku ochepa-pomwe pali masamba atatu a mazira omwe amasiyana ndi utoto. Mazira ang'onoang'ono osakhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala opaque, akamakula, amayamba kulimba, kukulira, kukhala wowonekera komanso kukhala wachikasu (Loligo vulgaris), lalanje-lalanje (Lolliguncula brevis) kapena lalanje (Illex oluschebrosus coindeti).
Fecundity ya squids imasiyana kuchokera ku makumi angapo (Sepioteuthis) mpaka mazira mazana angapo (Ommastrephes caroli, Dosidicus gigas, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis). Nyama za m'madzi zomwe zimapezeka m'malo mwa nyanja ndi nyanja mwina zimakhala ndi chonde kuposa mitundu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, a nerigic Loliginidae nthawi zambiri samayikira mazira osakwana 3-5,000, ndipo mitundu yam'madzi yamtundu wa Ommastrcphidae ndi Cranchiidae - makumi ndi mazana masauzande.
Dzira litagona
Pali mitundu iwiri ya zomangamanga za squid - pansi ndi pelagic. Dzira lirilonse mu clutch limavala chigoba chowaza, ndipo pamwamba pa unyinji wonse wa mazira amangiriridwa ndi kapisozi kapamwamba ngati mawonekedwe. Zipolopolo zakunja kwa mazira zimasungidwa ndi ma oviduct ndi zofunikira zosafunikira, kotero kuti mazira amayikidwa kale otetezedwa ndi zipolopolo.
Kukula ndi mawonekedwe omangira amatha kukhala ngati mtundu. Magulu a squid a Loligo vulgaris, L. thibesi, pealei, L. opalescens, Alloteuthis media, A. subulafa, Sepioteuthis minimoniana, S. sepioidea ndi mitundu ina ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizodziwika bwino.
Ndodo za pansi zonse za Myopsida: Zimawoneka ngati zingwe zazing'onoting'ono za magelatin kapena matumba a kutalika kosiyanasiyana, ophatikizidwa ndi maziko a gawo lapansi - miyala, zipolopolo, zidutswa za miyala, matanthwe, udzu wanyanja, algae kapena kungoyambira pansi. Akazi ndi manja awo osakanikirana ndi mazira odzaza ndi mazira, kuluka zimayambira limodzi.
Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amaikira mazira pamalo amodzi ngati womanga m'modzi, koma nyamayi zina zimapanga ubweya zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, muma media a Alloteuthis, mkazi samayikira mazira osapitilira 200-300 pamalo amodzi (kuchokera pa 1000-1400), kotero kuyika kwa mayi m'modzi kumabalalika pansi m'malo angapo.
Ku Loligo vulgaris, m'malo mwake, wamkazi amayesa kuyikira mazira ake pomwe pali zibambo za akazi ena amtundu womwewo. Izi zimadzetsa kuti m'malo ena mazira omwe anaikira a L. vulgaris okhala ndi wokutidwa wokwira pansi pansi kwambiri. Mu L. opalescens, mazira amayikidwanso mulu waukulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magawo mpaka 12m mulifupi.
Malo am'munsi mwa Loliginidae amapezeka kufupi ndi gombe, kumpoto kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri mumvula yamkuntho, mazira ambiri ndi mitembo yam'madzi zoponyedwa pansi zimaponyedwa kugombe ndi mafunde.
Ku South India, Sepioteuthis minimoniana imazungulira m'malo osaya komanso osakhwima omwe amakhala ndi udzu wanyanja ndi algae, omwe nthawi zambiri amawuma nthawi yamvula. Mazira a squid amenewa samangokhala pazinthu za pansi ndi udzu zokha, komanso zotsalira za zomimba zoyandama - nthambi, mitengo yamtengo, ndi zina.
Oimira mtundu uliwonse amakonda dothi komanso kuya kwakuya. Ku Gulf of Lyon, zachikazi za Loligo vulgaris zimamera kwambiri pamchenga komanso zopanda kanthu pazama pansi pa 20-80 m, pomwe ma TV a Alloteuthis amakonda dothi kapena tinthu tambiri ta udzu wanyanja Posidonia pakuya kwa 10-30 m.
Ma Ommastrephidae ena amakhalanso mazira pansi.Awa ndi Todarode pacificus, omwe mwina ndi T. sagittatus, Illex imprcebrosus, etc.
Pazochepa kwambiri sadziwika pamakhalidwe amuna ndi akazi agalu akaika mazira. Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti akazi a Loligo opalescens amakhala pafupi ndi ndodo nthawi ya chitukuko. Akazi a Doryteuthis kuchonderera amateteza masonry kwakanthawi ndikusambitsa ndi madzi abwino. Komabe, ambiri agalu amafera atangotuluka, kotero ma clutch amakula popanda makolo, mosiyana ndi ma octopus ochokera ku banja la Octopodidae, omwe akazi awo "amawaswa" mazira, amakhala pafupi nawo, nthawi ndi nthawi amawathirira ndi madzi abwino kuchokera pamalopo ndikuthamangitsa nyama zambiri zodya nyama. Monga lamulo, octopus wamkazi samadyanso nthawi yonseyi ya chitukuko cha mazira ndipo amamwalira ataswa. Akazi a Argonauts amaswa mazira awo m'makhola apadera kumbuyo kwawo.
Titha kuganiza kuti nyamayi yambiri yam'madzi imakhala ndi mazira a pelagic. Kuganiza kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi chakuti mitundu yambiri ya squid nthawi zambiri imakhala kutali ndi gombe lakuya kwambiri, imakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi osasamukira kumadzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Ma squela masonry osanja, omwe amadziwika ndi ofufuza, ndi amtundu womwewo. Zikuwoneka ngati yopyapyala (mpaka 30 cm) ndi kutalika (mpaka 1-2 m kapena kupitirira) riboni yowoneka bwino, yoyera kapena soseji, mkati momwe mazira amagona m'mizere yambiri kapena yocheperako. Dzira lirilonse limasiyanitsidwa ndi loyandikana nthawi yayitali. Clutch 1.5-1.8 m kutalika ndi 30 cm mulifupi muli mazira 20,000. Kupanga koteroko kumakhala kowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo, mothandizidwa ndi mafunde, mafunde ndi mafunde, amang'ambika zidutswa, nthawi zambiri amakhala ali ngati mpira. Ma squid okhala ngati mawonekedwe a riboni kapena ozungulira amapezeka kawirikawiri pamtunda wamadzi. Munthawi yakukonzekera mazira (musanayambe kumeza mphuthu), zidutswa zoterezi mwachidziwikire zimakhala ndi nthawi yobalalika pamadzi ambiri.
