Psittacosaurus (buluzi wa parrot) * Zotulutsa

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Pitani ku mutu wagawo: Mitundu ya ma dinosaurs

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis psittacosaurus (Mongolia parrot lizard)

Udindo wokhazikika: Ma dinosaurs a Ptitsetazovye, ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nyanga

Umodzi wazopezedwa: Oyambirira Cretaceous (zaka 120-100 miliyoni zapitazo)

Otayika ndikupezeka: Asia (Mongolia, China, Thailand)

Herbivorous

Mu 1922, mafupa a ma dinosaurs a ma mita awiri okhala ndi mutu wosazungulira komanso mulomo, ngati parrot, adapezeka ku Mongolia m'miyala yoyambirira ya Cretaceous. Pezani dzina kaya psittacosaurus (buluzi wa parrot). Mlomo waufupi koma wolimba kwambiri udawonetsedwa komanso wowoneka bwino. Ndi nyama, nyama zimatha kuluma ndi kukuta mbali zachilengedwe zamphamvu kwambiri. Izi zimafunikiradi mphamvu zapadera, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera a chigaza: pali malo ambiri mmalo momwe minofu yayikulu yamphamvu idalumikizidwa, makamaka m'mphepete kuchokera kumbuyo kumutu.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, ofufuza adatha kunena kuti mafupa ang'onoang'ono a nyama zazing'ono zomwezo amakhala amtundu womwewo, ngakhale zimavuta kwambiri kudziwa kuti munthu wamkulu komanso wachinyamata ndi amtundu womwewo. Kutalika kwa ma dinosaurs ang'ono kwambiri amtunduwu kunangokhala masentimita 24 ndi 27 okha. Malinga ndi zaka zawo, adazungulira mitu komanso milomo yolimba kwambiri. Inde, nyama zazing'ono zamtunduwu zomwe sizinakhale zamphamvu zinali zophweka ngakhale zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimadya. Chifukwa chake, ndizovomerezeka kuti ana amtundu wa psittacosaurus atetezedwa ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwina mpaka adawadyetsa "phala" la masamba ophwanyika?

*** Kapangidwe kake kutsogolo kwa chigoba kofanana ndi mulomo wokongoletsa wamkulu. Akatswiri a Paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti m'mbali lakuthwa kwa "mulomo" wawo wa psittacosaurs amadula mphukira, nthambi za mitengo ndi zitsamba, zomwe ndizomwe adadya. Zotsalira za achinyamata zidafikira masentimita 24-27 basi.

*** Psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus), mtundu wamtundu wamankhwala osowa a dongosolo la nkhuku-ma dinosaurs. Ankakhala ku Cretaceous woyambirira. Kutalika kwa thupi 1-1.5 m. Yasunthidwa pamiyendo iwiri. Kachitidwe kake kali kotsutsana, monga P. amadziwika ndi ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nyanga (mawonekedwe a chigaza), ankylosaurs (mtundu wamano) ndi ornithopods (kapangidwe ka miyendo). Mwambiri, P. akuimira nthambi ya thunthu la stegosaurus - ankylosaurs, omwe adakwanitsa kusuntha. Mano ang'onoang'ono Ma phalanges okhala ndi ziboda amaonetsa kupendekera koyenda panthaka yodumphapo. Mwachidziwikire, iwo amakhala m'matchire m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, momwe zinali zosavuta kupeza chakudya komanso kubisala kwa adani.

"Psittacosaurus" samangotanthauza "phokoso la buluzi." Ndipo adatchulidwa motero chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo a nsagwada, ofanana ndi mulomo wa parrot. Ndi iwo, adadula masamba ndi nthambi za mitengo. Pamaso pakepapo amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri, koma pangoziyo amatha kuthamanga anayi. Asayansi adatha kudziwa zotsalira osati ma dinosaurs akuluakulu okha, komanso makanda. Ngakhale anawo anali ndi mano, kuti kuyambira ali aang'ono azitha kupeza chakudya chawo. Monga nkhuku ndi abakha amakono, ma psittacosaurs amameza miyala ing'onoing'ono kuti chakudya chikhale bwino.

Psittacosaurus sinali yayikulu: kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi mita 1, ndipo kulemera kwake sikunaposa 15 kilogalamu.

