Asayansi aku Russia achenjeza za kufalikira msanga m'madzi mwa nyanja zamchere zokhala ndi poizoni. Izi zimapangitsa zomwe zimatchedwa "mafunde ofiira" komanso "mvula yamagazi."
Akukulitsa malo awo okhala chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kudya zakudya zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda malire, anatero magazini ya Estuarine, magazini ya Coastal and Shelf Science.
Malinga ndi Sergei Scarlato wa Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences ku St. Petersburg, algae yofiira imatenga nitrogen yosungunuka m'madzi momwemonso, ndipo ngati sikokwanira, amasintha mosavuta feteleza mitundu yachilengedwe komanso yotchuka.
Okhala m'zipembedzo ku Spain ndi ku nyanja ya Pacific, omwe adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la algae, amalingalira mafunde okhudzana ndi mvula, yolochedwa penti, zizindikiro za kutha kwa dziko. Komabe, asayansi akutsimikizira: palibe chilichonse ngati Dziko Lapansi chomwe sichikuwopseza. Zoyipa zomwe zimawonedwa zimayamba chifukwa cha kufalikira ndi maluwa a Prorocentrum ochepera.
Zowona ndi nyama - nsomba, mbalame, ngakhalenso tizilomboto - "mafunde ofiira" ndi "mvula yamagazi" ndizowopsa, chifukwa tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'mbali mwa ziwalo zamitsempha zamitsempha - burvetoxin ndi zinthu zina zingapo zowopsa. Asayansi afotokoza kuti mwanjira iyi, ma plankton poyizoni amawukira opikisana nawo ndikusowa kwa michere, ndikuwasintha kukhala chakudya chawo.
Mitundu yoopsa ya dinoflagellates Prorocentrum ochepera (yomwe siyipanga poizoni, koma zotayidwa zake zitha kukhala poizoni) inadutsa Nyanja ya Baltic ndikusintha mitundu yomwe idakhalako kalekale kuchokera kwa olamulira. Adazolowera zinthu zatsopano ndipo patapita nthawi, adayamba kupanga zodzikongoletsa m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimawononga ntchito zam'madzi ndikuwonjezera chikhalidwe chaosangalatsa. Anthu samangosangalatsa kusamba m'madzi amatulutsa, komanso owopsa: Zoopsa zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi chifukwa cha maluwa operewera zimasokoneza thupi.
Asayansi aku Russia adawona kuti Prorocentrum minim, yomwe inali itangowonekera kumene mu Nyanja ya Baltic, idathetsa kamtengo kaamba ka pansi pake. Zigawo zikuluzikulu za algae wofiira zapangira kale magombe m'mphepete mwa mayiko a Baltic ndi Russia, zomwe zikuwopseza thanzi la anthu komanso moyo wam'madzi.
Algae yofiira imasinthasintha mosavuta pakusintha kulikonse ndipo imatha kupezeka ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu kwamchere wamadzi, kusintha kagayidwe. Kuyesaku kunawonetsa kuti ndi kuchepa kwa zomwe amapanga ma nitrogen omwe amapezeka m'madzi, okhalamo amangosintha magwero ena a nayitrogeni - akufufuza zofunikira za chamoyo chilichonse, zinthu zawo zowola, kapena feteleza wa mchere.
Nyanja yamchere ya Pinki Masazirgol ku Azerbaijan - imodzi mwa nyanja zisanu ndi zitatu padziko lapansi pinki.
Asayansi aku Russia ati azilingalira momwe zinthu zocheperachepera Prorocentrum zidzachulukira makamaka mwachangu kuti alosere ndikuwongolera kufalitsa kwa algae wofiira.
Posachedwa, asayansi aku Germany ati lingaliro lakuchuluka kwa zotulutsa zofiira zimatha kusokoneza nyengo padziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera ndi njira za kubereka
Red algae (Rhodophyta) ndizomera zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka makamaka m'matupi amadzi am'madzi. Zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zimapezeka kuti mbewu za gululi zidakhalapo kale padzikoli zaka zoposa 1 biliyoni zapitazo. Masiku ano, pali mitundu isanu kuchokera ku 500 mpaka 1000 yamtchire, yomwe mwa mitundu 200 yamadzi abwino.
Mitundu yayikulu yamakungwa ofiira:
- bangian (bangiophyceae),
- floridea (florideophyceae),
- Anfelcia (ahnfeltia),
- phyllophora (phyllophora),
- porphyra (porphyra),
- gelidium (gelidium).
Algae wofiira, omwe oimira ake amasiyana ndi mitundu ina yamtundu wa chloroplast samangokhala chlorophyll wobiriwira yekha, amatenga mtundu wawo chifukwa cha phycoerythrins wofiira, phycobilins ndi chikasu cha carotenoids. Akasakaniza mitundu iyi ndi chlorophyll, amadzala utoto mumtundu wosiyanasiyana wofiyira.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Algae imatha kuyamwa mlengalenga wambiri wa ultraviolet, kuti imere pamtunda wa mamita 100 mpaka 500. M'madzi, algae imawoneka yakuda chifukwa cholowa kwambiri dzuwa, ndipo pamtunda amasanduka ofiira.