Kugawika kwa squid kwambiri kumathandizidwanso ndikuti nthawi zambiri amatuluka m'mitsinje yamadzi am'nyanja. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kudzikundikira kwamayendedwe am'magawo oyambira a squid. Chifukwa chake, K. Hu adapeza unyinji waukulu wa Cranchiidae ndi Guinea wapano. Tidakumana ndi mphutsi za squid pafupi ndi Bab el-Mandeb Strait. Ndi mtunda wochokerapo kumpoto ndi kumwera pomwe zomwe zikuchepa tsopano, kuchuluka kwa mphutsi kumachepa kwambiri.
Nthawi yofalikira
Zambiri zakukula kwa nthawi zitha kupezeka ndikuyang'ana mwachindunji nyanjayo, komanso mosawunika poyang'ana kukula kwa ziwalo zogonana, komanso pofufuza magawo oyambira am'mimba mwa squid. Njira yoyamba, kumene, ndiyo yodalirika kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, kuwonekera mwachindunji kwamtunda wa squid munyanja ndizochepa kwambiri (mitundu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Loligintdae).
Kwa ma squid ambiri, nthawi yowundula imakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha poyerekeza deta yosadziwika.
Kutalika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu, ngakhale mkati mwake momwe. Ena amakonda miyezi ya masika, ena amakonda miyezi yotentha, ndipo ena amakonda kutha kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira. Komabe, ma squid nthawi zambiri amatuluka nyengo yotentha. Izi zimatchulidwa kwambiri m'chigawo cha boreal, momwe nyengo yamphamvu yamadzi yotentha imafikira kwambiri. Zowona, kuwonekera kwakukulu kwa Todarode pacificus kumachitika nthawi yozizira - mu Disembala-Januware, koma posankha nyamayi imasunthira kum'mwera kwambiri kwa mzere wawo, kumadzi a kum'mwera kwa Japan.
Ponena za madera otentha ndi otentha, nyengo zowoneka bwino za squid zikukulira. Izi zikugwira ntchito ku mitundu yomwe imangokhala m'maderawa, komanso mitundu yofalikira. Zamoyo zam'nyanja zakuya kwambiri zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Loligo vulgaris ku North Morse limayenda kwa miyezi itatu ya chaka - kuyambira koyambirira kwa Meyi mpaka Julayi. Mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, imaswana pafupifupi chaka chonse - kuyambira Januware mpaka Okutobala - Novembala.Zomwezi zitha kunenedwa pazofalitsa za Alloteuthls - ku North Sea, kuwonekera kwa nyamayi kumawonekera kokha kutalika kwa chilimwe - mu June-Julayi, pomwe mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean imawoneka chaka chonse. Spawning Todarode pacificus m'madzi aku Japan amakhala pafupifupi chaka chonse, koma mtunduwu umakhala ndi magulu awiri omwe amatuluka - nthawi yozizira, kuswana kokha kumwera kwenikweni kwa Japan, ndi chilimwe, kuswana konse kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa dzikolo. Kuchepetsa kwa nyengo ya kuwundana kwa cephalopods pamalo okwera kwambiri kumadalira nyengo ndipo makamaka, pamatenthedwe amadzi.
Muno ku Mediterranean, kuwononga mitundu yambiri ya cephalopod kumatha miyezi 8-10, ndipo nthawi zambiri chaka chonse. Zofananazi zitha kunenedwa za m'mphepete mwa squid ku Florida ndi California.
Ngati kutulutsa kumachitika chaka chonse, izi sizitanthauza kuti mphamvu zake sizimasinthasintha chaka chonse. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyengo yogwira ntchito kwambiri - pachimake pakatulutsa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Florida Lolliguncula brevis, amapezeka mu Seputembara - Okutobala, ku Mediterranean Loligo vulgaris - mu Juni, ku California L. opalescens - mu Meyi-Juni, ku Illexoffcecosus waku Argentina - mu Disembala-Marichi.
Mu Nyanja Yofiyira ndi Nyanja ya India, squid wachikazi okhwima Loligo edulis. L. duvauceli, Seploteuthis minimoniana, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis adapezeka m'dzinja, nthawi yozizira, ndi masika (panalibe chowunikira m'chilimwe). Akazi a S. oualaniensis okhala ndi mazira achikasu owonekera adagwidwa ku Gulf of Aden mu Novembala ndi Januware. Kuphatikiza apo, mu Januware, pakatikati pa Gulf of Aden, pamtunda wa pafupifupi mamitala 1000 pamtunda, pelagic spherical clutch Ommastrephidae, omwe, mwa lingaliro lathu, ndi a S. oualaniensis, adagwidwa.
Akazi a Loligo edulis, L. duvauceli, Doryteuthis sibogae okhala ndi mazira okhwima nthawi zambiri amabwera kuzinthu zathu zokhala m'madzi a alumali aku South ndi East Arabia komanso m'mphepete mwa Western Pakistan mu February-Meyi pakuya kwa 20-120 m (sanazame kwambiri).
M'maphunziro a ichthyoplankton omwe adachitika mu Red Sea ndi Gulf of Aden m'dzinja la 1963 (Okutobala-Novembala), mabanja ambiri a squid ochokera m'mabanja a Loliginldae, Ommastrephidae, Enoploteuthidae ndi Chiroteuthidae, omwe ali koyambirira kwa chitukuko, adapezeka. Kutalika kwake sikunapitirire 2-5 mm. Zikuwoneka kuti, mitundu yambiri ya squid m'derali imakhala chaka chonse.
Pali lingaliro kuti kupangika kwa Cephalopoda sikudalira kutentha kokha kwamadzi, komanso kutalika kwa maola masana. Chifukwa chake, mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, komwe kutentha kwa madzi kulibe vuto lililonse pang'onopang'ono, m'mitundu yokhala ndi nthawi yocheperako, imagwera makamaka mu June-Julayi, i.e., kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri pachaka. M'miyezi yozizira, kutuluka kwa squid kumazimiririka kapena kuzimiriratu.
Katswiri wazomera Henk-Jan Hoving wochokera ku Yunivesite ya Groningen amachita chidwi ndi momwe zimakhalira zoweta Decapodiform cephalopods . Kuphatikiza pa cephalopod, H ratang adafufuza mitundu isanu ya squid ndi cuttlefish - kuchokera pa 12? Meter squid squid mpaka mini-squid osapitilira 25 mm kutalika.