Asayansi ena amati psittacosaurus ndi dongosolo la ma ceratops, ngakhale alibe nyanga ndi zipatso pamphumi. Ndipo, milomo ya ma ceratopsians ndi psittacosren ndi ofanana kwambiri, ndipo kapangidwe ka mutu kanakhala ofanana. Zikuwoneka kuti, asayansi akunena zoona: ma psittacosaurs atha kukhala otsogola ochulukirapo a ceratops. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe apeza ku Mongolia, komwe dinosaur yosadziwika mpaka pano idapezeka, yomwe inali ndi kolala khosi yokhala ndi zopindika chimodzimodzi ndi protoceratops, ndipo mdomo wake udali ngati chithunzi chofanana cha mulomo wa psittacosaurus.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zotsalira za "buluzi wa parrot" zidapezeka ndi ziphunzitso zaku America za a Henry Osborne mu 1923, pantchito yopanga ma paleontological ku mapiri a Mongolia. Kenako mwayi unatsagana ndi Osborne: zopatsa chidwi zidapangidwa, zomwe zidakakamiza kuyang'ana kwatsopano kwa ma dinosaurs akale.

Mwachitsanzo, a Henry Osborne adatinso kuti ma psittacosaurs amatha kudya mwamtendere limodzi ndi ma dinosaurs ena a herbivorous, mwachitsanzo, ma veurosaurs. Ma veittacosaurs ang'onoang'ono ankatafuna masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono kuchokera pansi, ndipo otsogola okulirapo adapeza chakudya kuchokera pamwamba pamitengoyi.

Chodabwitsa, mitundu iwiri ya ma dinosaurs idasilira limodzi kuti imve nthawi yomwe nyama zimadyera pakapita nthawi. Mlenje atangofika mderalo kuti awonekere, ma dinosaurs anachenjeza ena mokulira ndikumabalalika mbali zosiyanasiyana, kusokoneza abale achinyengo.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti zotsalira za abuluzi zoterezi zimapezeka ku Europe. Komanso, pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti psittacosaurus nthawi ina amakhala m'dera la Russia yamakono. Tsopano asayansi ali ndi chitsimikizo cha mawu awo, izi zikuwathandiza kupeza zomwe zapezeka. (http://www.zoohall.com.ua)

Zaka mamiliyoni 130 zapitazo, zolengedwa zam'madzi zimadya ma dinosaurs

Zotsalira za nyama ya prehistoric, Channel One chimango

Kupeza zowoneka bwino kunapangidwa ndi American paleontologists. Zidachitika kuti pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, zolengedwa zomwe zimadya zinadya ma dinosaurs, CNN ikusimba kuti Associated Press.

Ku China, zotsalira za nyama zakale zidapezeka, m'mimba mwake momwe mudali mafupa a dinosaur wachinyamata. Zinthu zakale zapezeka zaka pafupifupi ziwiri zapitazo m'chigawo cha China cha Liaoning, ndipo zinapita naye ku Beijing, komwe amaphunzitsidwa ndi asayansi aku China komanso aku America. Zomwe apezazi zingathe, m'malingaliro awo, zimasinthiratu malingaliro am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi zomwe zimayamwa mamiliyoni pa nthawi ya ma dinosaurs.

Psittacosaurus wachichepere yemwe wachitiridwa zachipongwe - wotchedwa "buluzi wa parrot". Anatchedwa dzina chifukwa chachilendo cha nsagwada, monga mlomo wa parrot, yomwe anang'amba masamba a mitengo. Pamaso paolin amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri, koma ngozi ikhoza kuthamanga inayi. Kukula kwa akuluakulu sikudaposa mita imodzi ndi theka, ndi kulemera - 15 kilogalamu.

"Poyamba, tinkaganiza kuti ndi mimbulu ya nyama yomwey yake pachimake. Tinkayang'anitsitsa, tidazindikira kuti imangokhala dinosaur. Kuphatikiza apo, mafupawo adapezeka ndendende komwe nyama zomwe zimayamwa zimayenera kukhala ndi m'mimba," watero wogwira ntchito ku American Museum of Natural History (yaku America) Museum of Natural History) Meng Jin.

