Dera lozungulira pang'onopang'ono, kudutsa m'nkhalango mopitilira, limadutsa malo opanda chilengedwe - the steppe. Chimawoneka ngati gawo lalikulu lomwe ma fungo onunkhira amakula.
Dera la steppe lili m'malo otentha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzuwa ladzuwa, louma limalamulira pano. Kuderali kumadziwika kuti kuli mphepo zowuma - mphepo zowuma zomwe zimatha kusandulika mkuntho wamphamvu.
Chilimwe m'tchire ndi chautali, chouma, komanso mvula yochepa. Kutentha kwapakati pa 20-25 Celsius, koma nthawi zina kumatha kukwera mpaka 40 madigiri. Masamba sakhala afupi komanso ofunda. Nthawi zina kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsikira madigiri -40.
Chapakatikati, steppe imawoneka ngati ikadzuka: makungu opatsa moyo amanyowetsa nthaka, ndipo imakutidwa ndi kapeti wamaluwa owala a steppe. Komabe, chifukwa cha nyengo yamadzuwa, madzi amvula alibe nthawi yolowera pansi. Imayenda m'malo otsika ndipo imasuluka mofulumira.
Chith. 1.Steppe kasupe.
Chuma chachikulu cha steppe ndi malo achonde, omwe amatchedwa chernozem. Kufa, zitsamba ndimtundu wapamwamba wopangira michere - humus, womwe uli ndi zakudya zapadera.
Dziko lamasamba
Chifukwa cha chinyezi chochepa kwambiri pamapiko, mitengo yochepa kwambiri imakula. Zomera zazikuluzikulu m'chilengedwechi ndi mitundu yonse yazitsamba ndi chimanga.
Chith. 2. Zomera za steppe.
Zotsatirazi ndizodziwika bwino monga zomera za steppe:
- masamba owonda - kutulutsa chinyezi chochepa,
- Mtundu wa masamba opepuka - amawonetsa bwino kuwala kwa dzuwa,
- mizu yaying'ono yaying'ono - yabwino kuyamwa ndikusunga chinyezi chofunikira.
Peonies, irises, tulips, udzu wa nthenga, fescue ndi mbewu zambiri zamankhwala zimamera mu steppe.
Dziko la nyama
Kuphimba kwa masamba komwe kudalipo kumapangitsa malo abwino kukhala moyo wa tizilombo, zomwe zodabwitsa kwambiri zimakhala pano. Zomera, ma ma bumblebe, njuchi, njuchi ndi ena ambiri amakhala kumapiri.
Popeza pali tizilombo tambiri mu steppe, zikutanthauza kuti mbalame zambiri zimakhala kuno: magawo, makwerero oyenda, nkhokwe. Amapereka zisa zawo pansi.
Nyama za steppe zimasinthidwa modabwitsa kukhala m'munda: zonse ndizing'ono kukula, ndi mtundu wowala womwe umalumikizana ndi zomerazo. M'matanthwe okhala ndi makoswe ndi zokwawa zambiri.
Akatswiri a Gopher ndi anthu okhala kumapiri. Amakhala nthawi yayitali ataimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikuyang'ana pozungulira. Pangozi pang'ono, amabisala ndi kufuula kowopsa m'mizere yawo. M'zaka zovuta, ndi chilala chachikulu komanso kusowa kwa chakudya, iwo amakhala ndi mavuto ambiri, omwe amatha miyezi 9.
Zachilengedwe zovuta za steppes
Vuto lalikulu la steppe ndikulima kwake kwa zosowa zaulimi. Dothi labwinobwino komanso kusapezeka kwa mitengo ndi chifukwa chabwino chomwe anthu adalima malo otsetsereka ndi kulima mbewu pamalowo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ombe zimadyera malo osakhazikika, ndipo izi zimatsogolera kukuwonongeka kwa dothi lapadera.
Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, nyama ndi zankhondo zambiri zinali pangozi yoti ziwonongedwe.
Tinapfundzanji?
Pophunzira lipoti la pulogalamu ya kalasi yachinayi ya dziko lapansi potizungulira, tinaphunzira momwe malo oyambira amakhalira. Tazindikira momwe nyengo ilili chilengedwe cha chilengedwechi, chomwe chomera ndi nyama zimakhala m'malo otalikirapo a steppe, komanso lomwe ndilo vuto lalikulu lazitali za mapiri kuzungulira dziko lapansi.
Chithunzithunzi:
Sukulu yophunzitsa bajeti yakumaphunziro
Yasninskaya sekondale 1
Ntchito ya polojekiti pamutuwu:
"Ecology ya stepep: kuyang'ana m'tsogolo"
Kumaliza: Wophunzira wa 4
Mutu: A. Yachmeneva
Gawo 5
Mutu 1. Mapazi a Trans-Baikal Territory 5
Mutu 2. Masamba a Buku Lofiyira la Trans-Baikal Territory 7
Chaputala 3. Mavuto azachilengedwe a gawo la Trans-Baikal Territory ndi njira zothetsera 9
Buku 17
Na. 1. Upangiri "Ecology ya stepep: kuyang'ana m'tsogolo"
Ayi. 2. Zotsatira zamafunso "Ecology of Transbaikalia steppes"
V. G. Mordkovich adalemba zakutsogolo kwa tsoka: "Ngati Buku Lofiyira la Zachilengedwe litatsegulidwa, ndiye kuti gawo loyamba lidzayambitsidwa. Mwa zina zachilengedwe padziko lapansi, tsogolo la steppes ndilodabwitsa kwambiri. Woyambitsa zochitika zaposachedwa kwambiri ndi seweroli ndi munthu. Mbiri ya chitukuko ili pafupi kwambiri komanso mosadukiza ndi chilengedwe cha nkhokwe kotero kuti anthu amangokakamira kupereka chuma chake kuti ateteze malo omwe ali pangoziyi ... "
Ndimakhala ku Trans-Baikal Territory, komwe ma steppes samangokhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha ufulu ndi kukongola, komanso chuma chachikulu cha anthu. Koma tsopano steppe ili ndi zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimatsogolera izi kuti zachilengedwe ziwonongedwe zenizeni, kutaya kudziwika kwake ndi kupezeka kwake ndi nkhalango yotsalira ndi chipululu. Chifukwa chake, mutu wa ntchito yanga yopanga ndi "Ecology of the steppe: the future m'tsogolo". Kugwirizana kwake kuli m'lingaliro loti lero aliyense ayenera kuganizira za funso momwe angapulumutsire steppe kuti isawonongeke, chifukwa malo omwe amakhala ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe omwe ali m'dera la Trans-Baikal Territory (Daursky Natural Reserve, Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve, malo osungirako "Mountain Mountain", "Tsasucheysky boron "), kale sikokwanira kuthetsa vuto ili.