Malinga ndi H love, kuphunzira nyamayi yakuzama kwambiri ndikadali kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ndi kovuta kufikirako. Kuti muwone ma cephalopod awa m'chilengedwe, pamafunika njira yapadera. Chifukwa chake, wasayansiyo anayenera kukonzanso zikhalidwe zogonana za squid, wokhutira ndi zitsanzo zakufa ndi mafotokozedwe a akatswiri ena. Komabe Dutchman adakwanitsa kupanga zinthu zina.
Monga momwe wasayansi wazakeyo amanenera, "kubereka sikosangalatsa, makamaka ngati ndiwe squid."
Mu Taningia danae mollusk mitundu, amuna amavulaza thupi la achikazi akuya masentimita asanu omwe ali ndi milomo ndi zibowo pakati pa kukhwima. Ndipo zonse chifukwa mtundu wamtunduwu sukhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Koma kuchokera ku "kudzisintha" kotereku abwenzi amapeza phindu lalikulu. Amuna amaika "ma sachets" omwe ali ndi umuna mu mabala - spermatophores.
Oimira ena am'madzi amitundu yambiri omwe ali ndi "zida zam'madzi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo - - Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Moroteuthis . Zowona, njira yachilendo yachulukitsidwe a ma squid awa ndi yamtendere kwambiri. Spermatophores amalowa pakhungu popanda kuvulaza.Malinga ndi H kukonda, amuna amakhala ndi mtundu winawake wa chinthu, womwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ensaulo yomwe imakuthandizani kuti "musungunuke" khungu.
Achikondi adapeza chitsimikizo kuti ma spermatophores amalowa okha pakhungu. Wofufuza uja anatha kuwona njirayi m'magulu atsopano omwe agwidwa kale. Komanso, madokotala aku Japan ajambulitsa vuto loponya ma spermatophores am'matumbo a anthu. Osati kale kwambiri, opaleshoni idachitidwa ku Land of the Rising Sun, pomwe "zikwama za umuna" za cephalopod zinachotsa wokonda wina wa pakhosi.
Ndipo apa pali squid mini Heteroteuthis dispar adaganiza zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa. Akazi amtunduwu amaphatikiza mazira awo pawokha, mkati mwa thupi. Malinga ndi Hothando, adapanga chikwama chapadera chothandizira kusunga umuna, womwe umalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mkati mwa thupi ndi ziwalo zoberekera.
Pakukhwima, amuna amadzaza thanki iyi ndi umuna. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizopatsa kwambiri kotero kuti kupezeka kwake kumatha kukhala mpaka 3% ya kulemera kwa mkazi. Malinga ndi katswiriyu, njirayi ili ndi zabwino zambiri kwa amuna ndi akazi. Zachikazi zimatha kukula mazira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikupanga pang'onopang'ono umuna ukadzakula. Ndipo amuna "ophulitsidwa" ali ndi chitsimikizo kuti atsikana awo ali ndi umuna wofanana.
Anapeza Okonda pakati pa anamwali ndi amuna "achiyerekezi". Ammuna si nkhono; hermaphroditism nthawi zambiri simapezeka mwa iwo. Koma inu Ancistrocheirus lesueurii tinsipuni tating'onoting'ono tapezeka omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakupanga mazira achikazi. Kutalika kwa thupi la osagwirizana ndi iwonso sikunali kwenikweni - kuposa "abambo" abwinobwino.
Kukonda sikungafotokozere izi ndipo amakhulupirira kuti izi ndi chifukwa chakuwonekera kwa mahomoni ndi zinthu zonga ma hormone zomwe zimapezeka pamapiritsi a anthu. Zomwe zoyamba ndi zonyansa zimagwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kenako mpaka kuya. Koma, wofufuza zachilengedweyu akuwonjezera kuti, izi zitha kukhala "zopanga" zake zokha za squid - njira yachilendo yokhala pafupi ndi akazi.
Wasayansiyo akuyembekeza kuti kafukufuku wake sangophunziranso zambiri za cephalopods zakuya panyanja, komanso kuthandiza kuwateteza ku umbombo wa anthu. Zowonadi, sikuti kafukufuku wokha amangolowa mkati mwakuya, komanso nsomba zatsopano za asodzi.
Pofikira kunyumba »Mitundu ya Nyumba Zosanja» Ndi nyama iti yomwe squid imachokera. Kodi nyamayi ndi nyama? Mitundu yayikulu ya squid yotulutsidwa m'nyanja
Zaumoyo ndi chikondi
Monga nyama iliyonse yazakudya (nyama yam'madzi, nkhuku ndi nkhuku, nsomba zoyera), nyamayi ndimtundu wabwino kwambiri. Koma kukondweretsa ma mollusks kuli ndi katundu wapadera yemwe angapereke maulendo zana patsogolo pa mbale zina z nyama.
- Ma squid ali ndi mapuloteni ochulukirapo ndipo palibe mafuta ndi chakudya - nsomba zam'nyanja zimangokhala bwino ndipo sizikhala pamimba ndi m'chiuno ndi mapaundi owonjezera.
- Ma Shellfish ali ndi mavitamini C ndi PP (nicotinic acid), omwe amasintha kagayidwe, amapereka, kukhalabe ndi ziwiya zathanzi komanso malingaliro owongoka kwa zaka zambiri zikubwera.
- Zolemba mavitamini E okwanira mu squid ndizotsimikizira khungu labwino komanso lokongola, lamphamvu komanso losangalatsa. Bhonasi yabwino ndiyakuti Vitamini E amathandizira kuti azisunga zogonana pakati pa akazi moyo wawo wonse, nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza masaladi ndi zakudya zam'madzi mu chakudya chamadzulo (ndi kadzutsa).
- Mwa kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu, nyama ya squid imatha kupikisana ndi mbewu monga chimanga - ma mollusks amatchedwa balm kwa mtima. Macrocell samangolimbitsa minofu yamtima, komanso amatulutsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, amachotsa madzi ochulukirapo, amachotsa kutupa konse kumiyendo ndi nkhope.
- Iron, mkuwa ndi ayodini mu squid, dongosolo lamanjenje, amathandizira kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zamitsempha ndikuthandizira kupirira.