Monga asayansi atazindikira, nyama zoyamwitsa za Repenomamus robustus kukula kwa mphaka wamkulu zinkasangalala ndi buluzi wina. Pafupifupi pomwepo padapezeka mafupa a nyama ina, ndipo izi sizodabwitsa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kukula kwa nyamayi ndikokulirapo kuposa galu wamakono, ngakhale kuti kale ankakhulupirira kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa nthawi imeneyo zinali zazing'ono kuphatikiza makumi awiri - zochulukirapo kuposa chipmunk chamakono.

Wolemba mbiri ya Paleontologist Zhexi Luo wa ku Pittsburgh Carnegie Museum of Natural History akukhulupirira kuti mtundu wakale wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa tsopano watha, ndikuti umboniwo ndi umboni woyamba kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa zimadyetsa ana zazing'ono nthawi ya Cretaceous.

Kufotokozera

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma psittacosaurs anali osiyana mu kukula kwake komanso mawonekedwe a chigaza ndi mafupa, koma matupi awo anali ofanana. Mitundu yophunziridwa bwino kwambiri, aimongoleti a psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus Mongoliensis), ofika mamita awiri. Kulemera kwambiri kwa thupi la chinyama chachikulu mwina kunali kopitilira 20 kilogalamu. Mitundu ina ya psittacosaurs inali yofanana kukula kwa Mongolian (Psittacosaurus yayikulu, Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis, Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis), enanso anali ochepa (Psittacosaurus sinensis, Psittacosaurus meileyingensis).

Psittacosaurus yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe idadziwika kuti Psittacosaurus ordosensis. Zinali zochepa 30% kuposa Psittacosaurus mongoliensis. Omwe anali akulu kwambiri anali Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis ndi Psittacosaurus sibiricus, koma anali osiyana pang'ono ndi mtundu wa Mongolian psittacosaurus.

Chigoba cha psittacosaurs chinali chosiyana kwambiri ndi zigaza za ma dinosaurs ena amakono akudya mbalame. Chigoba cha psittacosaurs chinali chachikulu kwambiri komanso chachifupi, mitundu ina pafupifupi mozungulira. Gawo lomwe lili kutsogolo kwa njirazo - m'miyendo ya m'maso - limakhala 40% kokha kutalika kwa chigaza, ochepera kuposa ena abuluzi odziwika a nkhuku. Kwa nsagwada yam'munsi ya psittacosaurs, zotsukira zingapo zotsika pakati pa dzino lililonse ndizodziwika. Nsagwada zapamwamba komanso zam'munsi zimakongoletsedwa ndi njira zotchedwa coracoid zopangidwa kuchokera pakamwa ndi mafupa owoneka, motsatana. Pansi pa mulomo mwina ankakutidwa ndi ziphuphu kuti chida chakumaso chikhale chopindika. Monga momwe dzina la nyama zimakhalira, chigaza chachifupi komanso mulomo wake wamkati zimafanana ndi mbalame zamakono. Mu kapangidwe ka chigaza cha ma psittacosaurs pali mawonekedwe ena a ma dinosaurs omaliza okhala ndi nyanga, mwachitsanzo, fupa lapadera la mulomo kumapeto kwa nsagwada yapamwamba, mafupa a tsaya. Komabe, a psittacosaurs analibe mafupa opangidwa pakhosi kapena nyanga pamphumi, okhala ndi ma dinosaurs omaliza. Pa chigaza cha ku Sibetani wa psittacosaurus kuli ma fupa opindika ngati nyanga, koma amawerengedwa ngati zotsatira za chitukuko cha Converter.

Mafupa ena onse a psittacosaurs amasiyana pang'ono ndi mafupa amtundu wa nkhuku-ma dinosaurs opumira. Mu Mongolian psittacosaurus, monga mitundu ina, kutalika kwa kutsogolo kumangokhala 58% kutalika kwamiyendo, izi zikuwonetsa kuti psittacosaurs adakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse pamiyendo iwiri. Pa miyendo yakutsogolo ("mikono") ya akatswiri am'mimba anali ndi zala zinai zokha, osati zisanu, monga m'madinowa ambiri ogulitsa nkhuku (kuphatikizapo ma dinosaurs onse okhala ndi nyanga). Mwambiri, mawoko amiyendo yakumayi inali yodziwika kwambiri ndi ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono.