Cholinga cha ntchito yanga ndikuphunzira zachilengedwe za steppe, kudziwa mavuto akulu azachilengedwe ndi njira zothetsera. Ntchito:
- werengani mabuku pamutuwu,
- khazikitsani mawonekedwe ndi kufunikira kwa stepep monga chilengedwe,
- dziwani bwino ndi zomera ndi nyama zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory,
- dala zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe mu stepep,
- pangani buku la miyambo ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinyama ndi zangozi za Trans-Baikal Territory.
Mutu wakufufuza kwanga ndi chilengedwe cha stepep.
Cholinga chophunziridwa ndi zovuta zachilengedwe za stepep.
Hypothesis: ngati ukudziwa zomwe zikuchititsa masoka achilengedwe mu steppe, ndiye kuti mutha kusunga chilengedwe m'mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Kuti mapiri asasowe popanda kuwonerera padziko lapansi, ayenera kutetezedwa! Koma pakubuka mafunso: "Kodi ndingateteze bwanji ndipo ndani ayenera kutero?" Kodi nchifukwa ninji stepep, monga imodzi mwachilengedwe chapadera kwambiri, idayamba kutaya ufulu wake? Ndani akuyenera kulakwa? Kodi ungasunge bwanji popondera? ” Ndinkayesetsa kupeza mayankho a mafunso amenewa popita kafukufuku wanga.
Mutu 1. Maponda a Transbaikal Territory
Mapiri a Transbaikal Territory amaimira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa lamba wamkulu wamapazi a Eurasia, kuyambira ku Eastern Europe kupita ku Manchuria ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa Great Steppe.
Kuwerenga mabukuwa, ndidapeza kuti Transbaikalia steppe ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: Agin ndi Daur steppes, iwo ali ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupulumutsa moyo padziko lapansi.
Kummwera kwa Chita kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia, pakati pa mitsinje ya Onon ndi Agi, gawo la Agin lidafalikira. Imasunga mawonekedwe achilengedwe osowa kwambiri, ena omwe amalambiridwa ndi anthu am'derali, chifukwa awa ndi zinthu zopembedzedwa. Kuyambira kalekale, kumapeto kwa nyengo yophukira komanso nthawi yophukira, paulendo wa pandege pa Nyanja ya Nozhi, yomwe ili mdera la nkhokwe ya Aginskaya Steppe, mafunde oyera ayimitsidwa.
Malo osungirako malo omwe ali ndi mahekitala 45,722 adakhazikitsidwa mu 2004 ndipo ali mdera la Aginsky m'chigawo cha mitsinje ya Onon ndi Aga. Cholinga cha malo osungiramo malo anali otetezedwa ndikusunganso chilengedwe komanso malo am'madzi a Agin steppe. Gawo lalikulu la nkhalangoyi limapezeka zigwa za mapiri ochepa. Zodziwika bwino apa ndi udzu wa nthenga ndi steppes. Masamba a Steppes ndi mchere umasunga mitundu yachilengedwe monga Ural licorice, physalis vesicle, Siberiaan nitrate. Ponseponse, mitundu 17 yazomera zomwe zidalembedwa mu Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory zidawonekera mderali.
Kupezeka kwa nyanja zambirimbiri kumakopa mbalame zam'madzi zambiri zapafupi, makamaka pakusunthika kwa chilimwe. Apa, pamadzi opondera, munthu amatha kukumana ndi ma teals (azungu ndi ogwetsa), mallard, bakha imvi, bakha wokhala ndi mutu wofiyira, whooper swan, komanso mitundu yachilendo monga atsekwe wouwala. Cranes imasonkhananso pafupi ndi nyanja - belladonna, daurian, wakuda, imvi komanso ngakhale yoyera (Sibranan Cranes).
Pali makoswe ambiri m'malo osungirako - gopher wautali, jerboa, maulendo akuluakulu komanso owoneka bwino, Trans-Baikal hamster, Daurian zokor. M'mbuyomu, marmots (ma tarbagans) aku Mongolia nawonso anali ponseponse, koma m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi kuchuluka kwawo kwakhala kochepa ndipo izi zidatetezedwa. Mwa mitundu ina ya anyamayi omwe ali mu nkhokwe ya Agin, pali nkhandwe, nkhandwe, korsac, manul, polepat, solonga, badger, ndi Daurian hedgehog. M'malo ena, makamaka pafupi ndi nkhalango ya paini Tsyrik-Narasun, agwape a ku Siberia amapezeka. Pazonse, mitundu pafupifupi 35 ya zinyama zomwe zalembedwa m nkhokwe.