Mbewu zamitundu yambiri zimayimiridwa ndi mitundu yama mitundu yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana:
- chitsamba
- tsinde-tsamba
- ngati ulusi
- lamellar.
Red algae ndi dzina lachilendo kwa oyimira dipatimentiyi. Chifukwa chokhoza kusungitsa wowuma wofiira (glucose polymer), amatchedwanso ofiira ngati chinthu chosungira. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo a mbewu izi amakhala ndi ma polyhydric alcohols ndi mpweya wochepa wamolesi.
M'mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, coralline), magnesium ndi calcium carbonate zilipo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mafupa apadera. Mitengo ya crimson ndimomwe imapangira miyala yamiyala yamiyala. Ma cell a algae amapangidwa kuchokera mkati mwa cellulosic ndi kunja kwa amorphous komwe agar imayesedwa.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Njira zolerera:
- zofunikira Kubalanso pogwiritsa ntchito flagellate spores. Ichi ndi gawo la mitundu yambiri ya algae wofiira,
- zamasamba. Oimira kalasi ya Bagnevic ndi Floridian amafalitsa makamaka
- zachiwerewere. Kufalitsa kwa oogamy. Njirayi ikhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: chikazi cha mkazi cha ogonium chikakopa spermatozoa ndi protrusion yapadera (trichogyna), chifukwa cha zovuta, chitukuko cha gonimoblast chimapangidwa - mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe ma spores amakula.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zofiira
Mitengo ya kapezi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani komanso zofunikira. Amakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri, ndipo maziko ake ndi mapuloteni osakanikirana bwino. Mafuta ofiira a algae amathandizanso kukonzanso khungu potenga nawo mbali pomanga ziwalo. Agar agar, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholowa m'malo mwa gelatin, imasiyanitsidwa ndi iwo.
Mitundu ya algae wofiira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga agar:
- ceramium
- gracilaria
- Anfelcia
- gelidium.
Mwala wofiira wa Porphyry umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya ku USA, Korea, Japan ndi China. Amawerengera kuti ndi mbale yamchere ndipo amakulira pamilingo yambiri. Porphyra ndiwambiri ma proitamin A, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluorine ndi mavitamini a B.Zinthu izi zimabwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mchere ndikuthandizira kulimbitsa makoma a mtima.
Mu cosmetology, khunyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi ukalamba zosamalira khungu. Ndi ma antioxidants ndipo amaletsa njira zophatikiza ndi okosijeni m'thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma carotenoids ndi ma polysaccharides omwe amapezeka muzinthu izi amapukutira khungu ndipo amathandizira.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Mitundu yocheperako yofunika kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi kufesa nthaka komanso kudyetsa ziweto. Pamadzi amchere, amakhala ngati chakudya komanso malo okhala okhala kunyanja.
Algae wofiira amakhala ndi malo angapochifukwa chomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazamankhwala ndi zokhudzana nazo. Amathandizira kubwezeretsa maselo a pancreatic, ndi gawo la mankhwala oyembekezera.
Mitengo ya Crimson ili ndi machitidwe othandizawa:
- immunomodulatory
- sapha mavairasi
- antimicrobial
- antibacterial
- antimutagenic
- odana ndi yotupa
- antifungal.
Kugwiritsa ntchito agar sikungokhala kokha pakukonzekera zakudya, mafuta, mafuta ndi mafuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama mu microbiology pakukula m'magulu a mabakiteriya ndi bowa ndi kafukufuku wawo wotsatira. Agar-agar ndiofunikira kwambiri pamakampaniwa, chifukwa popanda izo sizingakhale zovuta kupanga mankhwala othandizira ma virus oopsa.
Makapu ofewa a mankhwala amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito agar-agar.zomwe zimafunika kuzilowetsa. Chofunikira kwambiri mwa mitundu ya chondrus (moss wa ku Ireland) ndi ma polysaccharides otchedwa carrageenas. Amakonda kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a kachilombo ka HIV.
Makapu ofewa amankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera ku algae aga-agar
Kuberekera Kunyumba Zanyumba
Posachedwa, kukonza malo am'madzi sikungosamalira nsomba. Kamangidwe ka Aqua kakuyamba kutchuka chaka chilichonse. Mtundu wofiira ngati chinthu choyambira chokongoletsera m'madzi umapatsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe a dziko lotentha. Komabe, ofiira sangakhale oyenera nthawi zonse kulowa m'malo osalongosoka a aquarium yakunyumba. Amafuna kuti pakhale zochitika zapadera komanso chisamaliro mosamala.