Kuchulukitsa

A psittacosaurus adayambitsidwa mu 1923 ndi a Henry Fairfield Osborn, paleontologist, Purezidenti wa American Museum of Natural History, mu nkhani yomwe idasindikizidwa pa Okutobala 19. Dzinali limapangidwa ndi mawu achi Greek achi Greek. ψψτττς / psittakos (parrot) ndi Greek. σαυρος / sauros (buluzi), ndikuwonetsera mawonekedwe ofanana kumaso kwa mutu wa nyama ndi mulomo wa parrot ndi zikhalidwe zawo.

Mitundu ya psittacosaurs

Mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri imatengera mtundu wa psittacosaurs, koma lero kuyambira asanu ndi atatu mpaka khumi ndi m'modzi amatchulidwa kuti ndi okhazikika. Pakadali pano, iyi ndiye nambala yayikulu kwambiri yazamoyo zokhazokha zokhazokha zamtundu uliwonse wa dinosaurs (kupatula mbalame). Mosiyana ndi ma psittacosaurs, mitundu ina ya ma dinosaurs ambiri ndi monospecific, ndiye kuti, amayimilidwa ndi mtundu umodzi. Kusiyana koteroko kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kutsutsana kwazomwe zapezeka. Psittacosaurs amadziwika kuti ndi amitundu mazana ambiri, pomwe ma dinosaurs ena ambiri amaimiridwa ndi osowa, nthawi zambiri amakhala, amapeza. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo, kuphunzira kwathunthu kwama Psittacosaurs kunatheka, izi zinatilola kuzindikira ndi kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yawo. Mitundu yambiri ya zinyama zomwe zilipo zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mitundu yambiri pakati pa dinosaurs, ngakhale kuti zotsala sizisungidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ma dinosaurs ambiri amadziwika chifukwa chotsalira m'mafupa okha, omwe amalola kuti azingowerengeredwa ndi morphology amafupa, pomwe mitundu yomwe ilipo, yokhala ndi mafupa amkono kwambiri, imasiyana kwambiri mu zilembo zina zomwe sizisungidwe mu mawonekedwe a njerwa. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yeniyeni ya mitundu iyi ndi mitundu ina ya ma dinosaurs ikhoza kukhala yayikulupo kuposa momwe ikudziwikira pano.

Mitundu yokhazikika psittacosaurus
- Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mongoliensis) - Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China.
- China psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sinensis) - kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
- Maylain psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus meileyingensis) - kumpoto chapakati China.
- Xinjiang psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis) - kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China.
- Mkati wa Mongol psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis) - kumpoto chapakati China.
- Ordos psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus ordosensis) - North-Central China.
- Matsongshan psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis) - China chakumpoto chakumadzulo.
- Siberian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sibiricus) - kum'mwera kwa Siberia, Russia.
- Lutsijun psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis) - kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
- Great psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus yayikulu) - kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Mwina mitundu psittacosaurus
- ?Psittacosaurus Sattayaraki (Psittacosaurus sattayaraki) - Thailand.

Psitaccosaurus

Psitaccosaurus : "dinosaur wokhala ndi nyanga zitatu"
Nthawi ya kukhalapo: kutha kwa Cretaceous - zaka 70-65 miliyoni zapitazo
Gulu: Nkhuku
Dongosolo: Mankhwala othandizira
Zodziwika za akatswiri othandizira:
- anayenda miyendo inayi
- idadya zamasamba
- nyanga ndi mapanga amfupa adazivala kumutu
- chizungulire chidatha ndi mulomo ngati parrot
Makulidwe:
kutalika - 1.5 m
kutalika - 1.4 m
kulemera - 40 kg.
Chakudya: dinosaur wa herbivorous
Tazindikira: 1923, Mongolia

Psitaccosaurus - Cretaceous dinosaur. Psitaccosaurus ndi woimira gulu la ma dinosaurs otchedwa achire, otchuka mu nthawi ya Cretaceous.

Woyendetsa wamkulu wa mtunduwu anali wamtali pafupifupi 1.5, ndipo amatha kulemera pafupifupi 40 kilogalamu. Kutalika kwa ana a psitaccosaurus kunali pafupifupi 25 cm.
Psitaccosaurus, woimira wakale wa ma ceratops, sanali ofanana kwambiri ndi abale ake akale. M'malo mwake amawoneka ngati woimira ornithopod. Ophunzira ena amauwona ngati woimira ma ornithopod.