Sitepe ya Daurian imafalikira kudera la Mongolia, China ndi Russia. Dera la Russia la steppe limakhala pamalo opitilira makilomita 64,000. Amakhala ndi Daursky Biosphere Reserve, yomwe ili mu Trans-Baikal Territory. Madera a steppe amakhala m'madambo ndi kumapeto kwa mapiri, kumapiri ndi kumapeto kwa nyanja. Zimapezekanso ndi madzi osefukira amtsinje, pomwe pamapezeka mitsinje yamchere, nkhalango zachilumba ndi nyanja zikwizikwi. Mbali yakumpoto, zitsamba ndi zitsamba za birch zimamera pamalo otsetsereka. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mitundu yachilengedwe m'derali kumafotokozedwa ndi mitundu yambiri ndi malo abwino. Madambo akum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia amalemeretsa kwambiri dera la steppe. Malo abwino opumira komanso malo okhala, kuchuluka kwa nyanja ndi madambo kumathandizira kuti madera ano ndi njira yayikulu yosamukira komwe mbalame zamadzi, mbalame zamadzi ndi mbalame zodutsa zimayenda.
Pali mbalame zingapo zosowa zomwe zimakhala ku Daurian steppe: glic gull, bustard, tsekwe-youma, wakuda ndi Crane Daurian ndi ena. Gawoli ndilofunika padziko lonse lapansi kuti lisungidwe kwina, motero Daursky Nature Reserve yapangidwa pano - imodzi mwazodabwitsa zachilengedwe.
Mutu 2. Masamba a Buku Lofiyira la Trans-Baikal Territory
Tsamba lokhala ndi gawo la Transbaikal Territory ndi lapadera komanso lopanda kanthu. Imayimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera ndi nyama, zomwe palibe zomwe zingafanane. Koma ambiri mwa oimira chilengedwe chodabwitsachi amalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira ngati ali pangozi ndipo akufuna kutetezedwa. Ndani ndipo tiyenera kuteteza ndi kuteteza bwanji?
Manul ndi nyama yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mphaka wakunyumba. Amakhala mitundu yonse ya stepot biotopes, komanso m'nkhalango komanso kunja kwa lamba wamtchire. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, amasinthira maulendo ataliatali mkati mwa zopanda pake, ndipo mwina, nthawi yakukhalanso. Kusaka kosaloledwa kumakhudza kwambiri chiwerengero. Amphaka ambiri amawononga agalu. Adani akuluakulu m'chilengedwe ndi nkhandwe, kadzidzi ndi chiwombankhanga. Anachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa Pallas nyengo yachisanu. M'malo osungira "Daursky" amakhala mpaka 200 manuls. Kuti tisungire manung, ndikofunikira kupanga malo osungirako, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kusunga agalu, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito malupu pakuchotsa nyama mu steppe ndi nkhalango zodyera m'nthaka, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwononga anthu.
Dzeren - chiwongola dzanja cha wandiweyani, koma chophatikiza chophatikiza pamiyendo yopyapyala, yothina komanso yolimba. Mdani wamkulu m'chilengedwe ndi nkhandwe. Nyengo yachisanu ndi chilala cham'madzi zimawononga kwambiri anthu; nthawi ndi nthawi pamakhala miliri yamatenda opatsirana omwe amayambitsa kufa kwa nyama. Ndiosavuta kuyenderana ndi ziweto, koma malo okhala ndi malo ochulukirapo chifukwa chosowa maulendo a chakudya nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu chakusowa kwa mitunduyi kuchokera kudera la Russia ndi Transbaikalia ndikuchotsedwa mwachindunji ndi munthu. Amatetezedwa m'malo osungirako a Daursky. Kuti muphatikize kubwezeretsa kwa mitunduyi mu Trans-Baikal Territory, ndikofunikira: kulimbitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi kuba ndi magalimoto, kukulitsa malo achitetezo a Sokhondinsky Reserve. Maphunziro achitetezo ndi chilengedwe m'malo aanthu ndizofunikira.
Crane - belladonna ndi mbalame yayikulu (mapiko a mapapu 150-170 cm), koma yocheperako kuposa mitundu ina ya crane. Zowonjezerazo ndi imvi ya phulusa, khosi kutsogolo ndi mbali za mutu zakuda. Nthenga zazitali zakuda zimapachika pachifuwa. Pa nesting belladonna ndiye ochulukirapo kwambiri mu beseni la Torey komanso mkati mwa beseni la mtsinje. Onon. Zomwe zimatha kutha: kutha msanga, kusowa kwa malo okhala malo okhala komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya pachilala, moto wamasiku ambiri wamapiri, kupha nsomba, anapiye ena ndi ndudu zimamwalira ndi agalu abusa, komanso chifukwa chosokonezedwa ndi mbalame ndi anthu munyengo yamvula, zisa zina zomwe zili pamtunda wabwino amwalira pa ntchito yaulimi. Kuwonongeka kwa mbalame ndi zisa zawo ndizoletsedwa, mitunduyi imatetezedwa kumalo osungirako zachilengedwe a Daursky. Ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito yofotokozera pakati pa osaka, kulimbitsa chitetezo pamalo osaka, kulimbitsa njira zothandizira kupewa ndi kuzimitsa moto wamaotchi ndi moto wamitchi, kuyambitsa njira zodalirika zogwirira ntchito yolima (kulima zisa), komanso kuletsa agalu osasamalira.
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yayikulu ya nyama ya agogo. Zomwe zikuchitika panozi ku Transbaikalia sizikuyenda bwino. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya chosakwanira (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa marmoti), moto wowombana pafupipafupi umawononga kwambiri chiwombankhanga, pomwe zisa zimafa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhawa za mbalame pa zisa (ndi imfa yotsatira ya ana kuchokera ku hypothermia), kuwonongeka kwa zisa ndi kuwombera kwa chiwombankhanga kosaka.