Ngati simutsatira malamulo osamalira mbewu, zimatha kukula m'masiku ochepa ndikudzaza malo ozungulira. Ichi ndiye chizindikiro chachikulu cha kusakondwereraku mu aquarium. Mitengo ya kapezi, pokhala mbewu zokhala parasitiki, imatha kukhala osati kokha pamapanga a algae ena, komanso miyala ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsa.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Malo ndi malo okhala
Chingwe chofiira, kapena chofiira (Rhodophyta) - amakhala makamaka munyanja (nthawi zambiri mwakuya kwambiri kuposa masamba obiriwira ndipo, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa phycoerythrin, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoyera yobiriwira komanso yobiriwira yolowera mozama kuposa ena kulowa m'madzi a photosynthesis), ocheperako m'madzi ndi nthaka yabwino . Mwa mitundu 4000 yofiirira, ndi mitundu 200 yokha yomwe imakhala m'madzi oyera ndi nthaka. Mitengo ya kapezi ndi nyama zakuzama panyanja. Amatha kukhala pamadzi akuya mpaka 100-200 m (ndipo nthumwi zina zimapezeka kuzama mpaka 300 ndi 500 m), koma zimatha kukhazikikanso kumtunda kwa nyanja, kuphatikizapo littoral.
Kapangidwe ka algae wofiira
Mphamvu yocheperako imakhala yocheperako, imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, motero imangoyang'ana mafunde owala pang'ono, motero, imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kulowa mkati mwakuya. Mitundu yothandizira ya algae wofiira imakulitsa mawonekedwe owala omwe iwo amawatsekera m'malo obiriwira obiriwira komanso amtambo wobiriwira.
Kutsogolo kwa chloroplasts mu algae wofiira ndi cyanobacteria. Chojambula chachikulu cha zithunzi ndi chlorophyll ndi (Mtundu wobiriwira). Mitundu yothandiza yopanga zithunzi: chlorophyll d (mwa mitundu ina), carotenoids (chikasu) ndi ma phycobilins (buluu - phycocyanin ndi ofiira - phycoerythrin). Ndi ma phycobilins, omwe ali ndi puloteni, omwe amatenga zotsalira za kuwala kwa buluu ndi ma violet, zomwe zimalowa mpaka kuzama kwakukulu.
Malinga ndi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosinthika ya utoto, maonekedwe a algae ofiira amasintha mwakuchulukirachulukira: m'madzi osaya ndi obiriwira chikasu (nthawi zina amakhala ndi utoto wamtambo), ndiye amatembenukira pinki ndipo, pomaliza, kupitirira 50 m amapeza mtundu wofiira kwambiri.
Zomera izi zimawoneka zofiira pokhapokha ngati zakokedwa pamwamba. Pakuzama kwambiri kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, imawoneka yakuda, mwabwino kwambiri momwe imayatsira kuwunikira konseko.
Katundu wosungidwa algae wofiira - polima wa glucose wotchedwa wowuma. Mwapangidwe, imakhala pafupi ndi wowuma nyama - glycogen.
Thallus (thallus), amenewo. thupi la algae wofiira nthawi zambiri zamitundu mitundu (zoyipa kapena lamellar), kawirikawiri sizachilendo. Zomera zina zofiira, mwachitsanzo ma corallins ali ndi mafupa opangidwa ndi calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) kapena magnesium (MgCO 3). Amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga miyala yamakhola.
Njira zogonana ndizovuta kwambiri. Mtundu wa machitidwe ogonana ndi oogamy. Kusinthana kwa chisangalalo (n) ndi diploid (2n) mibadwo, izomera zofiira kwambiri, mibadwo iyi ndi isomorphic. Mitundu ya jambulayi imasowa.
Kubala kopitilira muyeso - kugwiritsa ntchito spores yopanda flagella.
Kusakhalapo kwa mitundu ya flagellum pamagawo onse obala ndi chizindikiro cha algae wofiira. Amakhulupirira kuti achifwamba, mosiyana ndi bwenzi lawo la algae, adachokera ku akale, okalamba akale, akusowa flagella. Pamaziko awa, akhazikitse nthawi zambiri amadziwika mu ufumu wapadera Rhodobionta.
Algae wofiira: okhala m'madzi am'madzi, nyanja zam'madzi ndi ... m'madzi am'madzi
Oimira ochepa kwambiri amtunduwu wa mbewu zomwe zimakhala m'madzi abwino amadziwika, chifukwa malo omwe amakhala ndi madzi amchere amchere ndi nyanja yakuzama. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndizomera zomwe zimawoneka kukula kwake, komanso zilipo zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimawonekera kokha kwa wofufuza wokhala ndi zida. Mwa zina zamaluwa ndi omwe amapezeka:
- unicellular
- zamanyazi
- pseudoparenchymal.
Zosangalatsa! Ndi ma florideas omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika kupanga zinthu za gelatinous ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala.
- Phyllophora ndi mtundu wina wa algae womwe umakula mpaka 50 cm ndipo uli ndi lamellar thallus. Nyanjayi ndi yozizira komanso yotentha kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso ndikupeza carrageenin.
- Gelidium - mitundu ya algae ya brown, kuphatikizapo mitundu 40. Zojambula zapadera: thallus yokhazikika yokhala ndi gawo lopangidwa ndi nthambi yotalika mpaka 25. Habitat - matupi amchere amchere.
Algae yofiira mu aquarium: yoyipa kapena yabwino?