Mwachiwonekere, psitaccosaurus inali gawo la kusintha pakati pamagulu awa. Ndi ornithopods imatengedwa pamodzi ndi kutsogolo kwakanthawi kokhala ndi zala zopyapyala. Koma mu mawonekedwe amakono a chigaza pali mawonekedwe a ma ceratops: mulomo wawukulu pachifuwa, nsagwada zopanda mano kutsogolo. Pofikira mafupa amapezeka pachikopa, ndipo minofu ya nsagwada imamangiriridwa. Izi zimayamba kukhala kolala fupa ndi chishango kumapeto kwa ma ceratopsids. Psittacosaurus anali ndi zala zinayi. Dzinalo lodziwika bwino la dinosaur lili ndi mawu achi Greek "parrot" ndi "buluzi", omwe amawonetsa kufanana kwa mutu wa dinosaur ndi mdomo wa parrot.
Mabwinja a psittacosaurus adapezeka ku Mongolia mu 1922-1925 ndiulendo womwe amachokera ku American Museum of Natural History. Kulongosola koyamba kwa mitundu yatsopanoyo kunasindikizidwa ndi purezidenti wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi, a Henry Fairfield Osborne, mu 1923. Pamaulendo, amitundu ena anapangidwanso, omwe sanakhaleko mpaka 1980. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti mafupa ena ndi a achinyamata a psittacosaurus.

Gulu

Pittacosaurs ndi mtundu wamtundu wa banja la psittacosaurus. Pamodzi ndi psittacosaurs, mtundu umodzi wokha, gonshanosaurs, pano adapatsidwa banja ili. Psittacosaurus adayala maziko a pafupifupi ma dinosaurs odziwika onse okhala ndi nyanga, kupatula mtundu wa Yinlong ndipo mwina, banja la Chaoyangsauridae. Ngakhale kuti ma psittacosaurs anali nthambi yoyambirira ya mtengo wamabanja a dinosaur, ma psittacosaurs eni ake sangakhale makolo achindunji a magulu ena a ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nyanga. Ma dinosaurs ena onse okhala ndi nyanga adasungitsa chala chachisanu pamphumi pawo, pomwe ma psittacosaurs adakhala ndi mbali zinayi. Kuphatikiza apo, pakukula kwa kusinthika, ma psittacosaurs adataya ma preorbital foramen omwe amasungidwa m'madinosa ambiri okhala ndi nyanga komanso pafupifupi ma archosaurs ena onse. Kuthekera kwakukonzanso kwa chala chachisanu kapena infamorbital foramen kumawerengedwa kuti ndizokayikitsa kwambiri.

Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa psittacosaurs idadziwika, maubale amtunduwu sanafufuzidwe bwino, ndipo palibe kumvetsetsa kwathunthu pakati pa asayansi pankhaniyi. Zambiri zakuwunika kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa phylogenetic zidasindikizidwa ndi Alexander Averyanov ndi anzawo mu 2006:

Psittacosaurs

Isyansky Psittacosaurus, onani (ayi Psittacosaurus Luyatun kapena Psittacosaurus yayikulu)

Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa Luyatun psittacosaurus ndiye wofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina yonse. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yoti amapezeka koyamba mbuku la paleontological.

Chiyambi

Ma Psittacosaurs amadziwika kuchokera kuzotsalira za zopitilira 400, zomwe 75 adazitchula kuti Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mongoliensis) Zotsalira zonse za psittacosaurs zomwe zikupezeka mpaka pano zapezeka m'miyala ya ku Cretaceous ku Asia, kuyambira Siberia kumwera kumpoto kwa China, komanso ku Thailand. Zotsalira za psittacosaurs ndizodziwika kwambiri mwapangidwe kuchokera ku Late Barremian kudutsa magawo a Albian a Early Cretaceous, ndiye kuti, pamakedzedwe okhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 125 mpaka 100 miliyoni. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mlengalenga yomwe ili ku Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya psittacosaurus yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo awa ngati chidziwitso cha zaka zakapangidwe, kuphatikizapo zotsalira za jungaripper pterosaurus.