Physalis Bubble - mbewu yosatha yopanda nthangala. Zofunika kupatula pazinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri m'derali kumapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale pachiwopsezo pakusintha kwachilengedwe. Vesisi ya physalis imaphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira ndipo imafunikira chitetezo.
Mutu 3. Mavuto azachilengedwe a steppes
ndi njira zowathetsera
Posachedwa, mapiri a Transbaikal akuwopsezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa masamba ndi chivundikiro cha dothi, komanso nyama zamtchire. Pali zifukwa zambiri izi: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kumabweretsa mphepo zowuma, kuba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama ziziwonongeka, moto womwe umasanduliza chipululu, zochitika zachuma za anthu zimatha kutha kwa tsokalo monga chilengedwe.
Nthawi zambiri, zochita za anthu zimapanga kusintha kwakukulu pamitengo yazomera zamatanthwe, ndipo zambiri mwa zosinthazi ndizosangalatsa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuwonongeka ndi kuzimiririka kwa zinthu zambiri za mitengo ya steppe.
Poyamba, uku ndikulima kwa madera akuluakulu. Zadzetsa mvula yamkuntho ndi kufa kwa ma mahekitala mamiliyoni a nthaka yachonde. Anthu anasintha mapondowo kukhala minda. M'madera ambiri, kulima dothi kwanthawi yayitali kunapangitsa kuti ntchito zawo zichepe kwambiri komanso kunathandizira kuti madzi ndi madzi osefukira. Zonsezi zimathandizira kuti pakhale nthaka yopanda kanthu, yosayenera ngakhale pakulima kapena kubwezeretsa mbewu. Pakukhazikika pakupanga, njira zingapo zothirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo iwo, kuwonjezera pa zabwino, amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa. Monga: kukongoletsa dothi ndi matupi amadzi, kuwonongeka kwawo ndi chimbudzi, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kulephera kwa nthaka, kuipitsa ndi poizoni ndi ma nitrate, kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu zamadzi, kuphatikiza pansi ndi mobisa.
Kachiwiri, msipu umadyetsa msipu. Ng'ombe zimathandizira kusintha udzu wa stepep pakudya ndi kupondera mbewu. Kudyetsa pang'ono kumakhudza bwino njere zamahatchi komanso kumachepetsa maudzu osiyanasiyana. Malo odyetserako nkhosawo ndiosavutikira kwambiri msipu.Ng'ombe zimaphatikizira dothi, ndikuthandizira kuti zitheke, kupondaponda mbewu ndi ziboda, zomwe zimakhala zovulaza kwa turfgrains. Kudya makamaka nthenga ndi fescue, zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri m'zodyetsazo, kumathetseratu aphunzitsi ake akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri,
kudyetsa ng'ombe zochulukirapo kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. Mwakutero, gawo la zomera zapoizoni ndi chowawa pakati pa mitundu yama dambo yachuluka.
Chachitatu, kusonkhanitsa kwazomera zambiri zomwe zidalembedwera mu Red Book kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mapiri kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Chachinayi, mu nyengo ya chilala chosatha, njira zachikhalidwe zakuwongolera zachilengedwe zimasemphana kwambiri ndi chidwi pakusamalira zachilengedwe. 2000-2007 ndi theka loyambirira la 2008 anali owuma kwambiri. Pofika 2007, pafupifupi 98% ya madambo, gawo lofunika kwambiri lanyanjidwe, anali atapumira ku Daurian steppe. Panali kuchepa kwakanthawi malo okhala mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Chifukwa chake, pofika 2007, malo osachepera 70% a malo okhala zakhwawa ndi atsekwe adakhala osayenera kukhalamo, ndipo mbalame zidakakamizidwa kuyang'ana kwambiri madambo ochepa otsalawo. M'nthawi ya chilala, msatsi wa steppe udayamba kukhala wosauka, pomwe malo akakhala chinyontho m'makhwawa ndi atsekwe zimaphwa ndikusandukanso malo abwino odyetserako ziweto. Ziweto zimapezeka mosavuta, osati kwa zilombo ndi agalu okha, komanso kwa anthu osatulutsa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimangoponderezedwa ndi magulu odyetsa ziweto.
Chifukwa chake, chilala chamuyaya chimakhala chodetsa kwambiri ma crara, atsekwe ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame, komanso nyama.
Posachedwa, malo opangira ndege anapangidwa mu mapiri a Transbaikalia pofuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chambiri. Zotsatira zake sizotonthoza - chiwombankhanga cha steppe chidasandulika mtundu wocheperako wa mapiri a Daurian, kuchuluka kwake kwatsika m'zaka khumi zapitazi, monga zikuwonekeranso ndi zomwe zapezeka zakale zambiri zamtunduwu m'malo opanda kanthu. Gulu lokha lomwe lili pachilumba cha Arguchak Range lidawululidwa, pomwe adaweta bwino adalemba m'malo angapo oyandikana nawo. Ambiri mwa awiriawiri omwe anali ndi mbalame zazing'ono zosakwana zaka 4-5, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mbalame zaku Daurian zimafa kwambiri.
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwombankhanga chife kwambiri m'derali ndi chiwombankhanga cha 6-10 kV, chomwe chatsekereza malo onse opezeka ku Dauria.