Ngati zachilengedwe zili bwino ndipo zikuyenda bwino, zonse zimayang'anira kukula kwazokha. Koma ndikofunikira kukweza muyeso woyenera, "kuwukira kwa algae" kukulowa. Ichi ndi chizindikiro choyamba kwa wamasisitidwe kuti pali kusagwira bwino ntchito m'dongosolo. Kuphwanya kukugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa feteleza wachilengedwe, kuwala kowala kwambiri, kapena chipere cha mpweya woipa. Vutoli ndikuti kukula kwa maluwa kumapangitsa kuti zolengedwa zokhala ndi michere yazinthu zochepa - sizololedwa kukula.
Kuti mugonjetse kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa zachilengedwe pakukula. Mutha kuchita izi mwanjira imodzi:
- Chotsani mothandizidwa ndi kukonza "chosakanizira" pawebusayiti. Chifukwa chake mbewuzo zisiya kulandira chakudya.
- Dziwani malo okhala ndi zimbudzi.
- Nthawi zambiri kunyamula dothi ngalande, kusintha mpaka 20% ya madzi (a okwana voliyumu).
- Chepetsani nthawi masana - izi zikuthandizani kuti muchepetse masamba owonjezera.
Kusankha njira zovutikira, zingakhale zothandiza kutembenukira ku mankhwala omwe amagulitsidwa m'madipatimenti apadera.
Gawoli la Red Algae ("ofiira") limaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 400 ndi mitundu yopitilira sikisi. Oyimira akale kwambiri omwe amapezeka pamatope aku Cambrian ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 550 miliyoni.
Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zingapo, algae wofiira amawoneka kuti ndi gawo logawika. Mu ma chromatophores a zikopa, kuphatikiza ma chlorophyll ndi ma carotenoids, pali ma pigment osungunuka amadzi - phycobilins. Monga polysaccharide yopuma imagwira wowuma wofiira. Mbewu zake zimayikidwa kunja kwa chloroplasts mu cytoplasm.
Mitundu ya zam'mimba ndi zofiirira zofiirira sizikhala ndi flagella. Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko kumakhala ndi magawo atatu. Kuchokera ku zygote (pambuyo pakuphatikizika) chamoyo cha diploid chimapangidwa - sporophyte. Amapanga ma diploid spores, omwe m'badwo wachiwiri umapangidwa. M'maselo a sporophyte yatsopano, meiosis imachitika nthawi inayake ndipo spores yokhazikika imayamba. M'badwo wachitatu umapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo - opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi a gametophyte.
Zomwe zimapanga ma cell a algae ofiira zimakhala ndi hemicelluloses ndi pectins. Amatha kutupa kwambiri, kuphatikizidwa ndi unyinji wonse wa ntchofu. Nthawi zambiri ulusi wa thallus (mphukira) umamatira limodzi ndi zinthu za mucous ndikukhala oterera kukhudza. M'malo ophatikizana ndi ma algae ofiira ambiri, ma phycocolloids alipo. Ma polysaccharides okhala ndi sulufule amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazochita za anthu. Odziwika kwambiri ndi agaroids, carrageenan ndi agar. Zomera zambiri zofiira zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa makoma a cell. Gawoli limapereka kuumitsa.
Pachiwerengero chachikulu cha algae wofiira, mapangidwe a thalli amachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zophatikizika zamitundu mitundu. Amalumikiza gawo lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito ma rhizoids. Kukula kwa thalli kumachokera masentimita angapo mpaka mita yonse.
Zomera zofiira zimakhala nthawi zambiri panyanja. Pali mitengo yoyipa imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi zipolopolo, miyala ndi zinthu zina pansi. Nthawi zina zitsamba zimatha kupezeka mwakuya kwakukulu.
Callitamnion corymbose - mtundu wamba wa algae. Woimira uyu wa femu amapanga zitsamba zokongola kwambiri mpaka ma sentimita khumi, ofiira owala. Tchire izi zimakhala ndi ulusi wophuka kwambiri.
Nemalion - woimira wina wa algae wofiira - amakula pamiyala yam'nyanja. Zingwe zake zapinki zofiirira zimafikira mamilimita asanu m'litali ndi masentimita makumi awiri ndi asanu m'litali.
Mu algae amtundu wa Dlesseria, thalli ofiira owala amakhala ngati masamba.
M'madzi ofunda, ofiira amtundu wa Corallin ndiofala. Thalli yawo imakhala yolumikizana yolumikizidwa ndi laimu ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi mafupa (yokhala ndi mandimu pang'ono). Izi zimapereka kusinthasintha kwa mbewu, yomwe imathandizira kupirira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mafunde ndikukula m'malo a mafunde amphamvu.
Mitengo ya Crimson imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu pochita zachuma. Monga mukudziwa, algae ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mapuloteni, kufufuza zinthu, mavitamini.