Psittacosaurus wakale kwambiri wodziwika bwino ndi mtundu wa Lutzyatun psittacosaurus, wopezeka koyambirira kwamapangidwe a Isian. Zotsala zoposa 200 zoyerekezera za Luyatun psittacosaurus zachotsedwa pamenepa ndi zina zina za Fotokozani za Isian, zomwe zaka zake zimatsutsanabe. Ngakhale maphunziro ambiri oyamba a miyala ya sedimentary amalemba kuti Xixian ndi Jurassic, womwe ndi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kuposa zaka zomwe akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi psittacosaurs, pambuyo pake maphunziro amachokera ku Cretaceous Yoyambira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya argon-Arton yodziwitsira zaka za momwe chilengedwe chapangidwira, asayansi aku China adayerekezera zaka zapansi pazomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku Yixian kukhala pafupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni, ndi zaka zakumapeto kwa zaka 122 miliyoni, komanso kutsimikiza kwaposachedwa kwa China kwa mibadwo yakuwumbidwa ndi njira yotsogolera-uranium akuwonetsa kuti otsika zigawo ngakhale ochepera - zaka miliyoni miliyoni, ndikutsimikizira zaka zapamwamba - zaka 122 miliyoni. Chifukwa chake, ntchitoyi imatsimikizira kukhala gawo la Isian Fform to the Cretaceous kapena, kapena, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Barremian mpaka ku Cretaceous Woyamba.

Mtundu wa zakudya

Ma psittacosaurs anali ndi mano owongolera okha, omwe ali oyenera kupaka mbendera masamba ouma ndikuwakupera. Komabe, mosiyana ndi ma dinosaurs omwe ali ndi nyanga, sanakhale ndi mano oyenera kutafuna chakudya, choncho m'malo mwa ma molars amathandizidwa ndi ma tourolites - miyala yomwe imamezedwa kuti ipukute chakudya pomwe imadutsa m'mimba. Gastrolyte, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatha kupitirira makumi asanu, nthawi zina amapezeka m'matumbo am'mimba a psittacosaurs. Zingakhale kuti zidapezeka m'mimba zawo zam'mimba, zofanana ndi momwe zimapezekera mbalame zamakono.

Kukula kwa kukula

Mwa zotsalira za psittacosaurs pali zotsalira za achinyamata angapo. Zotsalira zazing'ono zazing'ono za Mongol psittacosaurus, zomwe kukula kwake kunali masentimita 11-13 okha, ndipo kutalika kwa chigaza - masentimita 2.8, kuli mu American Museum of Natural History. Palinso chigaza cha ma sentimita 4.6 cha chisa china. Zonena zonsezi zidapezeka ku Mongolia. Achichepere omwe amapezeka mu Yixian Fform ali ndi zaka zofanana ndi anapiye akulu kwambiri omwe matumba awo amasungidwa ku American Museum. Akuluakulu achi psittacosaurs akuluakulu amafika kutalika kwamtunda wa mamita awiri.

Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa zotsalira za ma psittacosaurs aku Mongolia, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kunatsimikizika. Zotsalira zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono zonse za psittacosaurs zinali za mwana wazaka zitatu wazaka zosakwana kilogalamu imodzi, ndipo wamkulu kwambiri anali wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo zinali zolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 20. Izi zikuonetsa kukula kwam'mimba mwa mitundu yoyerekeza ya nyama zam'madzi zoweta zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri, koma pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi mbalame zamakono ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri.

Chophimba chakunja

Zolemba zakunja za psittacosaurs zimadziwika ndi zitsanzo za psittacosaurus zopezeka ku China, zomwe mwachidziwikire zimachokera ku mapangidwe a Xixian m'chigawo cha Liaoning. Chifaniziro ichi, chomwe sichidatchulidwenso kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamtunduwu, chimatumizidwa mosaloledwa kuchokera ku China, kenako chidagulidwa ndi Museum ya Germany, ndipo kubwezeretsa zotsalira za psittacosaurus ku China kukonzekera.

Ambiri mwa thupi la psittacosaurus anali ataphimbidwa mamba. Misonkho yayikulu idagawidwa mosiyanasiyana pamwamba pa thupi la psittacosaurus, ndipo mipata pakati pawo idakutidwa ndi masikelo yaying'ono, ofanana ndi momwe chivundikiro chowonekera cha ma dinosaurs ena nyanga zinakonzedwera, mwachitsanzo, ku Hasmosaurs. Koma pambali iyi, pamabowo a psittacosaurs amasungidwa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi osaboweka tating'ono ting'onoting'ono pafupifupi 16 cm. Anapangidwa motsatira mzere panthaka ya mchira wa nyama. Pakadali pano, palibe umboni wotsimikiza kuti mapangidwe awa ndiopangika kwa nthenga ndi nthenga za proto-dinosaurs zakuropod zomwe ndizosiyana ndi kapangidwe kake. Popeza mitundu iyi idangopezeka mchira wa nyama mu mzere umodzi, sizingatheke kuti ikhale yoperekera mphamvu, koma imatha kukhala yothandiza pakulankhulana, ngati njira yowonetsera.