Njira zothandizira nkhuku kukhala ndi maginito oopsa zimakhudza kwambiri mbalame zonse zosowa m'deralo osati mbalame zodyedwa zokha. Ngakhale mbuluzi zakuda zimafera pamakonkedwe amiyala yamagetsi yamagetsi. Pamalo achitetezo a Daursky reservation mothandizidwa ndi chingwe chotumiza mphamvu, mtembo wa saker wapezeka, womwe sanakhalepo kalekale m'malo osungirako. Kuchulukitsa kwa nkhuku zotere zamagetsi zamagetsi zowopsa monga ku Dauria kulibe kudera lina lililonse la South Siberia, chifukwa chake, kusungitsa mbalame zodya nyama, njira zopangira zida zamagetsi izi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoteteza mbalame ziyenera kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira pantchito zachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepetsa pang'ono kuswana ndi kufa kwa zisa ndi moto wa steppe. Pafupifupi theka la malo omwe adakhazikikawo sanakwanitse chifukwa chotentha zisa za chiwombankhanga nthawi yakugwa. Mafuta ndiye mliri weniweni wa Dauria. Osangokhala maponda okha, komanso nkhalango zimayatsidwa pano. Makamaka, kamtunda kakang'ono kwambiri kamene kali m'mbali mwa zotchinga, komwe ndi kakhazikidwe kakang'ono ka chiwombankhanga china - manda ake, adakutidwa ndi moto ndi mitengo yopanda chiwombankhanga pafupifupi kuwonongeka apa. Maliro ake adasungidwabe pobisalira m'nkhalango yomalizira yopanda malata m'mphepete mwa malo odyetserako ziweto, koma kachulukidwe kake pano ndi kotsika kwambiri.
Zomwe moto udayambira kufotokozeredwa ndi kusasamala kwa moto ndi munthu pakuwotcha udzu wowuma chaka chatha. Mphepo imayatsa lawi, lomwe limadutsa popondera ndi khoma lamoto, mabango owotcha, zitsamba zowuma ndi udzu, kuwasandutsa mapulusa. Amakwera kumwamba ndi utsi wambiri.
Vuto lina ndi kuba. Anthu saganiza zamtsogolo konse, kufafaniza nyama zomwe zidalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Nthawi zina amapha pofuna kusangalatsa, chifukwa amakonda kuwombera, ndipo zimawopsa kwambiri ana akamwalira makolo awo nawonso amwalira.
Chifukwa chake, anthu ayenera choyamba, kuti apulumutse banja lokhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe akuchita. Kuchita zochitika monga:
- kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaulimi kuthana ndi kukokoloka ndi nthaka,
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru malo olimapo (kuti apatse malo "kupumula" kuti achitenso),
- kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru msipu,
- Kupanga mikwingwirima ya nkhalango kuteteza minda ku mphepo ndikusungidwa ndi chipale chofewa,
- Kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa madera otetezedwa makamaka, nazale, malo osungirako, zachilengedwe zotetezera,
- kuphatikiza mindandanda yazomera zapadera ndi zowonongeka za maluwa ndi zikhalidwe za Buku Lofiira,
- kuletsa kuchotsedwa kwa malo a chernozem
- makina amakono azitsime,
- Kubwezeretsanso kwa malo omwe asokonekera mu migodi, mafuta ndi gasi, komanso kapangidwe ka misewu yayikulu ndi mapaipi,
- kuwonetsetsa kuteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru malo abwino osakira mbalame, kukonza malo opumulirako mbalame ndi malo odyetserako ziweto ndi kuthirira ziweto kuti zitha kupulumuka nyengo yamvula.
Pofuna kukopa chidwi cha achinyamata ku vuto la chilengedwe cha steppe, ndinachita kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku pakati pa ana asukulu yathu (kalasi 4-11: anthu 60). Pafunsoli lidapereka mafunso atatu:
- Kodi ndi ndani amene mumamuona ngati wothana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe mu steppe?
- Kodi ndi vuto liti lomwe mumaliona kuti ndilofunika kwambiri?
- Kodi mungatani kuti muthane ndi mavuto azachilengedwe?
Nyengo
Masamba a steppe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha kwambiri. Chilimwe chimakhala chotentha, nthawi zina ngakhale kwambiri, pamene kutentha kumakwera pamwamba +40. Kuli mvula yochepa. Zima zimatha kukhala zofatsa komanso zovuta. Pali chipale chofewa. Amaphimba pansi, nthawi zambiri amasuntha ndi chipale chofewa.
Nyama ndi zomera
Musanafotokozere zovuta za chilengedwe cha steppe, ndikofunikira kudziwa zomwe nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimapezeka pano. Zomera za mitengo yopondera zimayimiriridwa ndi kapeti wamaudzu osiyanasiyana. M'matanthwe, udzu, nthenga za nthenga, udzu wa maluwa otsogola, nkhosa ndi mitundu yambiri ya bulb kukula. Zomera za Steppe zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala nthawi yayitali, chifukwa zimamera mwachangu mchaka, pogwiritsa ntchito dothi lonyowa nthawi yachisanu itatha.
Nyama zokhala m'malo oterewa nthawi zambiri zimakhala usiku, chifukwa amakakamizidwa kudikira masiku otentha. Zingwe, makoswe ambiri, ma jerboas, chiwombankhanga, ma kestrel, mitengo ikupezeka pano. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njoka ndi tizilombo tambiri. Mwa njira, mbalame zambiri zimawulukira kumadera ena kukazizira. Zomera ndi nyama zimamvetsetsa bwino zovuta za stepep zone, ndipo mwatsoka, munthuyu ndiye ayenera kudziwika chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri.
Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kuda Kwachilengedwe
Masamba a steppe ndi osinthika bwino kuti agwire ntchito yaulimi. Mwamunayo adalandira malo okonzedwa kale komanso malo odyetserako ziweto. Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kopanda tanthauzo kwa mayiko amenewa kumathetsa zinthu zawo mwachangu. Mavuto azachilengedwe a steppe zone akutsogolera kuwonongeka kwa mapiri ndi kulowetsedwa kwa madera amenewa ndi nkhalango ndi chipululu. Ngakhale mawu apadera akuti 'chipululutso' ayambitsidwa. Umu ndi momwe ntchito yowononga chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu zake zachilengedwe.
Popeza chilala ndi mphepo zowuma zili pafupipafupi m'malo opondera, anthu sanangokulima, komanso kuthirira madera akuluakulu a mapondowo. Kuthirira kumatchedwa kuthira nthaka m'nthaka. Kupereka madzi, makina othirira ndi nyumba zama hydraulic akumangidwa. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukule mbewu zokhazikika, koma zili ndi zotsatira zowopsa:
- kuwonongeka kwa malo kukuyamba
- kukongoletsa nthaka ndi malo achilengedwe osungira madzi kumachitika
- Madzi owonongeka amawopseza kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi achilengedwe,
- Madzi amchere amapangidwe m'malo omata,
- zolephera pansi zimachitika
- Dothi ndi matupi amadzi amadetsedwa ndi poizoni ndi ma nitrate (kuphatikizapo madzi apansi ndi pansi).
Ngakhale ulimi wothirira umabweretsa phindu lalikulu pa ulimi, umachulukitsa zovuta zachilengedwe za steppe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kuganiza kudzera njira zochepetsera mavuto.
Momwe mungachepetse zoyipa za munthu
Pofuna kusamalira gawo la steppe, zochitika zingapo zikupangidwa. Cholinga chawo ndi kuchepetsa vutoli komanso kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe. Mavuto azachilengedwe a steppe amatha kuthetsedwa motere:
- madera otetezedwa ndi ndalama zosungira zachilengedwe zikupangidwa,
- mindandanda yazomera zomwe zatsala ndi nyama zomwe zapezeka kuti zikhale ndi Buku Lofiyira,
- Njira zikuchitidwa kuti asunge ndi kubwezeretsa mitundu ya zomera ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kukhala pangozi,
- okha kulanda dothi lakuda chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika,
- makina azolimo akupangidwa amakono,
- Dziko likubwezeretsedwa
- madera osokonekera mu ntchito zachuma akubwezeretsedwanso.
Mavuto azachilengedwe a steppe zone amafunikira chisamaliro chachikulu, chifukwa mapangidwewo amatuluka pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera kwa gawo la nkhalango ndi steppe
Ku Russia, mapiri ndi mapiri amatalikirana mosalekeza kudutsa malire onse akumwera ndi kum'mawa, ndipo m'malo ena amapita mpaka mkati. Amakhala gawo lalikulu, m'malo ena amakumana ndi nkhalango ndi mitsinje yosatha.
Nyengo m'derali ndiyabwino kwambiri pamoyo - nyengo yotentha. Mvula yamvula pachaka imakhala pafupifupi mamilimita 600 pachaka, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira chokwanira chomera chambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, matenthedwe amatha kutsika mpaka -20 madigiri Celsius. Kuphatikiza apo, chilimwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotentha komanso chovuta.
Nthawi yomweyo, dothi limakhala lachonde, ndipo limaphatikizanso chernozem. Zomera zimayimiridwa makamaka ndi ma forcope ku chilala komanso kuzizira (udzu wa nthenga, fescue, nkhosa, miyendo yopyapyala komanso bulbous), komanso mitengo yaying'ono, makamaka mitengo ya thundu, linden, phulusa, mimbulu, ndi zina. . Nyama zimayimiridwa makamaka ndi makoswe (gopher, groundhog, etc.), komanso artiodactyls, omwe adayamba kukhala ziweto (mahatchi, nkhosa, abulu, ndi zina). Pali ena oimilira nyama zapakati komanso zokulirapo.
Mavuto azachilengedwe a m'nkhalango ndi steppe
Pankhani yokhudza zachilengedwe, kukambirana za chinthu cha munthu sikungapeweke. Mwachilengedwe, masoka achilengedwe ndi achilengedwe, koma amachitika kwanuko ndipo sakhala ndi chikhalidwe chopitilira. Zochita za anthu, mosiyana, zimadziwika ndi kupirira komanso kusasunthika. Tsoka ilo, mpaka posachedwapa, munthu mosalekeza komanso mosalekeza anagwedeza zachilengedwe, mpaka zotsatira zoyipa zimadziwika.
Palibe zovuta zambiri zachilengedwe m'nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe zone, komabe, iliyonse mwazonsezi ndizachilengedwe.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe pazosowa zaulimi
Mapeto ake anapangidwira kuti akhale msipu ndi kuweta ziweto. Komabe, zidakhala zosatheka kuti munthu agwiritse ntchito magawo amenewa mwacholinga chokhachokha. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo olimapo kale ndikuwonjezereka kwa anthu, zinafunika kuti pakhale magawo atsopano. Chifukwa chake, mapalawa amatha kupangidwira zosowa zatsopano: kulima tirigu, chimanga, shuga, komanso mbewu zina. Motere, adayamba kuthirira nthaka ndi madzi, ndikuthilira makoswewo omwe angawononge mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo yowonjezera yomwe iyenera kuthandiza, koma zomwe zimapweteketsa kwambiri madera a steppe.
M'tsogolomu, machitidwe otere amabweretsa vuto lachiwiri.
Ili ndi vuto linanso lomwe takumana nalo ku Russia, ndipo limakhudzidwanso ndi ntchito zaulimi za anthu.
Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka kumachitika chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka chifukwa cha kuwuma kwa mitsinje, kudula mitengo mwachisipafupi kwa nkhalango komanso kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza woipa. Pasanathe zaka kotala 25, malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa dziko awonjezeka kamodzi ndi theka ndipo akufika pafupifupi mahekala 100 miliyoni. Kupatula apo, ndi mtundu wanji wa zokolola ukadakhala kuti munthu adagwiritsa ntchito mosamala zinthu zomwe chilengedwe chimamupatsa mowolowa manja.
Njira zoyeserera kuteteza nkhalango ndi malo opondera
Pokhudzana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, Russia idayamba kukhazikitsa mapulani ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zachilengedwe zakutchire zikuyenda bwino komanso chitetezo.
Makamaka, zidaganiziridwa kuti zigawidwe zachilengedwe za nkhalango zotsala ndi nkhomaliro. Ena mwaiwo adapatsidwa mwayi wokhala malo otetezedwa mwachilengedwe, omwe adadzakhala malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, nkhalango ya Volga-steppe, phiri la Galich, nkhokwe ya Voroninsky, etc. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, malo osungirako amapezeka m'gawo mpaka kumapiri a Ural. Komanso, ku West Siberian nkhalango zachilengedwe zosowa zachilengedwe zikuchepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Tunkinsky National Park yomwe idapangidwa ku Buryatia sikugwira ntchito kwathunthu. Ndikofunikanso kugawa malo osungirako zigawo za Utatu ndi mapiri a Akbulak chalk, mapiri a Baraba ndi Kulunda.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuti asunge zidziwitso zakusiyana kwa madera amtunduwu, asayansi adayamba kupanga mindandanda ya oimira osowa komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha chomera ndi nyama padziko lapansi. Mndandandawo watulutsa buku la Red. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zinthu zotere kumapereka chithunzi chomvetsa chisoni: mitundu pafupifupi 15 ya zinyama, mitundu 35 ya mbalame, mitundu 15 ya nyama zouluka, mitundu yopitilira 60 ya mitundu ya invertebrates ya nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe m'madera aku Russia atatsala pang'ono kutha.
Chifukwa cha malo omwe ali ndi malo otetezedwa makamaka, kupezeka kwa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili munthaka yayitali kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe amtunduwu. Chifukwa chosatheka pakukulitsa malo ofesedwawo, anthu amakakamizidwa kuti aganize zanzeru za kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zilipo kale. Izi zinathandizira kukulitsa makina azolimo, kuswana, ndi zina mwa malo ogulitsa mafakitale. Kuphatikiza apo, adayamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti nthaka ikhale yachonde.
Kuphatikiza apo, pamalamulo opanga, ogwiritsa ntchito nthaka amayenera kuchita ntchito zobwezeretsa nthaka, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu. Izi zimakhudzana ndi makampani amigodi, kapangidwe ka misewu, mapaipi, ndi zina zambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kubzala malo otetezera chitetezo ndi misewu ya m'nkhalango kumafunika.
Komabe, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa zochitika ngati izi ku Russia sikokwanira, popeza zochita zambiri zimatengedwa pamiyeso yovomerezeka mwalamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yoletsa komanso kulanga anthu ophwanya malamulo ndi yopanda mphamvu.
Cholephereka ndi kusasamala kwa anthu omwe ali m'munda. Tsoka ilo, chinthu chachikulu pakusunga zachilengedwe padziko lapansi ndi udindo komanso chikhumbo cha munthu aliyense kukhalabe ndi moyo wabwino. Kuleredwa koteroko kuyenera kuyambira kuyambira ubwana ndikuwonetsedwa ndi anthu onse oyandikana nawo. Pazifukwa zina, anthu amaganiza kuti "ngati sungathe kugona kunyumba, utha kukhala ndi mnansi."Nthawi yomweyo amakana kuvomereza kuti chilichonse ndicholumikizidwa mwachilengedwe. Ndipo chisokonezo cha oyandikana nawo posachedwa chidzakhudza thanzi lawo, popeza tili ndi malo ndi madzi wamba.
Pomaliza
Mavuto azachilengedwe okhala ngati mapiri ndi mapiri, komanso madera ena padzikoli, sizothandiza pachimunthu chonse. Zosintha, zomwe zimayambitsidwa chifukwa cha anthropogenic, zimakhudza kwambiri nyengo padziko lapansi.
Pakadali pano, pakukonzekera ndondomeko yoteteza madera omwe malo osyankhawo a nkhalango ndi mapiri adakalipobe. Madera amenewa ali ndi magawo otetezedwa makamaka kuti zachilengedwe ndizotheka. Motere, kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa magawo omwe adayamba kale kukhala ntchito yayikulu yopatsa anthu chakudya chofunikira.
Komabe, kuphatikiza pa njira zotetezera zomwe zapulumutsidwako, zofunikanso kubwezeretsanso madera omwe awonongedwa: kukonzanso malo, nkhalango, ndikugwiritsira ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe.
Udindo wofunikira umachitika ndi maphunziro a anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi udindo wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lathuli.
Mavuto akulu a steppes
M'mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, mapiri amafalikira. Amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a nyengo ndipo chifukwa cha zinthu zabwinozi ndizapadera. Sikoyenera kuyerekeza masitepe a makontinenti angapo, ngakhale kuli kwina komwe kumagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
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Limodzi mwa zovuta zomwe zili zofala kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa chipululu, komwe kumawopseza mapiri ambiri amakono padziko lapansi. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha madzi ndi mphepo, komanso anthu. Zonsezi zimathandizira kuti pakhale nthaka yopanda kanthu, yosayenera ngakhale pakulima kapena kubwezeretsa mbewu. Mwambiri, zomera za malo opondaponda sizokhazikika, zomwe sizimalola chilengedwe kuti chidziwike bwino pambuyo pa mphamvu ya anthu. Vuto la anthropogenic limangokulitsa mkhalidwe wachilengedwe m'derali. Chifukwa cha izi, chonde cha dziko lapansi chikuipiraipira, ndipo zachilengedwe zikuchepa. Malo odyetserako ziweto amakhalanso amphawi, kufooka komanso kukongoletsa dothi kumachitika.