Ku Hawaii, m'maiko aku East Asia, zakudya zosiyanasiyana zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku ofiira. Gwiritsani ntchito algae awa mumtundu wokhala ndi maswiti kapena zouma. Za njenjete zofiirira zodziwika bwino, mapira ndi kubala ana ndizodziwika. Zomera izi zimapezeka munyanja zambiri. Ku Japan, mbewu zamafuta zimapangidwa kwambiri. M'mphepete mwa nyanja, miyala, nthambi zimayikidwa m'madzi osaya kapena maukonde apadera omwe amawomba kuchokera kuzingwe zolimba ndikuzikhomera kumiyala ya bamboo. Pakapita kanthawi, zinthu zonsezi zimakulidwa ndi algae.
Kapangidwe ka khungu
Zonsezi ndizomera zazomera. Khoma la cell limayimiriridwa ndi minofu yayikulu ya cellulose kapena xylan fibrils ndi amorphous nkhani yopangidwa ndi agar, agaroids, carrageenan, omwe ali ndi katundu wa gelling. Mwa mitundu ina, khoma la khungu limalembedwa ndi calcium kapena magnesium carbonate, yomwe imapatsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, ma alalo a coralline amawoneka ngati ma coral, chifukwa zipolopolo zawo zimakhala zowala kwambiri.
Mu chloroplasts, maselo ali, kuphatikiza ma chlorophyll ndi carotenoids, mitundu yayikulu yamtambo wamtambo ndi wofiira womwe umatsimikizira mtundu wa algae. Monga michere yosungira, mafuta ofiira ofiira (omwe amakhala pafupi ndi glycogen ndi amylopectin) amadziunjikira mumaselo a algae ofiira, omwe amasintha ofiira kuchokera ku ayodini omwe amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Ma alcohols a Polyatomic ndi floridoside, hydrocarbon yotsika kwambiri, amasungidwanso mu cytoplasm.
Kufalikira kwa algae wofiira
Kubalana kumachitika kudzera mu mchitidwe wogonana, wobala zipatso kapena wamisere. Kubala zodziwikiratu kumachitika ndi ma spores osasunthika. Pa nthawi yogonana, mamuna agonana (spermations) amaphatikizana ndi wamkazi (carpogons). Zinyalala zakuthengo zokhala ndi karpospores zimawonekera - m'badwo wa diploid.
Mitengo ya kapezi imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mwachilengedwe komanso moyo wam'madzi. Zomerazi zimakhala ngati chakudya cha nyama zam'madzi, zimagwira nawo ntchito pakudziyeretsa kwina kwamadzi, ndipo nthawi zina zimazindikira mtundu wa maluwawo m'malo ena.
Mtengo wachuma
Chofunikira kwambiri ndi anfelium, helidium, phyllophora, furcelia, yomwe imapereka zinthu zonunkhira - agar-agar, agaroid, carrageen. Zomera zina zofiira, monga porphyry, zimadyedwa.
Bangian (Bangiophyceae), gulu la algae wofiira. Mulinso mitundu 20 ya 24, yolumikizitsa mitundu 90 yamitundu iwiri yosakhala yofanana komanso yopanga mitundu yambiri, yama cell kapena ma lamellar algae, omwe maselo ake am'madzi, mosiyana ndi algae ena ofiira, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chromatophore yokhala ndi nyenyezi imodzi ndi pyrenoid ndipo samalumikizana ndi ma pores.
Ma Florideans (Florideophyceae), kalasi ya algae ofiira. Thalli amakhala amitundu yambiri, kuyambira microscopic mpaka 0.5 m wamtali, kuchokera pamzere umodzi wamaselo kapena chinthu chophatikizika cha minofu, fayilo, lamellar kapena chitsamba, nthawi zina zotulutsidwa m'miyeso ndi ziwalo zokhala ndi masamba; m'mitundu yambiri, masamba a thalli amakhala olimba kuchokera pakukhazikitsidwa kwa mchere wa calcium mwa iwo (lithiamu, etc. .).
Phyllofora (Phyllophora), mtundu wa algae wofiira. Thallus ndi lamellar, yosavuta kapena yophukira mpaka 50 cm. Kufalikira kwa carpospores komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mchitidwe wogonana, ma tetraspores ndi zala za thalli, m'mitundu ina sporophytes imakula pa gametophytes mwa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono. Pafupifupi mitundu 15, m'nyanja yozizira komanso yotentha, m'maiko omwe kale anali USSR - mitundu isanu. Ntchito kupanga gelatinous chinthu carrageenin.
Gelidium (Gelidium), mtundu wa algae wofiira, amaphatikiza pafupifupi 40 mitundu yomwe imakhala m'madzi ofunda. The thallus ndi yowuma, cartilaginous, nthawi zambiri cirrus, kutalika kwa 1-25 cm. Sporophyte ndi gametophyte ndi ofanana. Sporophyte imapereka tetraspores. Zotsatira za Gametophyte chifukwa cha mchitidwe wogonana amapanga carpospores. Gelidium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga agar agar, makamaka ku Japan. M'mayiko a USSR yakale imapezeka ku Japan and Black Seas pang'ono.
kudya ku Japan, China, Korea, kuzilumba za Oceania ndi ku USA. Porphyry red algae (mkuyu. 1a) imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino; ku Japan ndi USA, imamera paminda yapadera.