- Amino acid amachiritsa ndi taurine, lysine ndipo amachititsa chitetezo chokhazikika, magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso ziwiya zoyera. Ndipo ndizofunikira izi zomwe zimatithandizira kudzuka m'mawa uliwonse ndikumwetulira ndikupanga zinthu zazikulu (chabwino, kapena siyesani kuzichita).
Ngati muphatikiza squid imodzi (makamaka 2-3) muzakudya zanu za sabata, zinthu zake zabwino sizingaleke kukusangalatsani. Kuphatikiza apo, chidwi cham'madzi sichikhala ndi zotsutsana - pokhapokha ngati "tsankho la squid" limachitika.
200-300 magalamu a nyama yazakudya komanso zopopera m'mimba ...
Ammuna, mwachidziwikire, si kalulu, ndipo palibe amene analemba zoseketsa, zodziwitsa za iwo. Koma izi sizimachepetsa kufunikira konse komanso kufunikira kwa nsomba zam'nyanja: nsomba zokhala ndi mapiko ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya ndi masewera. Kuphatikiza apo, poyerekeza ndi mtima wokonda nyama yam'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono zoyera komanso zoyera zoyera, squid amene amakhala wozizira kwambiri amakhala ndi mtengo wotsika komanso wowoneka bwino, ndipo aliyense angathe kugula mndandanda wazakudya zam'nyanja.
Ammadzi amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zilizonse, ngakhale zakudya zowopsa - zopatsa mphamvu za calorie zimangokhala 95 kcal, yokazinga ndi malemu owuma ndi owonda pang'ono. Chakudyachi ndichabwino kwa othamanga - mapuloteni amatha kuyamwa bwino ndipo amathandiza kumanga minofu.
Ngati mumatha kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso kukonda zakudya zamafuta ochepera, zosankha zanu zodziwikiratu. Zambiri zopatsa mphamvu zama squid owiritsa zimangokhala 100 kcal pa 100 g, ndipo simungathe kuwerengera nawo zomwe mungachite Mutha kuphatikiza zakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimapangidwa mwatsopano ndi mpunga ndipo, tomato watsopano, nkhaka, tchizi tchizi ndi tchizi chowoneka bwino, zukini zophika ngakhale zipatso.
Zinsinsi zophika: momwe mungayeretsere komanso kuphika?
Ndingaphike chiyani ndi squid? Zakudya zamtundu uliwonse zimathetsa nkhaniyi mwanjira yake: Anthu aku Italiya amaphikira zakudya zapa pizza ndi zophika, ma Greek omwe amakhala ndi mpunga wophika, Thais kuphika msuzi wokazinga ndi squid, ndipo ku Andalusia alendo adzalandira chithandizo cha zokometsera ndi squid, masamba ndi zitsamba.
Koma zodabwitsazi zonsezi zili ndi kanthu kena kake - musanakonze "zakudya zam'nyanja" zilizonse zam'madzi, muyenera kuchotsa zonse zapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera ku chigoba cha nkhono - ridge, zotupa zamkati ndi khungu. Momwe mungayeretsere squidti kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito misempha yochepa komanso nthawi kukhitchini momwe mungathere?
Njira yosavuta kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri yokhudza zochitika zapakhosi ndi malo osambira. Timayika zotengera ziwiri - zopanda kanthu komanso madzi ozizira (kuti zitheke bwino, mutha kuthira zidutswa za ayezi pamenepo), pafupi ndi teapot ndi madzi otentha ndikuphika mtembo wokha.
Ngati nkhwangwa ili ndi mutu, choyamba dulani mutu mosamala ndi ma tententi, pofinyani mulomo ndikuutaya. Ngati nyama yam'madzi ya squid ilibe mutu, timatulutsa chitin choko ndi zolowa (kuti zitheke, mutha kutulutsa nsomba zam'mapiko mkati). Kenako timayika squid mu mbale, kuthira madzi otentha, ndikuyika mu colander - ndipo nthawi yomweyo mu ayezi.
Mukasamba kotero, squid peel imayenera kuzimiririka ndikuchotsa nyama popanda mavuto. Ndikosavuta kuchotsa kanemayo pansi pamadzi othamanga, ndikutulutsa mtembo kuti khungu lizipukutika.
Chopanga china - utali wambiri kuphika nsomba zamapiko? Kuti mollusk wosakhwima asanduke kukhala mphira wopanda tanthauzo, ophika ambiri amalangizidwa kuti aziphika icho kwa mphindi 3-4 - kapena 30-40. Pachiwiri, mankhwalawo atayika, koma amakhala ofewa kwambiri!
Achinyamata amakono amalimbikitsa njira ina - kuwira madzi, kuponyera miyala (mphete, maudzu kapena mitembo) ndikuzimitsa motowo nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo pa mphindi 12, mutaye nsomba zam'madzi mu colander, kenako ozizira mu sopu yopanda kanthu.
Mungamudziwe bwanji squid kunja?
Kutalika kwakuthupi kwamtunduwu ndi ma 50 cm. Munthu m'modzi amatha kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka, pomwe wamkazi ndi ochepa kuposa amuna. Mtundu wa thupi umakhala ndi imvi komanso maonekedwe ofiira. Ziphuphu zimapezeka kumbali za thupi - pali awiri aiwo mu squid wamba. Chifukwa chake, zipsepsezo zikakhala zowongoka, thupi limakhala ngati mpweya.
Pafupi ndi kamwa, mozungulira, pali mahema 10 okhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Ndipo mu chovala cha nyamayo muli chikwama cha inki chapadera chomwe gululi amagwiritsa ntchito pangozi.Khosalo likufunika kubisala kwa mdani, limangotulutsa inki ndi kuyandama kutali ndi womulondola, nkulisiya mumtambo wakuda.
Malo okhala squid
Gawo lakummawa kwa zigawo zakumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean (kuchokera pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa ku dera la North Sea) kuli anthu ambiri mnyumba zawo, ndipo, nyamayi imapezeka ku Adriatic ndi Mediterranean.
Kuzama kwa nyamayi kuli mpaka 100 metres, komabe, kuyang'ana kwa chowongolera kunawonetsa kuti imatha kukhala pansi pakuya mamita 400 mpaka 500! Nthaka imakonda matope kapena mchenga.
Khalidwe la nyama
Amphaka ndi malo osamukira, amayenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Squid sitha kutchedwa gulu limodzi kapena gulu la nyama, chifukwa onse amakhala osungulumwa komanso magulu akulu. Ngati squid atasonkhana pagulu ndikukhala limodzi, ndiye kuti amasaka limodzi.