Kusamalira Makanda

Chithunzi chabwino chosungidwa bwino cha mtundu wa psittacosaurus kuchokera pakupanga kwa Xixian m'chigawo cha China ku Liaoning ndiye umboni wabwino koposa kuti ma dinosaurs amasamalira ana awo. Izi zimapezeka ndi kholo la psittacosaurus wokhala ndi mafupa 34 a ana aang'ono. Banjali, lomwe mitundu yake sinadziwikebe, yasungidwa mumiyeso mu mbali zitatu. Ma Psittacosaurs achichepere, pafupifupi amsinkhu womwewo, anali mgulu loyandikira pansi pa nyama yachikulire, ndipo zigaza zawo zinali zazitali matupi athunthu pomwe anali ndi moyo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti panthawi yomwe gulu la nyama lidayikidwa m'manda - ndipo izi zinachitika mwachangu kwambiri, mwina chifukwa chakugwa kwa lore - mabowo, anali amoyo. Mafupa a psittacosaurs achichepere, ngakhale ali ochepa, ali osokoneza kale. Izi zinkawoneka ngati chizindikiritso cha chisamaliro cha makolo, chifukwa a psittacosaurs achichepere adakhala mchisa kwotalika kotero kuti mafupa awo adakhala ndi nthawi yokhala ndi mchere. Ana ambiri chisa chakecho akusonyeza kuti sanali ana a mayi amodzi. Mwina ma psittacosaurs adachita kupanga zokhazikika, monga momwe nthiwatiwa zamakono zimachitira. Komabe, ngakhale mu ma piittacosaurs ocheperako, mano awo adatopa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatafunafuna chakudya chawo ndipo adabadwa okhwima, komabe izi sizidapatula chisamaliro chotalikilira kwa makolo.

Pittacosaurs monga chinthu chosaka

Kupezanso kwina mwa mapangidwe a Yixian kumapereka umboni wapadera kuti psittacosaurs adasakidwa ndi nyama zina. Chimodzi mwa mafupa a repenomam chachikulu (Repenomamus robustus) - nyama yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wa triconodonts - yopulumuka limodzi ndi zotsalira za psittacosaurus ya m'mimba. Mafupa ena amtundu wa psittacosaurus adalumikizidwa - chizindikiro kuti nyama yodyetsa ija inameza nyama m'manja. Kupezeka kwa nyengo ya repenomam uku ndikodabwitsa chifukwa kunakhala choyambirira cha zolengedwa zoyamwitsa cha Mesozoic chomwe chinadyapo pa dinosaurs. Kusaka kwakukulu kwa ma psittacosaurs achichepere kungapangitse kuswana kowonjezereka kuti kuthetsere zolakwa zomwe zidayamba chifukwa cha nyama zomwe zimadyera.

Matenda

Mwa mitundu yoposa mazana anayi yodziwika bwino ya psittacosaurus, m'modzi yekha ndi amene anawonetsa zizindikiro za matendawa. Mafupa a chinyama chachikulu chotchulidwa ndi cha a Mongol psittacosaurus. Idapezeka ku China, m'munsi mwa mapangidwe a Isian. Pakatikati mwa fupa lamanja, mawonekedwe amkati amadziwika ndi necrosis chifukwa chosowa magazi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timafalikira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nyamayo, ngakhale idawonongeka komanso ili ndi kachilomboka, idakhalabe ndi moyo. Popeza ma psittacosaurs amasuntha miyendo yakumbuyo, kuwonongeka kwa fupa lomwe limanyamula katundu wamkuluyo kungaphe. Komabe, mosiyana ndi femur ndi tibia, tibia siikhala ndi katundu wolemera, motero psittacosaurus adasungabe kuthekera kosuntha. Zomwe zidayambitsa sizikudziwika bwinobwino.

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