Chith. 1. Mtundu wofiira: a) porphyry, b) anfeltsia, c), d) mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chondruse
Kuchokera ku seaweed wofiira pezani agar. Agar-agar ndi msanganizo wa michere yambiri yakulemera. Ikawonjezeredwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1:20 - 1:50, amadzola mafuta ena (odzola), omwe amakhalabe osasinthasintha ngakhale kutentha kwambiri (40-50 °). Katunduyu wa agar agar amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. mu microbiology pokonza michere yolimba ya michere zofunikira pakukula mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana komanso bowa. Ngati mabakiteriya amodzi kapena fungal spores ikagwera pa madzi kapena mpweya, ndiye kuti patadutsa kanthawi mabakiteriya kapena mafangayi omwe amawoneka bwino komanso abwino kuwunikira amakula. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muphunzire tizilombo: kusanthula katundu wawo ndi kasankhidwe kake. Popanda kukhathamiritsa kwa michere yazakudya, kudzipatula ndikusanthula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'thupi la Microbiology, kuyesa kwaukhondo madzi, mpweya ndi zakudya, komanso kupeza zovuta za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga maantibayotiki, ma enzyme, mavitamini ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndizosatheka.
Agar-agar amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya. kukonza mafuta a marmalade, marshmallows, ayisikilimu, msuzi wopanda shuga, mkate wopanda bulauni, nyama yokazinga ndi nsomba, komanso kuyeretsa vinyo.
Pazogulitsa zamankhwala makapisozi ndi mapiritsi okhala ndi maantibayotiki, mavitamini ndi mankhwala ena amapangidwa pamaziko ake, pamene kuyamwa pang'onopang'ono ndikofunikira.
M'dziko lathu, zida zazikulu zopangira agar-agar ndi red algae anfelcia (mkuyu. 1b).
Kuchokera ku algae ofiira ma polysaccharides apadera - AIDS —oletsa carrageenas (anapeza immunodeficiency syndrome). Zinthu zopanda pake zopangira carrageenas ndi red algae chondrus ("Irish moss") - mpunga. 1c, Algae red, monga algae ena, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito chakudya cha ziweto Ndipo Motani feteleza.
Kukhala ndi mtundu wofiira kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 600 ya mtunduwu ndi mitundu pafupifupi 5,000 yaazomerazi imadziwika. Oyimira gulu lino ndi porphyry, gracillaria, anfelium. Zomera zofiira zakale zakhala zikudziwika kuyambira nthawi ya Cretaceous. Potengera kusinthika, zimatengedwa kuti ndizomera zotsogola kwambiri - zatsogola zamitundu yopanga bwino.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya algae ofiira amakhala m'madzi amchere (nyanja zam'madzi, nyanja), mitundu 200 yokha ndi mitundu yamadzi. Nkhalango za Crimson zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuzama kwambiri (mpaka 200 m), komwe nthawi zambiri ndimitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazomera zam'madzi. Mu nyanja za Russia pali mitundu yoposa 400.
Kawirikawiri algae ofiira amakhala mbewu zazikulu, zochepa zomwe zimakhala mitundu yaying'ono. Gululi muli mitundu yamafilimu ndi pseudoparenchymal, mitundu yachilendo ya unicellular (bapgian). Khalidwe ndiko kusowa kwa mitundu ya parenchymal.
Wamtali . Utali wamtundu woyimira gulu limapangidwa mwaluso. Mtunduwu ndiwosiyana - kuchokera kufiira owala bwino, masamba obiriwira achikasu ndi obiriwira obiriwira, chifukwa chosakanikirana ndi mitundu ingapo yamitundu muma chloroplasts amaselo.
Kapangidwe ka khungu . Zonsezi ndizomera zazomera. Khoma la cell limayimiriridwa ndi minofu yayikulu ya cellulose kapena xylan fibrils ndi amorphous nkhani yopangidwa ndi agar, agaroids, carrageenan, omwe ali ndi katundu wa gelling. Mwa mitundu ina, khoma la khungu limalembedwa ndi calcium kapena magnesium carbonate, yomwe imapatsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, ma alalo a coralline amawoneka ngati ma coral, chifukwa zipolopolo zawo zimakhala zowala kwambiri.
Mu chloroplasts, maselo ali, kuphatikiza ma chlorophyll ndi carotenoids, mitundu yayikulu yamtambo wamtambo ndi wofiira womwe umatsimikizira mtundu wa algae. Monga michere yosungira, mafuta ofiira ofiira (omwe amakhala pafupi ndi glycogen ndi amylopectin) amadziunjikira mumaselo a algae ofiira, omwe amasintha ofiira kuchokera ku ayodini omwe amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Ma alcohols a Polyatomic ndi floridoside, hydrocarbon yotsika kwambiri, amasungidwanso mu cytoplasm.
Kufalikira kwa algae wofiira . Kubalana kumachitika kudzera mu mchitidwe wogonana, wobala zipatso kapena wamisere. Kubala zodziwikiratu kumachitika ndi ma spores osasunthika. Pa nthawi yogonana, mamuna agonana (spermations) amaphatikizana ndi wamkazi (carpogons). Zinyalala zakuthengo zokhala ndi karpospores zimawonekera - m'badwo wa diploid.