Mbalame yaing'ono ya squid-pig (Helicocranchia pfefferi) ili ndi dzina lachigoba chooneka ngati mbiya komanso "kachilombo kamiyendo", komwe kwenikweni ndi njira yopanga zithunzi
Nthawi zambiri, kuya kwa malo okhala pansi pa madzi wamba wamba kuchokera pa 20 mpaka 50 metre, komabe, kwa gawo lalikulu, kuya kwa nyumba kumadalira nthawi ya chaka: m'miyezi yotentha, mollusk imayandama pafupi ndi madzi, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhala yakuya.
Nyamayi imakonda kusambira pang'onopang'ono, ndikupanga mafunde okongola ndi zipsepse, koma, ngati kuli kotheka, imatha kuthamanga kwambiri: chifukwa, imayamba kukhazikika minofu, mwakutero imatenga madzi ambiri pansi pa chovala, kenako kudzera mumtsinje wakuthwa wamadzi, umasunthira mwachangu thupi lako patsogolo.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Madzi ndi nyama yolusa. Maziko ake "patebulopo" ndi nsomba. Koma nyamayi imanyalanyaza nkhanu, mphutsi za polychaete, komanso nthumwi zina za kalasi ya mepusopod ya cephalopod. Asayansi alemba ngakhale zochitika za cannibalism.
Njira yogwira chakudya ili motere: ndi ma tententi awiri, squidyo imagwira wozunzidwa, ndikupha ndi poyizoni. "Chakudya" chija chikapanda kuyenda, nyamayo imayamba mwadongosolo, osathamangira kukang'amba zidutswazo ndikuzidya.
Kubzala kwa Shellfish
Miyezi ikatha kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, nyengo yowbereketsa squid imayamba. Kubala ndiko kupanga mazonry, komwe kumawoneka ngati soseji. Amphongo amalumikizana ndi matalala osasunthika, ndipo nthawi zina zipolopolo zam'madzi am'nyanja. Nthawi zambiri, kuyikira mazira kumachitika akuya mpaka ma 30 mita.
Zowonadi, squid, mosiyana ndi cuttlefish kapena octopus, safuna kutulutsa zazikazi, kuyesera mitundu yokongola komanso kuteteza gawo loyambira pansi kuchokera kwa ochita mpikisano, osadzikuza posonyeza mbali zapamwamba za thupi lake, akumayerekezera kukonzekera nthawi yayitali.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha momwe njirazi zimaberekera, kuthamanga ndi kuchitapo kanthu, osaganizira, msonkhano wochepa chabe wofotokozera zofunikira za kukhwima - spermatophore. Kufalikira kwa squid kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chubu yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi umuna, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana kuchokera pa sentimita mpaka mita. Spermatophore ndi chipangizo chachilengedwe chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, chokhala ndi chida champhamvu chopopera, tsitsi lozindikira, chipolopolo chovuta ndi mtundu wa "chubu" yomwe imatulutsa guluu.
Poyamba, spermatophore imakhala muchikwama chachimuna ndipo imaperekedwa kwa mkaziyo mukakumana ndi mbolo kapena mkono wosinthika, wokhala ndi ma clamp apadera omwe amapereka zolimba mwamphamvu. Pa thupi la mzimayiyu pali malo omwe angaikemo ma spermatophore, kutengera mtundu wa squid imatha kukhala membala wamkamwa, dzenje m'dera lomwe lili pansi pa mulomo kapena kumbuyo kwa mutu, mkati mwa chovala kapena magiligili.Atachotsa "katundu", mwamunayo amasiya chibwenzi chake ndipo satenga nawo mbali pakubala, nthawi zina kuyambira pomwe amaperekera chubu cha umuna kupita ku umuna, nthawi yayitali imadutsa. Ndizotheka kuti azibambo a timagulu ting'onoting'ono takhala tikufa atabadwa, popeza champhongo ndi chosazindikira ndipo chimatha kupatsirana mayiyu kwa mkazi, yemwe sanakwanitse kubereka ndipo sangathe kutuluka.
Mbale ikangotulutsidwa kuchokera pachimuna ndikalumikizidwa ndi thupi la mkaziyo, chigamba chake chimayamba kulumikizana ndi madzi am'nyanja, chifukwa chomwe tsitsi lalitali limaphwanya nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi spermatophore.
Madzi amalowa mu spermatophore ndikuyika kupanikizika kwa kasupe, chifukwa chomwe chipolopolo chamkati mwa chida chachilengedwe chimang'ambikanso. Masika amatuluka ndipo amakokera mkati mwa chiwalo kumbuyo kwake, koma nthawi yomweyo "chubu "cho amayamba kupanga, ndikutulutsa guluu lomwe limateteza chikopa cha umuna pakhungu la mkazi.
Amakhala kuti umuna wakonzeka kutulutsa ndipo umangodikirira mpaka mkazi ataganiza kubereka ana, zomwe, mwadzidzidzi, zimachitika kamodzi m'moyo wa squid. Ngati wamkazi wakula msambo, amaponya mazira omwe amadutsa pafupi ndi spermatophore omwe aphatikizidwa ndi zotumphukira. Mukayika chida kumbuyo kwa mutu, kusesa kumachitika kudzera pazitseko zomwe zimakhala m'mbali mwa khosi, koma umuna umakhala wotsimikizika mulimonse.
Chifukwa chake, mazira khumi ndi angapo amaikidwa pomwe amai amatha kubisala pamalo obisika, mwachitsanzo, pakati pamitengo yayitali ya algae. Komabe, kumamera nthawi zambiri kumakhalapo pansi, pomwe amakumana michere, ndipo mazira ambiri oyera ndi akuda amayang'ana kunjaku.
Mitundu yambiri, mphutsi zimafanana ndi makolo awo akangobadwa, koma mkati mwa miyezi iwiri yaing'ono squid amasintha kunja ndikukhala otenga nawo gawo pakugonana kosatha kwa spermatophore.
Mwa njira, pali chinsinsi pakaberekanso mitundu ina ya cephalopod, mwachitsanzo, amuna sanapezeke mu mitundu ya nyama yomwe inabedwa, komabe, umuna mothandizidwa ndi spermatophore umachitika, ndipo zida zimayikidwa gawo lalitali pamimba, zomwe mkazi sangakwaniritse ndi mlomo wake.