Vuto lina ndi kudula kwa mitengo yomwe imateteza maluwawa ndikuthandizira dothi la chotsala. Zotsatira zake, malo akuphwanyidwa. Njirayi imakulanso chifukwa cha chilala chokhala ndi mapiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumachepa.
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Munthu akamalowerera zachilengedwe, kusintha kumachitika pachuma, chifukwa kayendetsedwe ka miyambo amaphwanya. Izi zikuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa mtundu wa moyo wa anthu, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu.
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Mavuto azachilengedwe a steppes ndi odabwitsa. Pali njira zomwe zingachepetse kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha dera lino. Zimafunikira kuyang'aniridwa kwa dziko lapansi komanso kuwerenga kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mulingalire zochita zina. Ndikofunikira kugwirira ntchito malo olimapo, kuti apatse mayiko "mpumulo" kuti achire. Muyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito msipu mwanzeru. Mwina ndi koyenera kuyimitsa ntchito yodula mitengo m'chilengedwechi. Muyeneranso kusamalira kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, ndiye kuti, kuyeretsa kwamadzi komwe kumadyetsa dziko lapansi mwanjira imodzi kapena ina. Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chingapangidwe kukonzanso chilengedwe ndikuwongolera anthu pantchito zachilengedwe ndikuwonetsa anthu ku vuto lakuwonongeka kwa mapiri. Ngati zikuyenda bwino, zitheka kupulumutsa chilengedwe chonse chomwe chili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe komanso chofunikira padziko lathuli.
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Kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe
Monga mudamvetsetsa kale, vuto lalikulu la mapalawo ndi kupezeka kwa chipululu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtsogolo steppe ikhoza kukhala chipululu. Pofuna kuti izi zisachitike, pamafunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti asungire malo okhala tsikulo. Choyamba, mabungwe aboma akhoza kutenga nawo mbali, kupanga malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo osungira anthu. Pa gawo lazinthu izi sizingatheke kuchititsa zochitika za anthropogenic, ndipo chilengedwe chidzakhala pansi pa chitetezo ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri. M'mikhalidwe yotere, mitundu yambiri yazomera izisungidwa, ndipo zinyama zizitha kukhala momasuka ndikuyenda mozungulira malo otetezedwa, zomwe zidzachulukitse anthu awo.
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Chofunikira chotsatira ndikuphatikizira mitundu yazinyama zomwe zangokhala pangozi komanso zosowa mu Bukhu Lofiira. Ayeneranso kutetezedwa ndi boma. Pofuna kuwonjezera izi, ndikofunikira kuyendetsa mfundo pakati pa anthu kuti anthu adziwe mitundu yazomera ndi nyama zomwe ndizosowa komanso zomwe sizingawonongeke (chiletso posankha maluwa ndi nyama zosaka).
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Ponena za dothi, gawo la mapiri liyenera kutetezedwa kuulimi ndi ulimi. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe amagawidwa kuti azilima. Kukula kwa mbewu kumayenera kuchitika chifukwa chakuwongolera luso laukadaulo, osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kulima dothi moyenera ndikubzala mbewu.
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Chotsimikizidwa ndi katswiri
1 Kulima kopanda malire kwa nthaka yachonde kumadzetsa kufooka kwawo mwachangu chifukwa cha mbewu ndi mbewu za mafakitale.
2 Kufalikira kwa malo opondera.
3 Chifukwa cha kuthilira kwanyengo kwa maiko amenewa, kupukutidwa kwa nthaka, mapangidwe a nyanja zamchere, ndikulephera kwa nthaka kumachitika.
4 Chifukwa cholima, kuwonongeka kwa malo kukuchitika.
Kudyetsa ziweto zambiri kumazipondaponda udzu.
6 Kupha anthu kumabweretsa chiwonongeko chachikulu pamitundu yachilengedwe.
Kuwonongeka kwathunthu kapena kuopseza kuti mitundu yambirimbiri ya mbalamezi izipha
Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa nyama zina za ana opeza ndi:
- kuwonongedwa kwa chilengedwe cha nyama zachilengedwe - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa,
- kusintha kwa malo okhala nyama chifukwa cha uve,
- kusaka, kuba.
Zomera ndi udzu, zomwe zinali chilengedwe cha nyama zankhondo, zomwe zimatsala pang'ono kusinthidwa kukhala minda yolimidwa. Izi zidadzetsa kuti nyama zidalandidwa nyumba zawo.
Nyama zina zomwe kale zinkawonedwa ngati tizirombo tsopano zakhala pangozi. Hi ndi vole, gerbil, jerboa, gologolo wa pansi, hare.
Mbalame zina, monga belo-crane, bustard amakakamizidwa kusamukira kuminda. Koma nthawi zambiri zisa zawo zimafa nthawi yolima. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumafamu kudachititsanso kuti kuchepa kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi mbalame zamitchire.
Kulima ndi kudula mitengo
Vutoli ndi loti m'malo oterewa amapezeka kuti palibe nkhalango ndi mapiri. Pafupifupi madera onse adakhazikitsidwa - kuyeretsa ndi kulima ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati minda. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka mwanjira zonyansa kumawayambitsa kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala, kuchepa kwa chonde, kuchepa kwa mitundu yazachilengedwe m'derali. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumalepheretsa mapiri awo kulimba kwachilengedwe, ndi maluwa akuthengo - chitetezo chawo.