Mitengo ya kapezi imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mwachilengedwe komanso moyo wam'madzi. Zomerazi zimakhala ngati chakudya cha nyama zam'madzi, zimagwira nawo ntchito pakudziyeretsa kwina kwamadzi, ndipo nthawi zina zimazindikira mtundu wa maluwawo m'malo ena.
Mtengo . Zofunika kwambiri ndizofunikira kuchokera ku dipatimentiyi, monga anfelium, phylloflora, helidium, furcelium, komwe zinthu zopangika zamafuta zimapezeka - agar-agar, carrageenne, agaroid. Mitundu ina yofiirira imadyedwa (porphyry, gracillaria).
Pakuzama kwakukulu, mpaka mamita 250, iwo amakula algae wofiira mwanjira ina wotchedwa wofiyira . Kuphatikiza ndi miyala ya korali ndi nsomba zowala, ma crames amitundu yosiyanasiyana amapanga kukongola kwapadera kwa dziko lapansi pansi pamadzi. Awa ndi algae wamkulu makamaka, mwachitsanzo, michere yofiira ya microscopic imakhalanso ya gulu la bangian.
Chifukwa chiyani algae wofiira amatha kumera pakuzama motere? Funsoli lidafunsidwa pa mayeso a sayansi. Utoto wofiyira umalola algae kukula kwambiri phycoerythrin . Tithokoze iye, panthawi ya photosynthesis, ma algae ofiira amatenga kuwala kwamtundu wobiriwira, wabuluu, wamtambo wa mtundu wa buluu. Ndi ma ray awa, mosiyana ndi ma red, omwe amatha kulowa mkati mwamadzi.
Mtundu wofiira umadziwika ndi kubereka kosakwanira kwachilendo, komanso kubereka (oogamy), nthawi zina kuphatikiza mwa mitundu ya thallus kumapezekanso.
Mtundu wofiira umaphatikizapo phyllophora, porphyry, gracillaria, nkhuku, chondrus, zonse zili ndi mitundu pafupifupi isanu.
Pumbwa - mbale yonyansa komanso yopyapyala mpaka theka la mita mulifupi. Kwa iye, kubereka kokha ndi chikhalidwe. Maselo a nyongolosi yam'muna alibe flagella (umuna). Izi ndizomveka, popeza pakuya kwakuya kwambiri pansi pa madzi ndikovuta kuyenda mothandizidwa ndi flagellum.
Ikani maunyolo azakudya, momwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe
1. Mulu waukulu wamtchire umapanga phytoplankton, ndipo ngakhale kunyanja za Arctic kuli anthu 20 miliyoni miliyoni pa mita imodzi ya madzi. Ichi ndiye chinthu choyambirira chomwe chimapanga maziko a chakudya.
2. Phytoplankton ndi chakudya cha zooplankton (zinthu zachiwiri), zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama zazikulu zam'madzi, monga anamgumi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, paulendo wa pa Kon-Tiki raft, Tur Heyerdahl adalawa "msuzi" ndikupeza kuti ndizokoma komanso zopatsa thanzi.
3. Chingwe cham'munsi chimakhala ndi malo okhala nsomba ndi nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana ndipo ndizopezekanso. Mwachitsanzo, Laminaria, amadya urchin wa panyanja mosangalatsa.
4. Zomera zimakwaniritsa nyanja ndi nyengo ndi mpweya.
5. Komabe, pakukula kwa algae (mwachitsanzo, chlamydomonas) pamadzi omwe amatchedwa "maluwa", zomwe zimapezeka ndi mpweya mu izo zimatsika ndipo madzi amadzaza ndi poizoni. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya, anthu okhala mumtsinje amafa.
Mtengo wamunthu
1. Algae m'malo ambiri idadyedwa kwazaka zambiri. Pofala kwambiri pamakhala zofiirira komanso zofiirira ngati kelp, undaria, porphyry, hijiki (ndipo nthawi zambiri sargassa).
2. Red algae - gwero la ayodini, makamaka mitundu ina yolemera mmenemo.
3. Komanso, algae wofiira amakhala gwero la agar-agar - chinthu cha gelling chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wa confectionery, polima mabakiteriya, etc.
4. Pogwiritsa ntchito algae, madzi akumwa amayeretsedwa kuchokera ku fluorine, nayitrogeni, ndi zina, komanso mpweya kuchokera ku mpweya wa kaboni (chlamydomonas, chlorella, euglena unakwanitsa kuchita izi).