Anthu okhala m'madzi akuya kwakunyanja safulumira kufotokozera zinsinsi zawo kwa munthu, mutha kudziwa momwe kufalikira kwa squid kumachitikira, koma simungathe kulingalira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu iyi ya cephalopods ibereke ana kwenikweni popanda kuwonetsana pang'ono.
Maphikidwe a squid
Kuphika kwa squid ndi njira yopangidwira, izi titha kuzimvetsetsa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maphikidwe ndi nsomba zokhala ndi mapiko, zomwe zimapereka mitundu yonse ya mabuku ophikira komanso zapa zapamwamba. Squid mphete mu amamenya ndi mikate, chodzaza nyamayi ndi zokhwasula-masikono, ma cookie ndi kebabs, saladi ndi sopo, pasitala ndi pizza, ma pie ndi maukonde a nyama, squid julienne ndipo ngakhale paella ndi nsomba zam'madzi - kuyambira tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka zakudya zaluso.
Sizodziwika kuti zophika zambiri zimapereka njira yawo yophikira chakudya cham'madzi, kuwonjezera pa njira yaphikidwe.
Saladi yotentha ndi mavuto, udzu winawake ndi azitona
Mudzafunika: 0,5 makilogalamu a squid, chikho chachitatu, zidutswa zitatu za masitepe (kapena anyezi wamba), supuni ya mandimu zest, mchere ndi mandimu kuti muvale.
Dulani mitembo yoyeretsedwa kukhala mphete, ma tent tent kukhala ma mikwingwirima. Ponya m'madzi otentha kwa mphindi imodzi, kenako m'madzi oundana - ndi colander. Pomwe nyamayi imasiya madzi owonjezera, ndikankhani maolivi a maolivi ndi anyezi m'mphete zazing'ono zabwino. Sakanizani ndi zest grated, kuvala, kenako kuwonjezera squid.
Yophika squid ndi bowa pansi pa kapu tchizi
Zofunika (za 2 servings): 300 gm ya squid, anyezi umodzi, 100 magalamu a champignons atsopano kapena oyera, 300 magalamu a kirimu wowawasa, 100 magalamu a mozzarella, tsabola ndi mchere kuti mulawe.
Dulani anyezi wosankhidwa mu mafuta otentha kwa mphindi 2-3, onjezani bowa, kuphika kwa mphindi zina 3. Mu chiwaya china, mwachangu nyamayi, kudula mizere, kwa mphindi 1-2. Sakanizani ndi chovala cha anyezi-bowa, kirimu wowawasa, zonunkhira, kusinthira kuzitini zazing'ono. Phimbani ndi mozzarella grated ndi kutseka mu uvuni wotentha kwa mphindi 10.
Squid kebabs ndi soya msuzi
Idzatenga (ma 2 servings): 2 wamba kapena 4 ma squid ang'onoang'ono, supuni 4 za soya ndi supuni imodzi ya sosi ya nsomba, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a tsabola wa tsabola, 1 cm, theka la laimu.
Sakanizani marinade: tsabola wosankhidwa ndi ginger, masuzi, mandimu. Dulani squid m'mabwalo akulu kapena siyani mitembo yathunthu (ngati maolloll laling'ono). Adzakhala mu marinade kwa mphindi 30-50.
Zilowetsani matabwa oyenda m'madzi oundana kwa mphindi 15, kenako mangani zigamba: Sinthani mabwalo, pobowolapo mitemboyo. Grill kapena kuya-mwachangu kwa mphindi 1-1.5. Tumikirani ndi mbale yakumbuyo ya mpunga kapena masamba aliwonse atsopano.
Madzi ndiwo amtundu waukulu kwambiri komanso wolimba kwambiri wa ma cephalopods munyanja yayikulu.
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu 210 ya ma mollusks omwe, kukula kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.25 mpaka 16.5 metres. Ndi ena okha omwe amawoneka kuti ndi otheka: squid wamba (Loligo) waku Argentina, Pacific, Commander kapena Peruvian.
Woimira ma cephalopods okhala ndi zida khumi amapezeka munyanja zokha ndipo samapezeka m'matupi amchere pang'ono, amchere.
Nyama ya squid imadziwika kuti ndi yopatsa thanzi komanso yopatsa thanzi pakati pa nsomba zam'madzi. Zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni osakanikirana mosavuta, mavitamini (C, PP, B6, E) ndi mchere (ayodini, potaziyamu, selenium, mkuwa, chitsulo, phosphorous) zimatsimikizira kapangidwe kazinthu zodzitetezera m'thupi, kumalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito molumikizana nthawi zonse, kuthamanga kwa magazi a munthu kumathandizira, "cholesterol" choyipa ", mchere wamphamvu umachotsedwa, mphamvu zimayenda bwino, ndipo mkhalidwe umakhala bwino.
Chifukwa cha zopindulitsa zake, nyama ya squid ndi ma tentpententi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, kuyika, kusuta, kusuta, kuyanika, kuphika, kusunga. Pamaziko awo, masaladi, sushi, nyama yamchere, ndi msuzi wam'madzi amakonzedwa.
Zakudya za Clam zimayamwa bwino ndi thupi, ndizoyenera kudya.
Zinthu Zogulitsa
Ambiri samangokhala ndi chidwi ndi zovuta zamakomedwe, komanso mtundu wa malonda. Musanayambe kuphika, zidzakhala zofunikira kudziwa zamtunduwu: phindu la zopatsa thanzi, zinthu zofunikira. Ubwino wa nsomba zam'nyanja zilizonse zimapezeka makamaka pazinthu zamtengo wapatali. Squid muli ayodini, selenium, phosphorous, chitsulo, mkuwa. Monga nsomba zambiri zam'madzi, Omega-3 ndi Omega-6 mafuta acids alipo. Zambiri mwazovuta izi ndi mavitamini a magulu B, C, E, PP.
Koma mtengo wofunikira, mwina, umapezeka mumapuloteni ambiri, omwe pafupifupi amatengeka kwathunthu ndi thupi. Nyama ya squid ili ndi 20% mapuloteni, mafuta okha ndi 2.2% ndi 2% chakudya. Zopatsa mphamvu za calorie zili 122 kcal.
Amadzi mu zopezeka mdziko lapansi
Ndiosavuta kuganiza kuti ndi mayiko ati omwe amakonda kwambiri chinthu ichi. Zachidziwikire, iwo omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zakudya za mayiko akumayiko a Far East sizingatheke popanda zinthu monga squid wokhala ndi shrimp, mussels, octopus. Zakudya zam'nyanja ndi
Amphaka amakondedwanso ndi iwo omwe amakhala kutali ndi madzi akulu. Ndipo zonse chifukwa chakuti chinthuchi chimasungidwa bwino ndikuyendetsedwa mozizira, ndipo sichitha.
Mitundu yazogulitsa
Amphaka ndi nyama zamtundu wamtundu wa gulu la cephalopods (lolamula zida khumi). Padziko lapansi pali mitundu yambiri ya squid.
Pamaukonde a asodzi aku Russia, Commander squid nthawi zambiri amagwidwa - yolumikizika kakang'ono (pafupifupi 20-30 cm yokhala ndi mahema).Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi khungu la imvi komanso khungu loyera. Nthawi zambiri zimagulitsidwa popanda mutu ndi tent tent.
Loligo ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri ku Europe. Zikuwoneka ngati Commander squid, ndipo amazigwira osati munyanja, komanso nyanja - Mediterranean ndi Adriatic.
Pacific squid imapezeka ku Far East; ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi achi Japan ndi China kuphika mbale zodabwitsa.
Pali mitembo yamoto yamatalala a Peruvian squid pamashelefu. Kwa ambiri, amawoneka okongola kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Koma squid wa ku Peru ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo - popanda kukonza bwino, nyamayo imangodzaza ndi fungo la ammonia. Zogulazo zimagulidwa ndi China, pomwe matupi amatsukidwa, amaundana, kuwiluka mu brine wapadera, kenako ndikuwundanso. Zowona, pambuyo pa kusinthaku kulibe fungo loipa, ndipo kakomedwe kazinthu kake kamakhala kosalala.
Izi ndi mitundu yayikulu ya squid, yomwe imayimiridwa pafupifupi kulikonse. Koma pali gulu lina lazinthu zomwe ambiri amazipatula. Uyu ndiye amene amatchedwa khanda. Kukula kwa mtembowo sikupitirira dzira la nkhuku, ndipo mu kilogalamu mutha kuwerengera ana 12 ndi theka (pomwe squid wadzaza kwathunthu amatha kulemera kuposa kilogalamu imodzi). Koma sikuti izi zimangokhala konse ayi, koma kukula kwachichepere, komwe m'malo mwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumakwera ndikufika maukonde asodzi. Mwana amakomoka pang'ono komanso samapangika thupi. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito maphikidwe omwewo monga ma squid okhazikika.
Kugwirizana Kwazinthu
Amphaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika mbale zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: appetizer, saladi, gravy, sosi. Mpunga wowiritsa, pasitala, funchose ndi Zakudya zopanga tokha ndi zabwino kwa iwo monga mbale yotsogola.
Ma squid amaphatikizidwa bwino bwino ndi masamba atsopano komanso ophika, mazira owiritsa ndi ma omeleti, bowa wowazidwa, maolivi, zitsamba zazing'ono, nyanja kale. Pali maphikidwe ambiri momwe ma cuttlefish, shrimp, nsomba, caviar amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi squid - mwachidule, chilichonse chomwe nyanja imapereka kwa munthu.
Zodzikongoletsera
Nthawi zambiri amakhala kumayiko akunja, koma nthawi zina "masamba athunthu" amagulitsanso. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pankhani ya kukoma ndi kapangidwe kake ndizosangalatsa monga octopus, ndichifukwa chake ambiri okolola nsomba amawalekanitsa. Koma, monga akunena, posowa nsomba ...
Osati nthawi zambiri m'dziko lathu lino mumatha kuwona mbale yokongoletsedwa ndi tent tent. Chifukwa chake, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino tsatanetsataneyu pazinthu zokongoletsera. Nthawi zambiri ma tentpenters amadulidwa mumipande kapena ma cubes ndikudziyatsira pamwamba pa mbale. Amaphika ngati nyama.
Kudula koyambirira
Monga tazindikira kale, agalu ndi nyama zopanda nyama. Koma mkatikati mwa matupi awo muli mtundu wa "nthiti zowuma", ndizomwe zimayambira chipolopolo chamkati. Amawoneka ngati singano yopingasa. Asanaphike, ayenera kuchotsedwa.
Ngati munagula squid yonse yosagulitsidwa, dulani mutu wanu ndi maso komanso mahema. Tulutsani zamkati. Maso ndi pakamwa pakamwa sizidyedwa. Dulani matenti pansi.
Ngati mitembo yaphimbidwa ndi khungu, ikulowetsani ndi madzi otentha, kenako ndikuviika m'madzi ozizira - chilichonse chidzachotsedwa mosavuta.
Kodi kuphika nyamayi?
Anthu ambiri amadziwa, koma timakumbukirabe: ma filimuwa amawiritsa msanga kwambiri! Kwezani mitembo m'madzi otentha ndikuzindikira 2 mphindi. Mukangolowa mkono wofikirako kuti ukafike mozungulira, chotsani ndikuzizira.
Kapangidwe ka squid kamene kamayesedwa kofanana ndi mphira wotsika, ndipo sikuti ndichakudya cha ku Mediterranean kapena Far East.
Saladi ya Neptune
Sliced yophika squid ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kwa saladi zambiri.
Koma otchuka kwambiri, mwina, amatha kutchedwa saladi wa Neptune. Uku ndikongopambana. Pakukonzekera kwake, mitundu iwiri ya ndiwo zamasamba zatsopano ndi nsomba zam'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati malo osungira masamba, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kabichi ya Beijing, tsabola wa belu, leek yakutchi, sipinachi, nkhaka.Gawo la "m'madzi" liyenera kukhala lokwanira kuchuluka ngati masamba. Kwa iye, shrimp yophika, mussels ndi squid, timitengo ta nkhanu, caviar, anchovies ndioyenera. Nthawi zambiri, masaladi oterowo amakhala okonzedwa ndi mayonesi, koma mutha kuphika kavalidwe kabwino komanso kosangalatsa. Sakanizani 2 tbsp. l yogati yachilengedwe popanda kununkhira, kuchuluka kofanana ndi mayonesi ochepa, onjezerani amadyera obiriwira (1-2 tsp) ndi madontho ochepa a mandimu.
Kodi ndizotheka kuphika squid mu uvuni?
Osati kale kwambiri, njira yopangira "piglets" yopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama zokhala ndi squid nyama yotchuka idayamba kutchuka. Chinsinsi ichi, squid wakhanda ndimangwiro, chifukwa musanatumikire simudzadula mbale kukhala mbali.