5. Algae ndizophatikiza zakudya: spirulina, kelp, fucus, ulva, chlorella ndi ena.
Zolemba zofananira
Zina za malo okhala zofiira, kutulutsa kwake ndi mawonekedwe a kuyamwa kwa dzuwa. Makhalidwe a maselo obala a algae wofiira. Kukula kovuta kwa zygote kupangidwa pambuyo umuna, ndi mapangidwe a karpospores.
chiwonetserochi chinawonjezera 03/29/2012
Gulu la m'munsi mbewu. Kapangidwe ndi mitundu ya mabakiteriya, gawo lawo ndi magawidwe achilengedwe. Kufotokozera kwamadipatimenti a buluu wobiriwira, diatom, bulauni ndi algae wofiira. Mawonekedwe awo kapangidwe ndi kubereka, malo okhala, kufunika kwachuma.
pepala, anawonjezera 02/11/2014
Thallus kapangidwe kake. Kufalitsa kwamasamba - mwa kugawanika kwa thallus. Zochita zogonana zogonana. Isomorphic kapena heteromorphic diplo-haplobiont chitukuko. Chofunika kwambiri cholowa m'malo mwa polysaccharide ndi wowuma wofiira.
Abstract, anawonjezera 01/08/2009
Makhalidwe wamba amtchire wobiriwira ndi magulu a zomerazo. Habitat ya algae wobiriwira wam'madzi. Awo kubereka, kapangidwe ndi njira zakudya, kapangidwe kazinthu. Kufotokozera zamitundu yamitundu yambiri yam'nyanja ya Japan.
Abstract, yowonjezera 02.16.2012
Algae ndizomera zotsika kwambiri zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti zimapanga spore. Moyo wodziyimira pawokha chifukwa cha chlorophyll, kukonzekera kwawo koyenera kwa ma organic omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zopanda pake. Habitat ndi mtundu wa algae.
Abstract, anawonjezera Disembala 16, 2009
Zachilengedwe mawonekedwe a algae, kapangidwe kawo kamapangidwe.Kubwezeretsa alicicular algae. Malangizo a chitukuko cha ntchito algology. Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa algae, magulu awo azachilengedwe. Algae ya malo okhala m'madzi, chipale chofewa, ayezi.
chiwonetsero, kuwonjezera 11/25/2011
Kugawikana kwa algae m'magulu achilengedwe apamwamba kwambiri, mgwirizano wake ndi mawonekedwe amtundu ndi mawonekedwe ake. Cell membrane wa algae. Kuwona zakubadwa ndi kugonana kwa algae. Zofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mwala wobiriwira wobiriwira ndi wobiriwira.
Abstract, anawonjezera 09/06/2011
Algae ngati nthumwi za zithunzi zautoto wa dziko lathuli, komwe adachokera komanso magawo azinthu zomwe amakula. Njira ndi machitidwe a algae zakudya. Kubwezeretsanso mtundu wawo wamtchire kudzera mu kubala zamasamba, zachilendo ndi kugonana.
Abstract, anawonjezera 03/18/2014
Trophic unyolo ecosystem wa posungira. Gulu la algae, kugawa kwawo kutengera kuzama, magawidwe ndi udindo wa biogeocenoses. Kugwiritsa ntchito algae ndi anthu. Zamasamba, asexual, kubereka. Magulu a algae nthaka.
chiwonetsero, kuwonjezera 02.19.2013
Dothi lolowa ngati gawo limodzi pakapangidwe ka dothi. Kusanthula ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe oyenerera a algae m'madipatimenti a Cyanophyta. Kapangidwe ka kufalikira kwa golide wobiriwira wobiriwira. Kuyerekeza mawonekedwe oyenerera komanso ochulukitsa a Cyanophyta.
Zomera za algae ndizomera zapansi, zomwe zimakhala ndizomangika kwambiri, ndipo zimakhalanso momasuka m'mphepete mwa madzi. Colours, monga mitundu yazomera, ndizosiyanasiyana. Chomwe chimapangitsa multicolor wazomera kuti sikhala ndi chlorophyll yekha, komanso mitundu utoto utoto. Maonekedwe a algae amathanso kukhala ngati chilichonse: kuphimba mu mawonekedwe a ntchofu, ma toss tinsalu, masamba ataliitali kapena mawonekedwe olimba omwe amafanana ndi burashi.
Yankho
Algae ofiira makamaka am'madzi azomera wapamadzi wokhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Mitundu yamitundu yodziwika yokha yokha yopanga ndi yomwe imapezeka m'madzi abwino. Ma algae ofiira ochepa kwambiri ndi ma unicellular.
Mitundu ya zikopa ndimakonda kutalikirana masentimita pang'ono mpaka mita kutalika. Koma mwa iwo pali mitundu yaying'ono. Kuphatikiza pa chlorophyll, maselo ofiira a algae amakhala ndi mitundu yofiira ndi ya buluu. Kutengera kuphatikiza kwawo, mtundu wofiirira umasiyana kuchokera kufiira owala kupita pamtambo wobiriwira komanso wachikaso.
Kunja, zitsamba zofiira zimakhala zosiyanasiyana.
Nyanja, algae wofiira amapezeka paliponse m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amaziphatikiza ndi miyala, miyala, zomangira, ndipo nthawi zina ndi zomatira zina. Chifukwa choti mitundu yofiira imatha kujambula ngakhale kuwala kochepa kwambiri, kofiirira amatha kukula mwakuzama. Amatha kupezeka ngakhale pakuya kwa 100-200 m. Phyllophora, porphyry, ndi ena ali ponseponse munyanja zam'dziko lathu.