Monga nyama yobooleredwa gwiritsani tchizi, tchizi tchizi, bowa, mpunga kapena mbatata yosenda. Mutha kuphika mbale motere.
Dulani anyezi mutizidutswa tating'ono, ndikutsitsa kaloti angapo pa grater yabwino. Stew masamba pamodzi, kutsanulira 100 g bowa, kubweretsa wokonzeka. Sakanizani ndi mpunga wowiritsa (chikho 1). Ngati mukufuna, mutha kuwonjezera mazira awiri owiritsa, osadulidwa.
8-10 mitembo yoyera, tsuka, dulani michira. Yambani ndi msuzi wa mpunga ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndikuyika deco. Pangani makutu ndi mphuno kuchokera kumera la mchira, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi ma cloves kapena ma peppercorns, yikani maso Wonongerani "piglets" ndi mayonesi ndipo mutumize kuphika kwa kotala la ora. Stuffed squid ndi chakudya chokongola komanso chokoma kwambiri.
Mphete zowondedwera
Pulogalamuyi ndi yabwino kwambiri pamisonkhano ndi abwenzi. Ndizabwino ndi mowa kapena vinyo yoyera. Koma koposa zonse, mudzakhala nthawi yambiri ndikuchita izi pokonzekera chithandizo chotere. Amphaka ndizosangalatsa komanso zosavuta kukonzekera, muyenera kudziwa zina zochepa chabe.
Dulani mtembo m'mphete. Viyikani mphete iliyonse mu ufa, kenako dzira laiwisi, kenaka ndikugulika. Mwachangu mu mafuta otentha kwa mphindi 1.5 mbali iliyonse. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito poterera kwambiri.
Pickling
Kodi mukudziwa kuti squid wa ku Korea ndi uti? Izi appetizer ndizodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndizosavuta kuphika.
Grate 100 g kaloti, mchere ndi nyanja yamchere ndi kusiya. Dulani anyezi m'mphete zokhala theka, mwachangu mu mafuta komanso ozizira. Dulani squid yophika (600 g) kukhala mphete, kusakaniza ndi masamba, kuwonjezera 40 ml ya msuzi wa soya. Ngati mumakonda zonunkhira, zonunkhirani mphete zingapo za tsabola wowotcha ndi clove wa adyo. Mbaleyi imayenera kuthiridwa kwa maola osachepera 12.
Osati chifukwa cha kukomoka mtima: Kuvina M squid
Kodi mudayamba mwapita ku Japan? Ngati ino ndi nthawi yanu yoyamba kupitako, samalani ku malo odyera akumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Masewera Osewera amavina ndi chakudya chomwe anthu omwe amakhala mu Land of Rising Sun, koma amatha kudabwitsa munthu wosazolowera. Zonse ndi zodula squid (mutu, maso ndi masapota), atakhala pamwamba pa mbale. Wophika mwachindunji kwa alendo amathira msuzi pa iwo, chifukwa chomwe squid imayamba "kuvina". Pambuyo pakuvina, ma clams amangodulidwa ndikudya.
M'malo mwake, squid panthawi ya "kuvina" siyamoyo, mahema amangoyenda kokha chifukwa chamachitidwe amagetsi. Koma sikuti aliyense amakonda mawonekedwe awa. Inde, ndi zovuta masakramenti, nawonso.
Wam'magulu mu machitidwe a ana ndi zakudya
Amayi ambiri ali ndi nkhawa yofunsira nthawi yodziwitsa mwana zakudya zam'nyanja zabwino. Nutritionists amavomereza kuti ngakhale squid ndi chinthu chopukusa mosavuta, ndikofunika kuyambitsa izi mutatha kudya zaka zitatu.
Kalori zopatsa mphamvu, katundu, zopezeka ndizakudya zambiri zimakopa osewera. Kwa iwo omwe akuphunzitsidwa kuti apeze minofu yambiri, izi zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndizosatheka.
Ma squid alinso abwino pakudya ya kuchira odwala omwe adachitidwa opareshoni, maphunziro autali wamankhwala, komanso matenda omwe atenga nthawi yayitali. Izi zimathandizira kubwezeretsa nyonga, kukonzanso magazi, kulimbana ndi poizoni. Ndipo kukoma kwake kwakukulu sikungosangalatsa.
Mazana (lat. Teuthida) - mawonekedwe a decapod cephalopods.Nthawi zambiri amakhala a kukula kwa 0.25-0,5 m, koma squid wamkulu wa mtundu wa Architeuthis amatha kufikira 20 metres (kuphatikiza tent tent) ndipo ndi ovuta kwambiri.
M'masitolo akuluakulu, squid yamafuta olemera mpaka magalamu 800 amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Gawo lodyeralo ndi chovala chomwe mabatani ake onse ofunikira, mutu ndi chinsalu chimabisidwa.
Amphaka amadyedwa m'malo akale a Greece ndi Roma. Zakudya zochokera kwa iwo ndi imodzi mwodziwika kwambiri pakati pazakudya zina zam'nyanja. Ku Vietnam, squid siotchuka ngati nkhanu ndi shrimp, agwiritsidwa ntchito pano posachedwapa.
Nyama ya squid, yosungunulidwa kangapo, imakoma kowawa ndi kununkhira kwa nsomba zachisanu zachisanu, zozizira ndi kutuluka ndikuphika. Musanagule nyama yam'madzi, yeretsani mawonekedwe ake. Payenera kukhala wandiweyani, peel yapamwamba - pinki, yofiirira pang'ono kapena yofiirira, koma nyama ya squid - yoyera yokha. Ngati ndi wachikasu kapena wofiirira, nyamayi imasinthanso mobwerezabwereza. Ngati mukukayikira kuti ndi mitembo yanji yomwe muyenera kusankha - peeled kapena ayi, tengani chomaliza. Zowonadi, kuti ayeretse nyamayo, inali itawuma kale pang'ono.
Kalori Wam squid
Squid ndi mankhwala ambiri okhala ndi mapuloteni omwe amakhala ndi k99 kcal pa 100 g ya nyama yaiwisi. Mu 100 g yophika squid - 110 kcal, ndi 100 g yokazinga squid - 175 kcal. Ma squids osuta ndi owuma ali ndi zopatsa mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri - 242 kcal ndi 263 kcal, motero. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri squid mwanjira imeneyi kungayambitse kunenepa kwambiri.